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Morphological Prenatal Studies on Some Structures of the Developing Human Knee Joint, Part 3-Some Morph- Histological Studies on the Prenatal Developing Synovial membrane, (stratum synoviale), the ligamentum Patellæ (anterior ligament) and Patella of the human Knee Joint. (Articulatio Genu)

Manal G. Abdelwahab¹; Sohair A. Sadek²; Marzouk, Sarah M³

¹Prof. of Anatomy, Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine (Girls) Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt, Members of Yousef Abdul LatifJameel (YAJ) Scientific Chair of Prophetic Medicine Applications, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University (KAU) Jeddah -Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).

²Prof. of Anatomy, Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine (Girls) Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

³Physiotherapist at the Caring Center of Children with Disabilities, Faculty of Post graduate Childhood studies, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.

E-mail address: profdrmanal2018@gmail.com, walad20reen@yahoo.com

Abstract: The synovial membrane was announced as forgotten tissue by some investigators. Recently the involvement of the human knee joint synovial membrane in   knee diseases was proved. The present work studies some histological changes of the synovial membrane (SM), the ligamentum Patellæ (LP), and the Patella (P) of the prenatal developing human knee joint. The work produces new data about the morpho-histological changes of the (SM), (LP), and P with age progress of the developing prenatal human knee.  Thirty-three human male and female fetuses aged (4) months (13-16wks-CRL 9-14cm), full term 9 months (33-36 weeks-CRL 31-34cm) and newborn infant (37-38 weeks) CRL 35-36cm), besides four adult male and female knees for comparison were used. The fetuses were collected from the miscarriage and spontaneous abortion, with no lacerations or abnormalities obtained from Gynecology and Obstetrics Department Al -Zharaa hospital-Cairo -Egypt (according to medical ethics). Specimens from   the synovial membrane SM of 4 months fetuses and full term.  Ligamentum Patellæ LP, and the patella P of full term were collected freshly and fixed in formalin. for 10 days, then dehydrated, cleared in benzene, embedded in paraffin wax, cut serially at 7 microns thickness and stained with haematoxylin and eosin, Mallory’s triple stain, Masson trichrome stain to investigate collagenous tissue, Van Gieson to illustrate collagen and elastic fibers and also Mallory’s triple stain, besides silver impregnation –Gordon and Sweet to illustrate neuroreceptors and free nerve endings. Histological study by light microscope of sections of parts of the synovial membrane (SM) of 4months fetus showed that it was formed of intima, subintima and deep synovium, intimal velli were noted. The intima was formed of3-5 layers of pleomorphic synoviocytes (Type A: Macrophage like synoviocytes (MLS) and (Type B: Fibroblast like synoviocyes FLS). The subintima contained areolar adipose tissue, fibroblasts, macrophages, loosely packed collagen bundles, elastic fibers, few lymphocytes, blood vessels and capillaries. The deep synovium contained short collagen bundles, elastic fibers, blood vessels and many capillaries. The synovial tissue of full term was formed of intima, subintima and deep synovium. The intima formed of 1-2 layers of pleomorphic synoviocytes. The velli increased in length and depth than the previous age. The sub intimal collagen bundles were densely packed increased in length and thickness. Some collagen bundles had special arrangement in deep synovium. Macrophages, elastic fibers and fibroblasts, and, (mature &none mature) blood vessels and many fenestrated capillaries increased in synovial tissue with age progress more than the previous age. In the sub intima of full-term fetus, giant cells with podia and ruffled cytoplasm secreting collagen were noted.  Few Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells UMCs were detected. Histological examination of sections stained by Mallory triple stain of parts of the the deep subintimal synovium of 4month fetus (13-16wks-CRL 9-14cm), showed the presence of free nerve endings around the blood vessels, Small Pacini-like corpuscle, Raffini-like nerve endings structures with button ends. Histological examination of sections stained by Gordon and sweet- silver impregnation method, of parts of the synovial membrane (SM) of full-term fetus of the human knee joint, showed the presence of mechanic neuro structures, similar to Raffini endings with button ends, Meisseners like-corpuscles with zigzag or spiral nerve ending cours inside the capsule giving the corpuscle a striate appearance. Sometimes two corpuscles shared one branched axon. Pacini like-corpuscles were in clusters around blood vessels, elongated large single Golgi tendon stretch –like organ with peri-axial space and capsule enclosing large component and sensory terminal were noted. Free nerve endings FNE were seen. Meissener's corpuscle like structures in the synovial membrane (SM) of full term fetus of the prenatal developing human knee joint was not reported in the literature. The presence of mechano neuro structures in the synovial membrane (SM) of full term fetus of the prenatal developing human knee joint indicated sensory function of the synovial membrane (SM). Histological examination of serial sections of part of the ligamentum patelle (LP)of full term (33-36 weeks) CRL 31-34cm) stained by Van Gieson stain showed long thin collagen bundles interlacing regularly in parallel DIFFERENT directions.  Masson trichrome stain showed that the collagen was interlacing with elastic fibers which had curved ends, arranged parallel regularly. Ligamentum patellea (LP) had fibers oriented in a range of directions to resist bone separation in more than one direction. Histological examination of serial sections of part of the growing patella (P) stained by Van Gieson stain of the full-term human:(33-36 weeks) CRL 31-34cm) showed the presence of two differently stained areas: lightly stained stratum, showing interstitial growth from inside in the cartilage, and darkly stained stratum, showing the appositional growth from outside occurred in the CT perichondrium. Conclusion: the histological changes in the synovial membrane of the prenatal developing human knee joint with age progress were noted in the form of increased collagen density, length, thickness and types with age progress. Some collagen bundle had special arrangement in the deep synovium of full term. Increased macrophages, fibroblasts, elastic fibers, and increased mature blood vessels with age progress occurred. Decreased intimal layers and increased velli length with age progress were noted. Few lymphocytes in the subintima probably for homeostasis and traffic function   of the synovial membrane were noted.   The changes in the Synovial membrane (SM) with age progress were essential for Synovial membrane function, immunity and other properties of the developing prenatal human knee joint. Histological examination of ligamentum patelle (LP) of full term showed special arrangement of collagen in different direction to restrict bone separation. The presence of interlacing elastic fibres and collagen in the prenatal developing (LP) of the human knee joint was to allow range of movements. The Changes in the growing patella (P) in the hyaline cartilage interstitial growth and CT perichondrium appositional growth were noted to accommodate the knee functions and kinematics. Histological examination of sections stained by silver impregnation Gordon and Sweet, of parts of T S of the subintima of synovial membrane SMof full term fetus of the developing prenatal human knee joint, showed the presence of structures resembled Messienrs corpuscle, one branched axon supplied two Messienrs like Corpuscles; one corpuscle had zigzaz appearance and the other had spiral or striate appearance. Raffini like Corpuscles had ramifications and button endings, Pacinian like corpuscles were present in clusters near the blood vessel. Pacinian like corpuscles had arranged cells in lamellae around a core. One axon was attached to three Pacini corpuscles. Structure similar to Golgi tendon organ was present single, elongated, oval, not near blood vessels, with large components and sensory terminals inside a capsule, and a peri axial space around the capsule. Golgi tendon like organs were noted less than Ruffini like sensory endings. Golgi like tendon organ had the largest volume among the four types of the neuroreceptors found in the synovial membrane of the prenatal developing human knee joint in the present study. Free nerve endings FNE near blood vessels were observed. Pacinian corpuscles seemed to function in group mode when stimulated momentarily as they were found in groups. The presence of these structures that resembled the mechanoneurorecptors in the synovial membrane of the 4month fetus and full term of the developing prenatal human knee joint indicated sensory functions of the prenatal human synovial membrane. Raffini mechanoreceptors were thought to contribute to muscle tone maintenance, Golgi tendon stretch like organs and Pacinian corpuscles were stimulated during knee joint movement, and the free nerve endings were nociceptors, involved in pain transmission and modulation of pain transmission. Thus, receptors of the prenatal developing synovial membrane of human knee joint were able to produce a discriminating afferent inflow to the central nervous system (CNS), there by contributing to the biomechanics, kinematic, protection, pain transmission and modulation of pain of the prenatal developing human knee joint through the musculature. In the present study, fortification of the knee by the synovial membrane, patella and ligamentum patellae, besides another knee joint ligaments and structures like collateral, cruciate, meniscofeoral ligaments and menisci.  Coincided with Suret al ensan 28 in the Holy Quraan. The presence of different types of cells, and various neuro receptors, nerve endings NE, besides   different TYPES OF collagens, noted by histological examination by light microscope in the synovial membrane SM of the prenatal developing human knee joint. - which was called the forgotten tissue -indicated the presence of powerful Creator Allah the most merciful the most graceful. Surety al threat 21. fuselat53.

[Manal G. Abdiwahab; Sohair A. Sadek; Marzouk, Sarah M Morphological Prenatal Studies on Some Structures of the Developing Human Knee Joint, Part 3-Some Morph- Histological Studies on the Prenatal Developing Synovial membrane, (stratum synoviale), the ligamentum Patellæ (anterior ligament) and Patella of the human Knee Joint. (Articulatio Genu) J Am Sci 2023;19(5):1-40]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org  01.doi:10.7537/marsjas190523.01.

Key words: Prenatal Developing Human Knee Joint, Foetuses –Synovial Membrane. Neuro Receptors -Ligamentum Patellae- Patella.

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Revision of Nonunited Fracture Tibia and Femur with Compression Plate

Ahmed M. Abdel Aleem

Orthopedic Department Sheben Elkom Teaching Hospital, Egypt

Email: drahmedortho18@gmail.com

Abstract: Nonunion of femoral and tibial shaft fractures is common but challenging complication for treatment, the current main treatment modalities include nail dynamization, nail exchange and bone transport but compression technique by plating is rarely used. To evaluate the outcome of treating femoral and tibial nonunions by compression plates we reviewed 10 patients with nonunited femoral and tibial nonunion treated by compression plates either convential or locking. All cases were aseptic nonunion. Patients' history and clinical exam data, fracture characteristics, previous interventions all are recorded. Patients were treated by hardware removal and with or without bon grafting. The compression technique and bone grafting were individualized in each case according to patient’s and fracture's factors. Each patient finished at least a two-year follow-up, and all cases achieved complete healing. Our study showed that compression plating was an effective method to treat diaphyseal nonunions of the tibia and the femur. 

[Ahmed M. Abdel Aleem Revision of Nonunited Fracture Tibia and Femur with Compression Plate Am Sci 2023;19(5):41-47]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org  02. doi:10.7537/marsjas190523.02.

Keywords: Femoral, tibial, nonunion, nail dynamization, nail exchange, bone transport

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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM AND JOB SATISFACTION

*Shivalingappa and **Dr. Rajpal Singh

*Research Scholar, Department of Commerce, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

**Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

Email: shivling1277@gmail.com

Abstract: Job satisfaction is an attitude toward the job and the work context that has been in the centre of attention of theoreticians, researchers and practitioners for many decades. Past researches confirm that job satisfaction is related to employee’s job performance, organisational commitment, organisational citizenship behaviour, life satisfaction, and health. These job– related outcomes are also the main goals of HR function. The aim of the paper is to theoretically and empirically describe the role of HR practices in the area of HR development: training and education, career development, performance management and reward management, on job satisfaction.

[Shivalingappa and Singh, R. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM AND JOB SATISFACTION. J Am Sci 2023;19(5):48-51]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org  03.doi:10.7537/marsjas190523.03.

Keywords: job satisfaction, HR development system, HR function, social exchange theory, psychological climate.

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON THE INDIA-CHINA RELATION: A STUDY OF BORDER DISPUTE

*Ravindra and **Dr. Madhu

*Research Scholar, Department of Political Science, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

**Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

Email: r.naroni1974@gmail.com

Abstract: India and China, both heirs to ancient civilisations, have emerged today as the two most powerful and influential Asian nations in terms of their economic capabilities and geopolitical standing. The two erstwhile adversaries have recognised the need for casting off the baggage of history and residual mistrust and have embarked on the path of building a new pragmatic partnership. However, despite the recognition that cooperation may be in their mutual interest, this will be easier said than done. Sino-Indian relations have always been complex with multilayered regional and global dimensions, which have complicated their bilateral relationship. Even as India and China have traversed a long road from being friends to adversaries to pragmatic partners, a factor which has been constant in the conduct of their affairs, is the fact that they are neighbours and geopolitical rivals who have as much to gain from each other as to fear from the other. In context of India and China, there is a common border of 2500 miles, both nations are the biggest countries of Asia and the most ancient civilizations of the world.

[Ravindra and Madhu. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON THE INDIA-CHINA RELATION: A STUDY OF BORDER DISPUTE. J Am Sci 2023;19(5):52-56]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org  04.doi:10.7537/marsjas190523.04.

Keywords: REVIEW OF LITERATURE, INDIA-CHINA RELATION, BORDER DISPUTE

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Vitamin D Status and its Correlation with Heart Rate Variability among Healthy Female Medical Students at King Abdulaziz University: A Cross Sectional Study

Lojine Ayoub, Hanan Al Kadi, Azra Kirmani, Hossam Awad

Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah.

Email: lojineayoub@gmail.com, (corresponding author) halkadi@kau.edu.sa, azrakirmani@hotmail.com, hossameldinawad51@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: Vitamin D deficiency is a global health problem and is highly prevalent among the Saudi population. A growing body of evidence indicates an association between vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Heart rate variability (HRV) is a non-invasive technique that evaluates cardiac autonomic function, which is a major determinant of cardiovascular health. Limiteddata is available on the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and HRV and none exists among the Saudi population. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the association between vitamin D status and HRV in female medical students at King Abdulaziz University (KAU) in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from March to May, 2015 at the Faculty of Medicine, KAU. A total of 124 female students participated in the study. After completing a self- administered questionnaire, anthropometric measurements were taken for all subjects. HRV was recorded after five minutes rest in the supine position using ML870 power lab machine. Blood was obtained for the determination of serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ (25[OH]D),  parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, phosphate and magnesium. Informed consent was obtained from all participants and the study was approved by the ethics committee at KAU hospital.  Results: The mean age of the study subjects was 21.7± SD 1.1 and the mean 25 (OH) D levels was 31.2 nmol/L ± SD 16.9. Almost 86 % of the participants were vitamin D deficient. Seventy-two (72%) of the participants with 25(OH) D< 30 nmol/L had RMSSD values (an index of parasympathetic activity) below the 25^thpercentile compared to 28% with 25(OH) D ≥30 nmol/L (chi-square, P=0.049). Regression analysis showed that 25(OH) D level was independently and negatively associated with LFnu (an index of sympathetic activity) (B=-0.175, P<0.028). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that vitamin D deficiency is associated with low HRV, a predictor of CVD risk. Larger community based studies are needed to confirm these findings. Early identification of vitamin D deficiency coupled with appropriate treatment measures can prevent the risk of CVD in otherwise healthy subjects.

[Lojine Ayoub, Hanan Al Kadi, AzraKirmani, HossamAwad. Vitamin D Status and its Correlation with Heart Rate Variability among Healthy Female Medical Students at King Abdulaziz University: A Cross Sectional Study. J Am Sci 2023;19(5):57-71]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org  05.doi:10.7537/marsjas190523.05.

Keywords: Vitamin D status, Heart Rate Variability, (HRT Cardiovascular Disease. (CVD)

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IMPROVEMENT OF SOIL FERTILITY IN AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS OF CALCAREOUS SOILS

*Bindia Devi and **Dr. Anup Kumar

*Research Scholar, Department of Botany, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

**Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

Email: bindiamanhas92@gmail.com

Abstract: A significant increase was observed in exchangeable Ca, CEC, and water infiltration in the alleys of both the species. Chander et al. (1998) demonstrated that adoption of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC., a N-fixing tree, under agroforestry significantly increased nutrient pool, organic biomass, and activities of enzymes—hydrogenases and alkaline phosphatases—in the soil. Further, agroforestry trees also help in improving soil physical and biological properties (Rao et al., 1998). Thevathasan and Gordon (2004) reported that tree intercropping under temperate AFS significantly enhanced the diversity of birds, insects, and earthworms; increased soil organic carbon content and N cycling; and improved soil health.

[Devi, B. and Kumar, A. IMPROVEMENT OF SOIL FERTILITY IN AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS OF CALCAREOUS SOILS . J Am Sci 2023;19(5):72-76]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 06.doi:10.7537/marsjas190523.06.

Key words: Soil fertility, soil carbon, plant diversity, agroforestry systems

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Data clustering technique in big data mining

¹Sandeep Chopade & ²Dr. Kailash Aseri

¹Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

²Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

Email- raghusand@gmail.com

Abstract: Cluster Analysis in Data Mining means that to find out the group of objects which are similar to each other in the group but are different from the object in other groups. In the process of clustering in data analytics, the sets of data are divided into groups or classes based on data similarity. Then each of these classes is labelled according to their data types. Going through clustering in data mining example can help you understand the analysis more extensively. In clustering, a group of different data objects is classified as similar objects. One group means a cluster of data. Data sets are divided into different groups in the cluster analysis, which is based on the similarity of the data. After the classification of data into various groups, a label is assigned to the group. It helps in adapting to the changes by doing the classification. So if we were to define clustering in data mining, then we can say that the process of cluster in data mining is basically comprising a set of abstract objects into groups of similar objects. The process of dividing and storing them in these groups is known as cluster analysis.

[Chopade, S. and Aseri, K. Data clustering technique in big data mining. J Am Sci 2023;19(5):77-79]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 07. doi:10.7537/marsjas190523.07.

Keywords: Big Data, Clustering, Mining, Techniques

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Role of Internet in Business as Electronic Marketing

*Diptee Rekha Mishra and **Dr. Gulab Singh

*Research Scholar, Department of Commerce, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

**Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, SunRise University, Alwar, Rajasthan (India)

Email: mishradiptee742@gmail.com

Abstract: In the rapidly expanding and ever-shifting digital age in which we live, the role of Internet marketing in modern marketing is no longer a minor one. Internet marketing is a vital part of the success of any organization. From IT support to lead generation to sales, Internet marketing is beneficial to nearly every aspect of the business. Internet marketing, which also goes by the names of online marketing, digital marketing, web marketing, e-marketing, etc., is defined as the process of promoting brands, products, or services, over the Internet. It includes any promotional actions that are done via the Web or wireless media, including email marketing, blogging, SEO, and social media. The worldwide reach of the Internet has made it possible for businesses to easily reach hundreds of new customers and has redefined relationships between businesses to businesses (B2B) and businesses to consumers (B2C). Through the Internet, marketers from organizations of all sizes are now able to share brands, products, and services on a global scale and can do so all the time. Through websites, blogs, and social media platforms, consumers are able to find and access information about and from an organization twenty-four seven, from wherever they are. Due to the major role of Internet marketing in modern marketing, organizations cannot afford to ignore marketing online. Because the vast majority of people spend a significant amount of time online, whether they are at work or home on a desktop computer, at school on a laptop, or waiting at the airport on a smartphone or digital device, marketing through the Internet provides organizations a more effective way to promote themselves. It also provides a more efficient way because it does not involve the costs that often come with traditional marketing. Costs that often include printing brochures, shipping out promotional mailers, and paying for billboard advertising. By cutting down on expenditures, Internet marketing allows organizations to experience higher revenue.

[Mishra, D.R. and Singh, G. Role of Internet in Business as Electronic Marketing. J Am Sci 2023;19(5):80-84]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 08. doi:10.7537/marsjas190523.08.

Keywords: Internet, Business, Marcketing

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An analytical study of the possibility of increasing rice production in Egypt

Dr. Shahira Mohamed Reda Ibrahim¹, Dr. Rania Mohamed Nageib ², Dr. Maii Foad Elghaweet², Dr. Mohamed Ali Abdo Hussein³

¹Senior Researcher, Department of Agricultural Policy Research and Project Evaluation, Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt.

²Researcher, Department of Development and Rural Society Research, Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt.

³Senior Researcher, Department of Regional Studies Research, Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt.

Email: Shahira_mrd14@yahoo.com

Abstract: The research aims to increase the local production of rice crop because it is considered one of the main cereal crops and the important strategy in Egypt, and the method of two-way analysis of variance and the Harry Eyre model - Edward Shaw were used, and linear programming was used using WinQSB program. The research found that there are significant differences of statistical significance for the impact of cultivated rice species on fed productivity, and using the Harry- Eyre and Edwar coefficients, after replacing high-productivity species with low-productivity species, increasing the productivity per fedden to about 3.990 tons / fedden and increasing the transfer coefficients in the supply function of the species Giza 179, Sakha 104, Sakha 101, Giza 177, Giza 178, Super 300, Sakha 108, Sakha 102, Sakha 103 with a transfer coefficient of about 0.4%, 2.9%, 5.6%, 3.5%, 6.3%, 0.21%, 0.7%, 0.4% and 0.07% each respectively, for the same cultivated areas. It led to an increase in production achieved from about 4.829 million tons to about 4.950 million tons, an increase of about 120.3 thousand tons, equivalent to about 2.5% of actual production. From the results of the linear programming of most of the net return, it was found that the most best net return amounted to about 5.1 billion pounds, an increase of about 1.3 billion pounds over the current net return, and the most best production reached about 4959 thousand tons, an increase of about 221 thousand tons over the current production.

 [Shahira Mohamed. Reda Ibrahim,  Rania Mohamed Nageib, Maii Foad Elghaweet, Mohamed Ali Abdo Hussein. An analytical study of the possibility of increasing rice production in Egypt. J Am Sci 2023;19(5):85-101]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org  09. doi:10.7537/marsjas190523.09.

Key Words: linear programming, Harry- Eyre and Edwar coefficient, production, rice.

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