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An Economic Study of the Impact of Applying Technology Packages on Wheat Crop Production in Al-Sharqia Governorate

Prof. Dr. Mohamed Ibrahim Mohamed Raafat¹, Dr. Faten Samir Abu Al-Yazid Ahmed¹, Dr. Zainab Omar Omar Mahjoub ¹, Dr. Ali Taher Mohamed Hassanin²

¹Agricultural Economics Research Unit, Al-Sharqia, Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt.
²Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Egypt

E-mail: Dr_Faten55555@yahoo.com, Mraafat73@yahoo.com

Abstract: The study addresses the persistent wheat production-consumption gap, estimated at around 47.5%, driven by population growth and increasing wheat demand. This situation necessitates bridging the gap by boosting per-acre wheat productivity, expanding both horizontally and vertically, and utilizing technology to increase self-sufficiency and reduce import dependence.

Objectives: The study aims to improve the economic efficiency of wheat production by encouraging farmers to adopt modern technological packages.

Key Findings: Results indicate that the total revenue from wheat in demonstration fields reached approximately 38,600 EGP per acre in Abu Hammad, around 35,920 EGP per acre in Zagazig, and 37,250 EGP per acre on average. In contrast, revenue from traditional fields was approximately 31,450 EGP per acre in Abu Hammad, around 29,600 EGP per acre in Zagazig, and averaged 30,575 EGP per acre for the sample.

It is evident that the total revenue for wheat in demonstration fields exceeds that of traditional fields by around 6,675 EGP per acre on average. This discrepancy in total revenue represents an estimated loss of 2.8 billion EGP in total wheat revenue for Al Sharqia Governorate and around 22.8 billion EGP nationwide for the same year. The results also reveal that the net income from wheat in demonstration fields reached about 16,790 EGP per acre in Abu Hammad, around 14,270 EGP per acre in Zagazig, and an average of 15,520 EGP per acre. By contrast, net income from traditional fields was around 8,700 EGP per acre in Abu Hammad, approximately 6,800 EGP per acre in Zagazig, and an average of 7,800 EGP per acre.

This analysis highlights a difference in net income of about 7,720 EGP per acre between demonstration and traditional fields.

Recommendations: 

1. Collect farmers' feedback on improving performance efficiency and addressing issues to enhance wheat production in terms of quantity and quality.

2. Reinforce the role of agricultural cooperatives in providing high-quality seeds in the required quantities, at fair prices, and at suitable times and locations.

3. Place demonstration fields at village entrances and in visible locations to encourage farmers to observe results multiple times at different stages.

4. Expand the use of wheat planting with seed drills, given their economic and productive efficiency.

[Mohamed Ibrahim Mohamed Raafat, Faten Samir Abu Al-Yazid Ahmed, Zainab Omar Mahjoub, Ali Taher Mohamed Hassanin. An Economic Study of the Impact of Applying Technology Packages on Wheat Crop Production in Al-Sharqia Governorate. J Am Sci 2024;20(11):1-10]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 01 doi:10.7537/marsjas201124.01

Keywords: Economic; Study; Impact; Technology; Package; Wheat Crop; Production

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Application Of New Methodologies In Organic Reactions

* GARIMA SAINI and ** Dr. SUKEERTI SINGH

*Research Scholar, Department of Chemistry, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

**Professor, Department of Chemistry, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

Email: Garimasaini2040@gmail.com

Abstract: In the past decade, the field of organic synthesis has witnessed tremendous advancements in the areas of photoredox catalysis, electrochemistry, C–H activation, reductive coupling and flow chemistry. While these methods and technologies offer many strategic advantages in streamlining syntheses, their application on the process scale is complicated by several factors. In this Review, we discuss the challenges that arise when these reaction classes and/or flow chemistry technology are taken from a research laboratory operating at the milligram scale to a reactor capable of producing kilograms of product. We discuss how these challenges have been overcome through chemical and engineering solutions. Specifically, this Review will highlight key examples that have led to the production of multi-hundred-gram to kilogram quantities of active pharmaceutical ingredients or their intermediates and will provide insight on the scaling-up process to those developing new technologies and reactions.

[Saini, G.; Singh, S. Application Of New Methodologies In Organic Reactions. J Am Sci 2024;20(11):11-17]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 02 doi:10.7537/marsjas201124.02

Keywords: Methodologies; Organic Reactions

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Review On Welfare Of Working Equines In Ethiopia

²Natnael Debebe, ¹Eyachew Ayana

¹Bahirdar Animal Health Investigation And Diagnostic Laboratory, P.O.Box 70, Bahirdar Ethiopia, ²Veterinary Practitioner At Chagni City Administration Agricultural Office.

eyuelayana83@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: Using animals for our purposes we exercise varying degrees of control over the quality and duration of their lives. That control gives us the opportunity to manage them humanely. Moreover, using them for our own purposes, not theirs, requires us to do so. Accordingly, we have an ethical ‘duty of care’ towards the animals in our control and this translates into a practical obligation to keep their welfare at acceptable levels. To do this we need an understanding of what animal welfare is. Moreover, when assessing the welfare status of animals in practical contexts different emphasis has been placed on different aspects of current definitions. The biological function view holds that, in general, welfare is good when the animals are healthy, growing and reproducing well. For farm animals in particular, when good meat, milk, egg and fiber productivity of individuals is broadly aligned with good health and reproductive performance. I suggest that an animal is in a poor state of welfare only when physiological systems are disturbed to the point that survival or reproduction are impaired.

[Natnael Debebe; yachew Ayana. Review On Welfare Of Working Equines In Ethiopia. J Am Sci 2024;20(11):18-22]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 03 doi:10.7537/marsjas201124.03

Key words: equines, welfare, lamness, epizootic lymphangitis

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GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping along the railway using analytical hierarchy process in southwest of Iran

Abdolkhalegh Arvin pili, Hamid Behbahani, Saeed Monajjem

Department of Engineering Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract: Landslide problems are abundant in the mountainous areas of Iran due to a different geological conditions, abundant rainfall and anthropogenic factors, which leads to enormous loss of life and property every year. To control such problems, systematic studies of landslides are necessary, including inventory mapping and risk assessment. This study applies the analytical hierarchy process method in the south west of Iran. A landslide susceptibility map is prepared on the basis of available digital data and remote sensing imagery. The landslide susceptibility map is produced through physical and statistical methods. The results reveal that the predicted susceptibility levels are found to be in good agreement with the past landslide occurrences, and, hence, the map is trustworthy for future land-use planning.

[Abdolkhalegh Arvin pili, Hamid Behbahani, Saeed Monajjem. GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping along the railway using analytical hierarchy process in southwest of Iran. J Am Sci 2024;20(11):23-41]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 04 doi:10.7537/marsjas201124.04

Keywords: Landslide susceptibility, Geographic information system (GIS), Analytical hierarchy process

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Evaluation of the Inhibitive Properties of silver Nanoparticles in Senna ocidentalis Root Extract as Corrosion Inhibitor of Mild Steel

Victor O. Egbeneje¹*, Samuel E. Okhale², Chinyere Imoisi³, Isaac O.Ogbogo¹and Omolade Ojo⁴

¹Department of Chemistry, Benue State University, P. M. B 102119, Makurdi, KM 1, Gboko Road, Benue State, Nigeria.

²Department of Medicinal Plant Research and Traditional Medicine, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Abuja, Nigeria.

³Department of Chemistry, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria.

⁴Department of Chemistry, Federal College of Education, Gombe State, Nigeria.

*Corresponding Author: E-mail: egbenejevictor2018@gmail.com; Phone: +2348085576834

Abstract: The use of nanoparticles as corrosion inhibitors has gained popularity because of its increased corrosion efficiency due to increase surface to volume ratio. Nanoparticles which undergo physisorption/chemisorption to the corrosion metal surface and inhibit the corrosion efficiently also have low toxicity, low cost and easy production. In this research work, weight lost method was applied to study the inhibitive properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using Senna occidentalis root extract as environmentally benign corrosion inhibitor of mild steel in 0.5M H₂SO₄ medium at 298K and 308K. It was observed that the corrosion rate of the steel sample decreases with increase in concentration of the silver nanoparticles but increased with rise in temperature.  The highest inhibition efficiency of 65.59 % was obtained at 308K at the concentration of 5gdm^-3 and the least of 10.58% at the concentration of 1 gdm^-3 at 308K. The decrease in inhibition efficiency with rise in temperature is suggestive of physical adsorption mechanism. The surface coverage was observed to increase with increasing concentration of the nanoparticles and decreased with increase in temperature. This could be as a result of physical adsorption mechanism. The evaluated activation energy was found to be higher for the inhibited process than for the uninhibited process. The increase in apparent activation energy in the presence of the nanoparticles denotes physical adsorption mechanism, while the reverse is usually attributed to chemical adsorption. The negative values of heat of adsorption Q_ads suggest that the adsorption phenomenon is exothermic.

[Victor O. Egbeneje, Samuel E. Okhale, Chinyere Imoisi, Isaac O.Ogbogo and Omolade Ojo . Evaluation of the Inhibitive Properties of silver Nanoparticles in Senna ocidentalis Root Extract as Corrosion Inhibitor of Mild Steel. J Am Sci 2024;20(11):42-49]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 05 doi:10.7537/marsjas201124.05

Keywords: Nanoparticles, silver, nanoparticles, Senna occidentalis, physiosorption, benign.

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