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REVIEW OF LITERATURE THE QUALITY OF SERVICE OF MULTICAST ROUTING IN AD HOC WIRELESS NETWORKS

* Premila and ** Dr. Kamal Srivastava

¹Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

²Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

Email: toranps@gmail.com

Abstract: Frequent interactions among the group members of distributed wireless network environment may be facilitated with the help of Mobile Ad Hoc NETworks (MANETs). Some of the group-oriented applications include disaster management, battlefields, audio/video conferencing, e-commerce, e-education, etc. Group communication demands dynamic construction of efficient and reliable multicast routes under user mobility and varying channel conditions. Multicast routing mechanisms in MANETs have been consistently improved by researchers considering various performance measures such as energy efficient route establishment, packet delivery ratio, quicker and faster proactive route recovery, network life time, reliability, Quality of Service (QoS) based on bandwidth, delays, jitters, and security. The paper focuses on most recent reliable and QoS based multicast routing mechanisms that helps in multimedia communication over MANETs. The mechanisms are considered under different topological routing categories such as mesh, tree, zone and hybrid. We provide an overview of existing multicast routing mechanisms based on routing categories and point to directions for future research and development.

[Premila and Srivastava, K. REVIEW OF LITERATURE THE QUALITY OF SERVICE OF MULTICAST ROUTING IN AD HOC WIRELESS NETWORKS. J Am Sci 2024;20(3):1-6]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 01. doi:10.7537/marsjas200324.01.

Keywords: REVIEW OF LITERATURE, ROUTING, MULTICASTE

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON CAPITAL MARCKET PERFORMANCE

*U Shivakumar  and **Dr. Bharat Bhushan Sharma

¹Research Scholar, Department of Commerce, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

²Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

Email: svvnd121026@gmail.com

Abstract: The present review article is an attempt by the researchers to make a descriptive as well as analytical study of work done in the field of Indian capital market. This study will be focusing on various loopholes in the Indian Financial System. As capital market is a wider concept, lots of note worthy contribution have been made in this area. In this write up emphasis are given to bring to light all the hard work done by various researches and to uncover the gap for future research. Apart from that the researchers have also highlighted some of the important reforms in Indian Capital Market since 1991 onwards. While studying a range of literature available from various resources, the researchers havearrived that there isgenerally a constructive assessment of the economic reforms on Indian Capital Market, but also points out some areas of concern: the lack of a fixed term appointment for the regulators; the persistence of non-competitive conditions in the market; and the excessive entry of new scripts into the market, Although in recent days, some steps have been taken to address this problem as well.

[Shivakumar, U. and Sharma, B.B. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON CAPITAL MARCKET PERFORMANCE. J Am Sci 2024;20(3):7-10]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 02. doi:10.7537/marsjas200324.02.

Keywords: REVIEW OF LITERATURE, QUALITATIVE, DEVELOPMENTS, CAPITAL MARKET

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STUDY ON INTEGRATED PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN SMALL CARDAMOM PLANTATION

*Sudhakar S and **Dr. Ajay Kumar Kaurav

*Research Scholar, Department of Agriculture Science, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

**Associate Professor, Department of Agriculture Science, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

Email: sudhakarsounda@gmail.com

Abstract: Cardamom plantation activities in southern India are considered one of the most expensive farming practices globally, involving enormous inputs and external energy throughout the season (Murugan et al., 2017). Majority of the most successful cardamom plantations are available in Indian cardamom hills (ICH) in the elevation ranging from 700′ to 7,000 ′ above sea level. Nearly half a century ago, the ICH was a typical tropical evergreen forest with enormous biodiversity, including epiphytes. Ruthless regular shade lopping is the foremost essential operation that all planters would like to do in the ICH (Murugan et al., 2012a). This causes changes in micro and topoclimatic condition along with fast degradation of the forest structure and function. Published information, on the influence of altitudinal variability on evaporation and precipitation pattern and the hours of bright sun, is scarce for the cardamom hills agroforestry system (Pascal et al., 2004).

[S. Sudhakar and Kaurav, A.K. STUDY ON INTEGRATED PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN SMALL CARDAMOM PLANTATION. J Am Sci 2024;20(3):11-14]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 03. doi:10.7537/marsjas200324.03.

Keywords: Methods, IPM, Cardamom, Management

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The impact of financial inclusion on training and development programs for employees of the Agricultural Bank of Egypt in Alexandria Governorate

Mohamed M. Shawky1, Abozaid. Ahmed. A2, Zainab Shawky El-Khalifa3

¹Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Cairo, Egypt

2Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Cairo, Egypt

3 Project Management and Sustainable Development Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA- City), New Borg Al-Arab City 21934, Alexandria, Egypt

Abstract: The study aimed to identify the impact of financial inclusion on the training and development programs for employees of the Agricultural Bank of Egypt in Alexandria Governorate. It used the descriptive analytical approach, relied on the questionnaire as a tool for the study, and used the simple random sampling method. The number of individuals in the study sample was (79) individuals. The study concluded that there was a medium level of the banking sector’s ability to the application of financial inclusion, as well as the presence of a medium level of the ability of the Agricultural Bank of Egypt to implement training and development programs for human cadres. It was found that there is a statistically significant positive impact of the application of financial inclusion on the training and development programs for human cadres in the Agricultural Bank of Egypt in Alexandria Governorate, which demonstrates the correct of the main hypothesis of the study. It was found that whenever the average level of financial inclusion implementation increased by 1%. The average level of human cadre training and development programs at the Agricultural Bank of Egypt in Alexandria Governorate increased by 0.394%.

[Mohamed M. Shawky, Abozaid. Ahmed. A, Zainab Shawky El-Khalifa The impact of financial inclusion on training and development programs for employees of the Agricultural Bank of Egypt in Alexandria Governorate.   J Am Sci 2024;20(3):15-24]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org  04. doi:10.7537/marsjas200324.04.

Keywords: Financial inclusion - Training - Agricultural Bank of Egypt

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON STEGANOGRAPHY IMAGE METHODS RELATED TO DIFFERENTIATION OF ADAPTIVE PIXEL VALUE AND THE EXPLOITATION OF SEVERAL DIRECTIONS

* Prasad HM and ** Dr. Kamal Srivastava

¹Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

²Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

Email: parsadworld8@gmail.com

Abstract: Steganography is the art of concealing information in a cover media in such a way that the presence of the information is unknown. Digital image steganography accomplishes the potential for protected communication that is crucial in most of the applications nowadays. Steganography has several beneficial applications. It has been driven to the frontrunner of present security systems by the amazing development in computational power, the rise in security consciousness. The main challenge in proposing a steganographic technique is to maintain a suitable balance among higher embedding capacity, imperceptibility, and security that separate it from correlated systems like cryptography and watermarking. This article offers an extensive state-of-the-art review and analysis of some recent steganographic techniques. Furthermore, we have discussed popular steganography tools in detail. Challenges in the recent deep learning based steganographic techniques have been addressed. To explore the domain, the article concludes with mentioning some future research directions.

[HM, Prasad and Srivastava, K. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON STEGANOGRAPHY IMAGE METHODS RELATED TO DIFFERENTIATION OF ADAPTIVE PIXEL VALUE AND THE EXPLOITATION OF SEVERAL DIRECTIONS. J Am Sci 2024;20(3):25-28]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 05. doi:10.7537/marsjas200324.05.

Keywords: REVIEW OF LITERATURE, STEGANOGRAPHY, ADAPTIVE PIXEL

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The impact of climate changes on the productive and economic efficiency of the wheat crop In the Arab Republic of Egypt (a case study in Dakahlia Governorate)

Dr. Tariq Mohamed Al-Sayed Abu Musa and Dr. Elham Abdel M0aty Abbas

Senior Researcher, Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Egypt

Abstract: Climate changes constitute one of the most important threats to sustainable development, and although Egypt is not one of the countries causing climate changes, it is one of the countries that has been greatly affected by these changes, especially the agricultural sector. The research problem is that climate changes cause a decline in the productivity of many crops in Egypt, especially the crop. Wheat, a decrease in wheat productivity in Dakahlia Governorate in conjunction with the presence of the phenomenon of excessive ears, as well as the small size and small number of grains in the ears of the crop, due to the negative effects of direct climate changes, which affects the total production of the wheat crop, as the cultivated area reached about 267.8 thousand acres as the average for the study period. The research aims primarily to study the impact of climate changes and rising temperatures on the productive and economic efficiency of the wheat crop. The study relied on descriptive and quantitative analysis methods to analyse both secondary and primary data. Primary data was obtained using stratified cluster sampling in Dakahlia Governorate. The study concluded that although the total production of the wheat crop in Egypt is increasing annually by 135.51 thousand tons, equivalent to 1.64% of its annual average of about 8247 thousand tons during the study period (2000-2022), the increase in acre productivity did not prove significant, which resulted in an increase in imports of the crop. Wheat in Egypt annually amounted to 410.4 thousand tons, equivalent to 5.19% of its annual average, due to the annual increase in consumption by 536.98 thousand tons, equivalent to 3.35% of its annual average during the study period. It was also shown that the self-sufficiency rate of the wheat crop in Egypt decreases annually by 0.97 %, equivalent to 1.7% of its annual average during the study period. The results of the research sample study confirmed that the cultivation of the wheat crop in the early period is greatly affected by climate changes, which is reflected in the increase in the quantities used of production requirements and the decrease in per-acre productivity of the main and secondary output by about 18.7%, 25%, and the value of both the total and net returns also decreased. The return was about 19.3% and 92.2% compared to planting at the recommended timing, respectively. This also affected the increase in the cost of producing ardeb by about 21.2%, a decrease in the net return of ardeb, the profit of the invested pound, the margin over variable costs, and the ratio of net return to costs. Variable, the ratio of the total return to the total costs is about 62.2%, 108.6%, 38.4%, 83.1%, and 37.3% for early plantings, respectively, and imposing scenarios to predict the negative effects on the crop of increasing temperature, and based on that, productivity and production are expected to decrease to reach about 2,499 tons and 9.794 million tons, respectively, in 2033. It is also expected that the amount of decrease in production in 2033 will reach about 1.25 million tons, but it will be compensated by reclaiming lands of about 501 thousand acres. The cost of their reclamation is estimated at about 150.3 billion pounds, equivalent to about 4.3 billion dollars, assuming the stability of the exchange rate during the forecast period, or through importing this shortfall in production by about 437.5 million dollars, and assuming that the import price of a ton of wheat remains constant during the forecast period.

[Tariq Mohammad Al-Sayed Abu Musa and Elham Abdel M0aty Abbas. The impact of climate changes on the productive and economic efficiency of the wheat crop In the Arab Republic of Egypt (a case study in Dakahlia Governorate) Am Sci 2024;20(3):29-48]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org  06. doi:10.7537/marsjas200324.06.

Keywords: Climate change, Wheat yield, Production efficiency, Economic efficiency

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The economic dimension of camels in achieving food security from red meat in Egypt

Dr. Ahmed Abdel-Aty Shebl¹, Dr. Fatma Mohamed El-Hosany ²  

 ¹Senior Researcher, Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt

²Researcher, Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt

Email: shebl33322@gmail.com , fatmahaggag75@gmail.com

Abstract:  The main problem of the research is based on the inability of red meat production capacity to meet the increasing needs for it, as self-sufficiency was estimated at about 63% in 2021. With the increase in population numbers, demand has increased, which has resulted in a decrease in per capita income year after year. In light of the competition between human food and livestock feed for cultivated area, and the high prices of dry feed, it was necessary to search for other sources to enhance animal protein production that are able to adapt to the conditions of feed shortage and high prices. Here the importance of camels appears, due to their ability to diversify their food sources and their tolerance of quantitative and qualitative food shortages. The research then aimed to evaluate the current situation of food security from red meat, and to what extent camel breeding affects reducing the gap in red meat. The most important results were the following: : A decrease in the number of live animals producing red meat, the total production, and the per capita share of red meat during the period (2008-2021), While the amount of red meat imports and the percentage of dependence on imports increased, while national consumption was relatively stable, Then the rate of self-sufficiency decreased, while both the quantities of camel meat produced and the numbers of camels increased, while the amount of camel meat imports and the numbers of imported camels slaughtered decreased. Hence, the most important recommendations were to establish large camel breeding stations, in addition to providing all forms of technical, awareness and guidance support. And communicating directly with the groups of educators located near each station, in order to improve their capabilities and overcome any obstacles that may hinder their efforts, This is helped by dividing and classifying the desert, especially the desert backs of the governorates, into a number of levels in terms of the availability of grazing resources, as well as the preservation of natural resources and limiting their deterioration.

 [Ahmed Abdel-Aty Shebl, Fatma Mohamed El-Hosany. The economic dimension of camels in achieving food security from red meat in Egypt. Am Sci 2024;20(3):49-60]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org  07. doi:10.7537/marsjas200324.07.

Keywords: economic; dimension; camel; achieving; food; security; red meat; Egypt

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Analytical study of the competitiveness of Egyptian medicinal and aromatic plants in the world markets

Khaled A. A. Ahmed, Samar M. M. Boghdady, Amal. SH. A. ElShahed and Ahmed H. Elkenawy

Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt

*Corresponding author: dr.samar.boghdady@gmail.com

Abstract: The state is promoting non-traditional crops like medicinal and aromatic plants to advance development and increase foreign exchange earnings. However, the rate of expansion in production is not aligned with world demand and export quantity, with about 0.15% decrease in total production. The research aims to study the production and export situation of these plants on the level of the world and locally, as well as the geographical distribution of Egyptian exports. Egypt's contribution to world production is about 2.3%, with domestic and world production growth rates of about 1.8% and 11.2%, respectively. The geographical distribution of Egyptian exports increases export opportunities and maintains stability. The world demand for medicinal and aromatic plant fruits is increasing by about 19 thousand tons annually, with a stable growth rate of about 5%. Egyptian exports have permeability to world markets and price competitive advantages in their key markets. World demand for medicinal and aromatic plant leaves and flowers is increasing by about 14.5 thousand tons annually, with a 2.3% growth rate. Egyptian exports have permeability to world markets and price competitive advantages, particularly in the German market.

[Khaled A. A. Ahmed, Samar M. M. Boghdady, Amal SH. A. ElShahed and Ahmed H. Elkenawy. Analytical study of the competitiveness of Egyptian medicinal and aromatic plants in the world markets. J Am Sci 2024;20(3):61-69]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 08. doi:10.7537/marsjas200324.08.

An analytical study of the most important variables affecting agricultural investment in Egypt

Dr. Sherien Zaghloul Zaki

Senior Researcher, Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt.

Email: dr.sherien2011@gmail.com

Abstract: The research aims to study the most important variables affecting agricultural investment, and measure indicators of agricultural investment efficiency and the geographical distribution of the most important agricultural investment projects. The results of the research indicate an increase in agricultural investments, agricultural domestic product, agricultural income, the value of exports and imports, crop area, the interest rate on agricultural investment loans, the value of agricultural loans, and the rate of Inflation and the value of worker productivity, and the efficiency of agricultural investment is demonstrated by measuring its indicators represented in the investment rate, return on investment, settlement coefficient, employment coefficient, and investment multiplier. The results showed that the most influential variables on agricultural investment are the value of agricultural domestic product and the value of agricultural loans. It was also found that the most agricultural investment projects were businesses related to agriculture, livestock, youth loans, the social fund, and loans guaranteed by deposits, with percentages amounting to about 46.7%, 39.3%, 5.99%, and 4.87%, respectively, of the total value of loans. The five governorates that used these loans the most were Behera, then Dakahlia, followed by Gharbia, Sharqia, and Menoufia, with a total percentage of 54.9% of the total value of loans. The research recommended increasing agricultural investments, paying attention to long-term investments and directing them to major projects, land reclamation, and increasing investment in the governorates of Ismailia, Sinai, and the Canal cities due to the low percentage of investments there.

[Sherien Zaghloul Zaki. An analytical study of the most important variables affecting agricultural investment in Egypt. J Am Sci 2024;20(3):70-89]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online).  http://www.jofamericanscience.org 09. doi:10.7537/marsjas200324.09.