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Efficacy of Aluminum Phosphide and Neem (Azadirachta indica) Leaves in Controlling Red Flour Beetle (Tribolium castaneum) Infestation in Stored Wheat Grains

^*Muhammad Imran¹, Usama Bilal¹, Muhammad Usman¹, Abdul Khaliq², Shamsa Kanval³, Aqsa Nisar¹, Muhmmad Faizan⁴, Usama saleem¹ and Muhammad Asrar¹

¹Department of zoology, Government college university, Faisalabad, Pakistan

²Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan

³Department of Botany, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan

⁴Department of zoology, Islamia university of Bahawalpur, Pakistan

Corresponding Author:  mimran.202300105@gcuf.edu.pk

Abstract: Insect infestations represent a significant cause of post-harvest losses which create a major threat to worldwide food security. The red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) functions as a harmful pest that infests stored wheat by creating both qualitative and quantitative damage. The research investigated how aluminum phosphide and neem leaves work as pest control methods against the T. castaneum beetle in stored wheat grains. The laboratory tests measured the death rates of T. castaneum alongside grain damage and lasting toxicity for both treatment methods. Aluminum phosphide demonstrated complete efficacy against pests within 48 hours while neem leaves took seven days to achieve 78% mortality. Samples treated with aluminum phosphide demonstrated significantly less grain damage than those treated with neem leaves. Neem leaves offered an environmentally safer option because they caused minimal environmental toxicity. The study reveals that aluminum phosphide offers quick pest elimination but neem leaves present a sustainable and environmentally friendly choice for managing stored grain pests.

[Muhammad Imran, Usama Bilal, Muhammad Usman, Abdul Khaliq, Shamsa Kanval, Aqsa Nisar, Muhmmad Faizan, Usama saleem and Muhammad Asrar.  Efficacy of Aluminum Phosphide and Neem (Azadirachta indica) Leaves in Controlling Red Flour Beetle (Tribolium castaneum) Infestation in Stored Wheat Grains. J Am Sci 2025;21(3):1-5]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 01 doi:10.7537/marsjas210325.01

Keywords: Tribolium castaneum; aluminum phosphide; neem leaves; stored wheat grains; insect control; post-harvest losses

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Theoretical Study Of The Dependence Of Excitation Energy On Electron Density Profile And Strain In Metals

G.E. Adesakin *+ and O. F Famutimi*

* Department of Physics

Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria

                         +E-mail of corresponding author:  adesakingbenga@gmail.com

Abstract: A model for the calculation of excitation energies of electron in metal is presented. The absolute value of the ratio between the lateral strain (shrinkage) and the longitudinal strain (elongation) is taking into consideration during computation. The result obtain revealed that excitation energy of metals decreases as electron density parameter r_s increases. This revealed that excitation energy of metals depend on bond length and number of carrier atom per unit volume. There is a good agreement between the computed and the ab-initio value of the excitation energy. Excitation energy of metals reduces as strain rises, this shows that as strain rises the ductility, intra-band electron transition probabilities and stiffness of metals decreases which there by forces the excitation energy of metals to reduce as strain rises. The result obtained for excitation energy of electron in metals in this work is novel and very promising for a broad range of future applications.

[G.E. Adesakin and O. F Famutimi. Theoretical Study Of The Dependence Of Excitation Energy On Electron Density Profile And Strain In Metals. J Am Sci 2025;21(3):6-14]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 02 doi:10.7537/marsjas210325.02

Keywords: excitation energies; electron; strain; ductility; carrier atom

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Jurisprudential Bases of Foreign Policy in Islam

Gholam Reza Vatani

Master of Theology and Islamic thought, Shirvan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shirvan, Iran

Vatani1390@yahoo.com

Abstract: Islam, as a school which has specific plans for humans consistent with the Hereafter and achieving human perfection, has declared necessary and proper plans for peaceful relations and interaction and conveying the Divine message to other countries in the scope of foreign policy, and these plans have been implemented all over the world in the great Islamic civilization history from Prophet Mohammad (peace be upon him) time to the centuries of rise of Islamic political culture. Furthermore, addressing politics in Islam both bring about happiness in the Hereafter and fulfill God's satisfaction per se; because building the world and actualizing justice bring about God's satisfaction and religion and politics actualize justice in the human society and bring about real happiness. Foreign policy as the main tool for the interaction of governments with the world is among the most important macro policy-making arenas to fulfill national interests of all nations-governments. Not only this sensitive national arena has not lost its dignity and importance in the globalization era, but its necessity and complication have been also increased due to development of global trends and mutual dependencies. In these circumstances, every day newer matters are added to the agenda of the foreign policy systems of the countries and they convert design, formulation, and implementation of foreign policy into a complicated, difficult, accurate, multi-dimensional and highly specialized matter. In the recent three decades, Iranian foreign policy has experienced multiple turbulences and fluctuations due to encountering war and other crises. These turbulences have sometimes impeded creation and institutionalization of an integrated structure for foreign policy and evaluation of its success in realizing national goals and interests. This paper studies jurisprudential bases of foreign policy in Islam. 

[Gholam Reza Vatani. Jurisprudential Bases of Foreign Policy in Islam. J Am Sci 2025;21(3):15-23]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 03 doi:10.7537/marsjas210325.03

Key words: Imam Khomeini; foreign policy; foreign policy of Islamic Republic of Iran; revolution; independency

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Review Of Literature On Geology Of Silica Sands

*Akoijam Linthoi Devi And **Dr. Bhuvnesh Kumari     

*Research Scholar, Department of Earth Science, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

**Associate Professor, Department of Earth Science, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

Email: Linthoiakoijam2014@gmail.com

Abstract: Silica is the name given to a group of minerals composed of silicon and oxygen, the two most abundant elements in the earth's crust. Silica is found commonly in the crystalline state and rarely in an amorphous state. It is composed of one atom of silicon and two atoms of oxygen resulting in the chemical formula SiO2. Sand consists of small grains or particles of mineral and rock fragments. Although these grains may be of any mineral composition, the dominant component of sand is the mineral quartz, which is composed of silica (silicon dioxide). Other components may include aluminum, feldspar and iron-bearing minerals. Sand with particularly high silica levels that is used for purposes other than construction is referred to as silica sand or industrial sand. Two general types of sand: 1-Naturally bonded (bank sand) 2-synthetic (lake sand) For a particular source of sand to be suitable for glassmaking, it must not only contain a very high proportion of silica but also should not contain more than strictly limited amounts of certain metallic elements. Silica sand is also normally required to be well-sorted, i.e. to have grains of an approximately uniform size. Most sources of sand used by the construction industry do not satisfy these requirements and are not, therefore, suitable for glassmaking. Industrial uses of silica sand depend on its purity and physical characteristics. Some of the more important physical properties are: grain size and distribution, grain shape, sphericity, grain strength and refractoriness.

[Akoijam Linthoi Devi And Bhuvnesh Kumari. Review Of Literature On Geology Of Silica Sands. J Am Sci 2025;21(3):24-28]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 04 doi:10.7537/marsjas210325.04

Keywords: Review Of Literature; Geology; Silica Sands

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