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The study of the C-reactive protein, calprotectin and calprotectin-ascetic albumin ratio in ascetic fluid of patient with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

Manal Sabry¹, Islam Raafat Elshafei Fat-Helbary², Mohammed Darwish El Talkawy², khaled Abdelhamed Mohammed¹, Mohammed Magdy Salama¹, Mohamed A. Elrefaiy^2*

¹Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

²Tropical Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, TheodorBilharz Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt

 m.sabry@med.asu.edu.eg, islamhelbary@gmail.com, m.talkawy@tbri.gov.eg , Khaled451964@yahoo.com, Mohamed.salama@med.asu.edu.eg, Dr.Mohamed.elrefaiy.4@gmail.com .

Abstract: Background: Early indications for SB: According to the current guidelines, patients with symptoms of infection and ascites PMN counts <250/mm3 ought to be administered antibiotics while awaiting the findings of the culture, which is regarded as therapy for SB. Calprotectin is a heterodimer of two calcium-binding proteins, calprotectin is secreted and can be found in different body fluids and  serum, as it is considered a useful clinical inflammatory indicator .CRP is 224 residue proteins released by liver and its level will rise if there is broad systematic inflammation. Hospital clinical laboratories employ the CRP test as one of the most important tests for diagnosis to detect and monitor many inflammatory disorders. Methods: Our study was conducted on Fifty (50) Cirrhotic patient has ascites can divide into two groups: Group 1 (the control group) comprised 25 patients with cirrhotic ascites who did not have SBP. Group 2 (the SBP group) comprised 25 patients with cirrhotic ascites and SBP. Results: The current results' statistical analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between AF CRP, AF Calprotectin of the studied group to their AF Calprotectin and Calprotectin - Albumin Ratio. Statistical analysis of current results showed that all variable results are significant indicator as denoted by the significantly large area under the curves (AUCs); with AF Calprotectin at cut-off value >73.5 being the most significant predictor followed by AF CRP at cut-off value >22.6 and also Calprotectin – Ascetic Albumin ratio at cut-off value >171.4. CONCLUSION: In patients with ascitic cirrhosis, AF CRP, AF Calprotectin, and the Calprotectin-Ascetic Albumin ratio were found to be sensitive, valuable, and useful diagnostic measures that yielded a satisfactory and accurate diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. When diagnosing cases of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, AF calprotectin exhibits greater sensitivity and specificity compared to AF CRP and AF calprotectin albumin ratio. A significant positive association was observed between AF Calprotectin and AF CRP, as well as the AF Calprotectin albumin ratio, in patients suffering from spontaneous bacterial infections.

[Manal Sabry, Islam Raafat Elshafei Fat-Helbary, Mohammed Darwish El Talkawy, khaled Abdelhamed Mohammed, Mohammed Magdy Salama, Mohamed A. Elrefaiy. The study of the C-reactive protein, calprotectin and calprotectin-ascetic albumin ratio in ascetic fluid of patient with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. J Am Sci 2024;20(8):1-11]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org 

01. doi:10.7537/marsjas200824.01.

Keywords: C-reactive protein; calprotectin; calprotectin-ascetic albumin ratio; ascetic fluid; patient; spontaneous; bacterial peritonitis

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STUDY ON INTEGRATED PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN SMALL CARDAMOM PLANTATION

*Sudhakar S and **Dr. Ajay Kumar Kaurav

*Research Scholar, Department of Agriculture Science, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

**Associate Professor, Department of Agriculture Science, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

Email: sudhakarsounda@gmail.com

Abstract: Cardamom plantation activities in southern India are considered one of the most expensive farming practices globally, involving enormous inputs and external energy throughout the season (Murugan et al., 2017). Majority of the most successful cardamom plantations are available in Indian cardamom hills (ICH) in the elevation ranging from 700′ to 7,000 ′ above sea level. Nearly half a century ago, the ICH was a typical tropical evergreen forest with enormous biodiversity, including epiphytes. Ruthless regular shade lopping is the foremost essential operation that all planters would like to do in the ICH (Murugan et al., 2012a). This causes changes in micro and topoclimatic condition along with fast degradation of the forest structure and function. Published information, on the influence of altitudinal variability on evaporation and precipitation pattern and the hours of bright sun, is scarce for the cardamom hills agroforestry system (Pascal et al., 2004).

[Sudhakar S and Dr. Ajay Kumar Kaurav. STUDY ON INTEGRATED PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN SMALL CARDAMOM PLANTATION. J Am Sci 2024;20(8):12-15]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org  02. doi:10.7537/marsjas200824.02.

Keywords: Methods, IPM, Cardamom, Management

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THE ANTISEPTIC VALUES OF ROOT EXTRACT OF OKPOKPO (Plumbago zeylanica) IN DOMESTIC APPLICATIONS AMONG THE INHABITANTS OF IGBUZO COMMUNITY

ONIANWAH, Ifeanyichukwu Fidelis; CHUKWUKA, Ewere Glory; ONORIASAKPOBARE, Omamuyovwe Felix¹

Department of Microbiology, Dennis Osadebay University, Awai Road, Asaba, Delta State.

Corresponding Author: ONIANWAH, F. I

Email: ifeanyichukwu.onianwah@dou.edu.ng

Tel: +234 8033126090

Abstract: The alcoholic extraction was done on the dried root of the plant using ethanol. The extract was used to determine its antibacterial activity on isolated bacteria and yeasts. The sensitivity of the different bacteria and the yeast isolates to the extract measured on agar gel diffusion test showed that Ecsherishia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Klebsiella sp., Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aureginosa recorded 3.4, 3.3, 3.6, 3.6, 3.0 and 2.9 mm while sensitivity of Pichia sp, Candida tropicalis and Sacharomyces cereviciae recorded 3.6, 3.3 and 3.8 mm respectively. The analysis of variance done on the various treatments showed that there was no significant difference in the activity of these treatments at p<0.05. The kinetics of the extract over a period of ten hours was time dependent recording a cell count reduction (log₁₀) of 1.12, 0.78, 0.84, 0.99, 0.37 and 1.2 for E.coli, S. aureus, Str pyogenes, K. pneumonia, P.mirabilis and Ps.aureginosa respectively. Heat has no significant effect on the activity of the extract. After 10 hours of treatment, the was a total cell count reduction from log₁₀ 2.28 to log₁₀ 0.36, 1.45, 1.24, 1.66, 1, 9 and 0.82 for E.coli, S. aureus, Str pyogenes, K. pneumonia, P.mirabilis and Ps.aureginosa respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bacteriocidal concentration (MBC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) demonstrated the high potency of the substance against bacterial and fungal species when compared with Dettol and Savlon. From the determination of the kinetics of the extract on tested microorganisms, a significant rate of microbial load reduction was established within 10 hours of treatment. It is safe and tolerated, as such can serve as an effective disinfectant in homes, offices and schools.    

[Sudhakar S and Dr. Ajay Kumar Kaurav. STUDY ON INTEGRATED PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN SMALL CARDAMOM PLANTATION. J Am Sci 2024;20(8):16-26]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org  03. doi:10.7537/marsjas200824.03.

Keywords: Antiseptic Value, Root Extract, Plumbago zeylanica, Domestic Applications, Okpokpo, Antibacterial and Antifungal

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The Benefit of Oral Bromelain on the Spontaneous Disappearance of Vitreous Hemorrhage: An Animal Study

Mei Fang¹, Jen-Lin Hung^2,#, and Chi-Ting Horng ^{3,4, *}

¹ Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.

² Master of Science Program in Health Care, Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan, ROC.

³ Department of Pharmacy, Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan, ROC.

⁴ Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.

# Equally to the first author

*Corresponding author: Chi-Ting Horng, M.D. Ph.D

Abstract: Introduction: Vitreous hemorrhage (VH) is caused by several etilogies, and it always makes the patients decreased vision and even blindness. In the past, the majority of eye doctors should adopt the method of waiting for spontaneous absorbance within 3 - 6 months. If VH persisted without disappearance for a peroid of time, pars plana vitretomy (PPVT) should be peformed. Nevertheless, only simpe waitng associated with some complications would be found such as retinal scar or prolifertative vitreoretinopathy. Besides, PPVT combined with Argon laser may  induce intrageneic cataract, galucoma, retinal detachment and re-bleeding. In our research, we tried to analyze the effectiveness of oral bromelain for dissolving VH by the animal study. Methods: Total 35 SD rats aged 7 and 8 weeks were enrolled. First, one mouse was sacrificed and the eyeball was removed for understanding the anatomy for futher study. First, VH mode of rats was created by 26 gauge needle puncture at the size just posterior to the pars plana of all left eyes from 24 SD rats, All mice were randomly and averagely seperated into four groups ( 6 rats in one group). It included the placebo ( 20 mg/day vitamin C), low dose group (LDG) (bromelain 20 mg/day), middle dose group (MDG) (bromelain 30 mg /day), and high dose group (HDG) (bromelain 40mg/day). All rats were fed by gastric tubes. The whole experiment took 6 weeks and we observed the changes of Vhin  each week by indirect ophthalmoscope. Moreover, the definition of success of VH is “ redution of the amounts at least 3/4 volumn or the optic disc may be seen that can not seen before bromelain supplementation. Results: We discovered that the percent of disapperance of VH was 0%, 33.3% (2/6) (P<0.05), 50% (3/6) (P<0.05) and 66.6% (4/6) (P<0.05) in placebo, LDG, MDG, and HDG, respectively. It meant bromelain would singnificantly decrease the amount of blood. Besides, the abilities of redeced VH showed a dependent-dose manner. Further, no body weight loss and unsteady gait were noted during the study. In addition, no any damaged cells of livers and kidneys were detected from histopathological examinations under light microscope after toal SD rats by CO sacrifice. Conclusion: We made a forward-looking suggestion oral bromelain should be an alternative method for treating VH, especially the blood from proliferative diabetic retinopathy, posterior vitteous detachment with or withour retinal tear and blunt trauma. Moreover, the human study should be prospected and scheduled for deeper investigation in the future.   [Mei Fang, Jen-Lin Hung, and Chi-Ting Horng. The Benefit of Oral Bromelain on the Spontaneous Disappearance of Vitreous Hemorrhage: An Animal Study. Life Sci J 2023;20(11):] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com.

[Mei Fang, Jen-Lin Hung, and Chi-Ting Horng . The Benefit of Oral Bromelain on the Spontaneous Disappearance of Vitreous Hemorrhage: An Animal Study. J Am Sci 2024;20(8):27-36]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org  04. doi:10.7537/marsjas200824.04.

Keywords: pars plana vitretomy (PPVT), vitreous hemorrhage, bromelian

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The Rekodiq Agreement: Examining Its Past and Gauging Balochistan Future Prospects

Anees  Tariq Gorgaij¹, Muhammad Aslam Ghani², Syed Ali Raza Shah², Arz Muhammad Umrani³, Dr. Jalal Faiz⁴

1.      Services and General Administration Department, Balochistan, 37^th  MCMC National Institute of Management Quetta

2.      National Institute of Management Quetta

3.      Forest and Wildlife Department Balochistan, 37^th  MCMC National Institute of Management Quetta

4.      Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences

Corresponding author: arz.forest87@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the Rekodiq Copper-Gold Projects Agreement and its implications for Balochistan's future prospects.The objectives of the study are To assess the socio-economic impacts of the Reko Diq project on Balochistan, including employment generation, local business opportunities, and revenue generation. To analyze the factors contributing to the controversies and legal disputes surrounding the Reko Diq project, including the governance and regulatory frameworks and to provide recommendations for ensuring sustainable and equitable development in Balochistan. To ensure a thorough analysis of the Rekodiq Copper-Gold Projects Agreement and its ramifications for Balochistan's future prospects, both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used in this study. This mixed-methods approach, which incorporates both individual viewpoints and factual data, enables a deeper comprehension of the intricate dynamics around the project. The study provides an overview of the project's historical context, the natural resources of Balochistan, and the project's implications for the province's future.

[Anees  Tariq Gorgaij, Muhammad Aslam Ghani, Syed Ali Raza Shah, Arz Muhammad Umrani, Dr. Jalal Faiz. The Rekodiq Agreement: Examining Its Past and Gauging Balochistan Future Prospects. J Am Sci 2024;20(8):37-42]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org

05. doi:10.7537/marsjas200824.05.

Keywords: Rekodiq, Copper, Balochistan, Agreement, employment, business

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