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Removal of Nitrate from Ground Water using Nigella Sativa

Mohammed Emad^a*, Yusuf Al Suhimi^b, Asem Altawil^c*, Mohamed Ewis^d

^a Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, P. O. Box: 170, Madinah, 42351, Saudi Arabia.

^b Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia.

^c Aquachemie, Yanbu, Saudi Arabia.

^d Addar water Factory, Madinah, Saudi Arabia.

E-mail address: mhmd_1428@hotmail.com, asem_eltawel@science.tanta.edu.eg

Abstract: The goal of this study is to determine whether ground nigella sativa (GNS) can be used as a powerful adsorbent to remove nitrate from ground water. On nitrate adsorption, the effects of adsorbent dose of (GNS), pH, and contact time were examined. Ion chromatography was used to measure the concentration of nitrate ions in the ground water sample under various conditions both before and after equilibrium. The obtained results indicate that increasing the adsorbent dosage up to 0.5 g. and increasing the contact duration up to 150 minutes at pH 5. and 25°C will increase the removal percentage of nitrate. The adsorption characteristics of ground nigella sativa were assessed using the Langmuir and Freundich isotherms models. For the nitrate adsorption by Ground Nigella Sativa, it was discovered that Langmuir isotherms were more important than Freundlich isotherms.

[Mohammed Emad, Yusuf Al Suhimi, Asem Altawil, Mohamed Ewis. J Am Sci 2024;20(10):1-8]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 01 doi:10.7537/marsjas201024.01

Keywords: Nitrate, adsorption, Ground Water, Nigella Sativa, Langmuir isotherms

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Estimating the efficiency of wheat production in Assiut Governorate

Dr. Ahmed Mahmoud Abd El-Aziz Mohamed

Senior Researcher, Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt

Email: Dr.Ahmed.Mahmoud4@Gmail.com

Abstract: The research aims to estimate the technical efficiency of wheat production in the centers of Assiut Governorate using the methods of random frontier analysis and data envelope analysis. The research relied mainly on the use of stochastic frontier analysis to estimate the wheat production function using Frontier 4.1c program, and data envelope analysis to measure the technical, distributional and economic efficiency of wheat production in the centers of Assiut Governorate using DEAP ver.2.1 program. The research results showed that there were significant differences between the productivity of the feddan of wheat crop in the centers of Assiut Governorate during the period (2021-2023), and the existence of this variation requires knowing whether this variation is due to inefficiency or due to random error, and to find out this, random bounds analysis was used. To estimate the random boundary production function for wheat crop in Assiut Governorate for the average period (2021-2023), the double logarithmic production function (Cobb-Douglas) was used. The results showed that despite reducing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, pesticides, and the number of automated working hours by 1%, the previous increase over the stagnant amount of these resources led to an increase in wheat crop production by 0.82%, 0.23%, and 0.39%, respectively. This may be due to the existence of waste or surplus in the use of these resources, and that these resources used are more than what the land needs to grow wheat crops, which means that the use of these resources falls in the third production stage, which is an irrational production stage, which means that there is waste in the use of these production resources and the quantities used must be reduced. Meanwhile, the results showed that increasing the number of workers by 1% leads to an increase in wheat crop production by 0.51%, which is a value less than one and greater than zero, which means that the use of this resource falls in the production stage. The second is the rational production stage. It was also shown that the gamma value was about 0.94, and this value is closer to one than to zero, which means that 94% of the deviations are due to the effect of inefficiency and not to random error. After verifying through the use of the random frontier production function that the changes are due to inefficiency and not to random error, the data envelope is used. Although it cannot distinguish between inefficiency and random error, it provides more details, as the random frontier production function cannot determine the sources of inefficiency as well as the amount of inefficiency, and therefore does not provide detailed data that helps in taking corrective measures for units that suffer from inefficiency. By estimating the technical efficiency of wheat production in Assiut Governorate centers according to the data envelope analysis method for the average period (2021-2023), and through the concept of constant return on capacity, 4 centers achieved the maximum efficiency in wheat production, representing about 36.36% of the total number of centers. As for the concept of changing return on capacity, 7 centers achieved the maximum efficiency in wheat production, representing about 63.64% of the total number of centers. It was also shown through the capacity efficiency index that 4 centers achieved full efficiency, i.e. the correct one, which means that the actual combination of resources used is the same as the optimal combination. It was also found that the most reference centers for inefficient centers according to the technical efficiency index in the case of a stable return on capacity in wheat production in Assiut Governorate for the average period (2021-2023) are Sahel Selim and El-Quseya centers, which were repeated seven times, while the most reference center for inefficient centers according to the technical efficiency index in the case of a change in the return on capacity is El-Fatah Center, which was repeated four times. It was also shown that the largest percentage of increase in the wheat crop production requirement to achieve optimal economic efficiency was in the amount of pesticides, with an increase of about 53.68%, in Sahel Selim Center, which also had the lowest percentage of increase in the wheat crop production requirement to achieve optimal economic efficiency, which was in the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, with an increase of about 0.03%. It was also shown that the largest percentage of decrease in the wheat crop production requirement to achieve optimal economic efficiency was in the amount of organic fertilizer, with a decrease of about 25.96%, and it was in Manfalout Center, while the lowest percentage of decrease in the wheat crop production requirement to achieve optimal economic efficiency was in the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, with a decrease of about 0.88%, and it was in El-Fatah Center.

[Ahmed Mahmoud Abd El-Aziz Mohamed. Estimating the efficiency of wheat production in Assiut Governorate. J Am Sci 2024;20(10):9-30]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 02 doi:10.7537/marsjas201024.02

Keywords: Stochastic frontier analysis, data envelopment analysis, technical efficiency, capacity efficiency, allocative efficiency, economic efficiency

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Degradation of Azo-dye (Disperse Red) Using Rhizosphere Bacterial Consortium

* Aigere Sandra Patrick, and Ogbugbue Chimezie Jason

Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, PMB 5323, Choba, Rivers State. Nigeria.

^* email: aigeresandra@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study investigates the degradation of the azo dye (Disperse Red) using a rhizosphere bacterial consortium. Standard microbiological and molecular techniques were employed to isolate and identify organisms from rhizosphere soil. Degradation of azodye was carried out in a fabricated anoxic and oxic chambers with hydraulic retention time of 40hrs. Initial identification of the bacterial isolates through Gram’s reaction and biochemical tests revealed the presence of organisms belonging to the genera Pseudomonas, Lysinibacillus, and Citrobacter. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses confirmed the isolates as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Lysinibacillus sphaericus, Pseudomonas chengduensis, and Citrobacter freundii. During the preliminary testing, the degradation efficiency was assessed under varying glucose concentrations. Higher decolorization rate of 56.17% was observed in the medium with 10% glucose after 72 hours, while the medium with 5% glucose achieved a 44.17% colour reduction. Notably, lower degradation rates recorded were 11.96% and 12.85% for the 5% and 10% dye enhance glucose mineral salt media, respectively. However, During the actual degradation testing in a double-chamber system enhanced with biochar, the first anaerobic cycle achieved a maximum decolorization of 71.95% after 94 hours, with the first aerobic cycle further enhancing degradation to 90.51%. The second anaerobic cycle increased degradation to 94.78%, and the final aerobic cycle achieved a decolorization of 98.47%. These results show that the rate of Disperse Red degradation is highly dependent on glucose levels and alternating anaerobic-aerobic conditions. This study demonstrates the potential of using rhizosphere bacterial consortia to bioremediate wastewater contaminated with azo dyes, offering an efficient and sustainable method of environmental management. The results underline the need of optimizing ambient conditions to increase microbial degradation processes.

[Aigere Sandra Patrick, and Ogbugbue Chimezie Jason. Degradation of Azo-dye (Disperse Red) Using Rhizosphere Bacterial Consortium. J Am Sci 2024;20(10):31-39]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 03 doi:10.7537/marsjas201024.03

Keywords: Azo-Dye, Disperse Red

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A Study on the Surrogate Womb Issue through the Lens of Jurisprudence

Nasrin Salehikia  

Master of  International Law, Margheh Branch ,Islamic Azad University, Maragheh, East Azerbijan, Iran.

Maboud Zaeri Esfahani

Master of  International Law, Margheh Branch ,Islamic Azad University, Maragheh, East Azerbijan, Iran.

Abstract: Interest in having a child is one of the basic human needs. From the beginning of the history, fertility has had remarkable importance and childbearing and number of children have been regarded as a kind of social value. However infertility has always been associated with the humans and they have sought to treat it with different methods. One of the newest techniques is the surrogate womb. In this method, after fertilization of the egg and sperm, the fetus is transferred to the uterus of the surrogate mother who keeps the fetus for 9 months and then after childbirth delivers the infant to the original parents. Accordingly this paper seeks to appreciate and experience this phenomenon with the aid of mothers requesting surrogate womb. These mothers had no doubt in accepting the infant born by this method and most of them preferred to cut the relation with the womb owner completely after childbirth. To regard the agreement and relation between the parents and surrogate mother upon using the surrogate womb as among legal events so as to create legal effect(s) for the related parties, the legislator is first required to investigate the cause and process of such a phenomenon and then specifies that whether such a womb utilization meets the conditions of legal events and can be regarded as among them or not. If positive, the legislator must determine how it is carried out. This paper studies jurisprudential commands regarding surrogate womb.

[Nasrin Salehikia. A Study on the Surrogate Womb Issue through the Lens of Jurisprudence. J Am Sci 2024;20(10):40-46]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 04 doi:10.7537/marsjas201024.04

Key words: surrogate womb, experiences of mothers requesting womb, jurisprudential commands

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Review of Literature Related to Efficient Multi-Processor Scheduling in Cloud based on the Hybridization Process

¹Dr. Rajeev Yadav and ²Shubham Gaur

¹Professor, Department of Computer Science, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

²Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

Email- shubhamgr90.2@gmail.com

Abstract: In recent years, the concept of cloud computing has been gaining traction to provide dynamically increasing access to shared computing resources (software and hardware) via the internet. It’s not secret that cloud computing’s ability to supply mission-critical services has made job scheduling a hot subject in the industry right now. Cloud resources may be wasted, or in-service performance may suffer because of under-utilization or over-utilization, respectively, due to poor scheduling. Various strategies from the literature are examined in this research in order to give procedures for the planning and performance of Job Scheduling techniques (JST) in cloud computing. To begin, we look at and tabulate the existing JST that is linked to cloud and grid computing. The present successes are then thoroughly reviewed, difficulties and flows are recognized, and intelligent solutions are devised to take advantage of the proposed taxonomy. To bridge the gaps between present investigations, this paper also seeks to provide readers with a conceptual framework, where we proposed an effective job scheduling technique in cloud computing. These findings are intended to provide academics and policymakers with information about the advantages of a more efficient cloud computing setup. In cloud computing, fair job scheduling is most important. We proposed a priority-based scheduling technique to ensure fair job scheduling. Finally, the open research questions raised in this article will create a path for the implementation of an effective job scheduling strategy.

[Dr. Rajeev Yadav and Shubham Gaur. Review of Literature Related to Efficient Multi-Processor Scheduling in Cloud based on the Hybridization Process. J Am Sci 2024;20(10):47-52]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 05 doi:10.7537/marsjas201024.05

Keywords: Review of Literature, Cloud computing, Job scheduling, Taxonomy, Conceptual framework, Resource allocation, Open research issue

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A study on the thought of Aby Warburg's art imagology based on "emotional program"

   GAO Minghui

Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin,Heilongjiang, China

Abstract: Aby Warburg's last work, The Atlas of the Goddess of Memory, is a large-scale atlas that aims to study the rebirth of "cultural memory" in ancient Western times amid the continuous flow of images in later times. It has attracted many followers and researchers because of the diversity of images selected and the openness of analysis methods. Pathosformmel (also translated as "passion form") is a unique concept developed by Warburg, which is an image program with polar emotional energy, used to describe the original memory of the character's actions and expressions as a specific formula that has been repeated in history. This paper tries to interpret some of the images in the Atlas of the Goddess of Memory by centering on the concept of "emotional program".

[GAO Minghui. A study on the thought of Aby Warburg's art imagology based on "emotional program". J Am Sci 2024;20(10):53-58]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 06 doi:10.7537/marsjas201024.06

Keywords: Aby Warburg; Atlas of the Goddess of Memory; Emotional program

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Based on flipped classroom and discussion blended teaching model practice research

———— Analysis of classic teaching cases of Art, Aesthetics and Creation

JIANG Fan

Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China

Abstract: With the development of The Times, various teaching methods have challenged college teachers, which are based on the application of flipped classroom and discussion blended teaching methods. At the same time, the teaching case method plays a crucial role in improving the teaching quality and ensuring the effect of students. Teaching case analysis provides quality assurance for the high-quality development of courses to a certain extent.

[JIANG Fan. JIANG Fan. Based on flipped classroom and discussion blended teaching model practice research ———— Analysis of classic teaching cases of Art, Aesthetics and Creation. J Am Sci 2024;20(10):59-62]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 07 doi:10.7537/marsjas201024.07

Keywords: Teaching case, Flipped classroom, discussion blended teaching, practice, independent learning

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