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An economic study of date palms in Egypt and Sharkia Governorate

Tahany Saleh Mohamed Bayoumi, Amina saied Mohamed Foad Ahmed, Ahmed Ibrahim Mohamed Ragab Isawi

Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt

Email: dr_tahany_saleh@yahoo.com

Abstract: The study aims to identify the production of date palms in Egypt and Sharkia Governorate, The distribution of fruit-bearing date palms grown dispersed or collected in Sharkia Governorate, Indicators of productive, economic and marketing efficiency of date palms in the study sample, the most important problems facing date palm production and means to promote them according to the opinions of the sample farmers. And the problems that hinder the manufacture of date palms, and identify the most important images of the manufacture of date palm by-products, the most important indicators of production, economic and marketing efficiency of those products. The study relied on published and unpublished secondary data from Government agencies and the primary data of the study sample through questionnaire forms compiled in 2022. A deliberate sample was selected on fruit trees ranging in age from 10-15 years in three centers according to the relative importance of the number of fruit palms in them, namely Bilbeis, Abu Hammed and Husseiniya, 2 farms were selected for the collected palms from each center separately (the average number of palm trees was 116 palm/Fadden), and 100 fruit palms from each center separately, to study the efficiency indicators. Trees at this age are considered to be in the process of competent fruiting. The study found that the average production of dates produced (wet and red) in the study sample was 34 tons/feddan (293 kg/palm) in the case of collected palms, and 282 kg/palm in the case of dispersed palms. The net return amounted to 24.32 thousand LE/feddan (2096.6 LE/palm) in the case of collected palms, 1719.9 LE/feddan in the case of dispersed palms. The profitability of the spent pound amounted to 10.88 LE for the collected Palm, 2.95 LE for the dispersed Palm. By studying the percentage of disposal of by-products in the study sample, it turned out that in the case of the collected palm, the percentage of what was directed to manufacturing was 100% of the paper, 60% of the fiber, and 70% of the sp. The rest is directed either for home use or for disposal. In the case of the dispersed Palm, 5% of the paper was destined for manufacturing, 60% of the cotton, and the rest was destined for home use or disposal. By studying the efficiency indicators for the manufacture of palm tree by-products (grass, fronds, fiber, spikelet) with a sample of the study, it turns out that the weighted average net return for the combined production and manufacturing stages amounted to 4437.52 LE/palm. One of the most important problems faced by palm growers in the study sample is the infection of palm trees with palm weevil disease, the presence of wind or rain during the tree pollination process, which leads to repeating the process more than once, thereby increasing production costs and may reduce the efficiency of the pruning process and productivity decreases. One of the most important problems facing the manufacture of palm tree by-products is the lack of demand for manufactured products due to the availability of alternatives at lower prices, the high prices of inventory, transportation costs and labor wages, especially trained technicians, compared to previous years.

[Tahany Saleh Mohamed Bayoumi, Amena said Mohamed Fouad Ahmed, Ahmed Ibrahim Mohamed Ragab Essawi An economic study of date palms in Egypt and Sharkia Governorate . J Am Sci 2022;18(12):1-18]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 09.doi:10.7537/marsjas181222.01.

Keywords: Palm, Dates, by-products,  production, manufacturing.

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ABSTRACT: An advanced field-effect transistor is a semiconductor device that uses the electric field effect of the control input circuit to control the output circuit current and is named after it. Because it only depends on the majority carrier in the semiconductor to conduct electricity, it is also called the unipolar transistor. There are two main types: junction FET (JFET) and metal-oxidesemiconductor FET (MOSFET). A model may incorporate logical, mathematical and structural aspects of the system or process. A discrete-event model, the type discussed in this paper and the type represented by the great majority of papers at the Winter Simulation Conference, is one based on the concepts of state, events, activities and processes. Time is a critical component. A discrete-event model is one whose state changes only at discrete times called event times. When an event occurs, it may trigger new events, activities and processes. Simulation is a powerful tool for the analysis of new system designs, retrofits to existing systems and proposed changes to operating rules. Conducting a valid simulation is both an art and a science. This paper provides an introduction to simulation and modeling and the main concepts underlying simulation. It discusses a number of key issues regarding a simulation team, how to conduct a simulation study, the skills required and the steps involved. It also provides project management guidelines and outlines pitfalls to avoid.

[Kumar, S. MODELING AND SIMULATION OF ADVANCED FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR STRUCTURES. J Am Sci 2022;18(12):19-23]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 02.doi:10.7537/marsjas181222.02.

Keywords: MODELING; SIMULATION; ADVANCED; FIELD; EFFECT; TRANSISTOR; STRUCTURES

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INTRODUCTORY STUDY ON HUMAN CONCERNS IN ARUNDHATI ROY'S "THE GOD OF SMALL THINGS"

Dr. Sakshi Antil

Former Research Scholar, Department of English, OPJS University, Churu, Rajasthan (India)

Email: Sakshiantil75@gmail.com

Abstract: The literates are highly sensitive human beings. Historical and sociological events influence the whole course action of their life. Everything that happens all-around has perfect imprint on their attitude and the process of thinking. They are the typical product of that particular age in which they are born and brought up. Today there are a large number of educated Indians who use the English language as a medium of the creative exploration and expression of their experience of life. Their writing has now developed into substantial literature in its own right and it is this substantial body of literature which is referred to as Indo-Anglian literature. The term 'Indo-Anglian' is used to denote original literary creation in the English language by Indians. It clearly establishes Indo-Anglian writing as a separate genre. This way of writing has been enriched by such internationally recognised figures as Toru Dutt, Sarojini Naidu, Tagore, Jawahar Lal, Aurobindo Ghosh and Mahatma Gandhi. Today a number of eminent Indians such as R.K. Naryan, Mulk Raj Anand, Raja Rao continue to write in English, and Indo-Anglian literature continues to grow and flourish and attain higher and higher peaks of excellence.  Every writer is the representative of his time as he gives an outlet to the fears, emotions, beliefs, customs, weaknesses, vices, morality, hopes, aspirations, fads, frivolities and enterprises of that particular era in which he lives and writes. A writer is the mouthpiece of the contemporary age. Every writer is influenced by the main events and great personalities of his time. And Arundhiati Roy is one of them.

[Dr. Sakshi Antil; INTRODUCTORY STUDY ON HUMAN CONCERNS IN ARUNDHATI ROY'S "THE GOD OF SMALL THINGS". J Am Sci 2022;18(12):24-29]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 03.doi:10.7537/marsjas181222.03.

Keywords: HUMAN CONCERNS, ARUNDHATI ROY'S, THE GOD OF SMALL THINGS

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Research on Interaction Mode of Mixed Reality System Based on Embodied Cognition Theory

Ziyu Hu ¹,  Na Li ²

1. School of Architecture, Harbin Institute of Technology, Heilongjiang Harbin, China;

2. School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law, Harbin Institute of Technology, Heilongjiang Harbin, China)

Abstract: Embodied cognition theory reveals the important role that the physical structure of human body plays in the cognitive process, and inspires people to study people's cognitive behavior from the perspective of physiological experience and mental state. Mixed reality technology combines the advantages and characteristics of virtual reality and augmented reality, combines 3D virtual picture with digital reality, and builds an interactive information feedback channel among users, the real world and the virtual world. Under the effect of mixed reality technology, people can interact with the digital information in the virtual space in reality. From the perspective of embodied cognition theory, based on people's physical experience, this paper studies the interaction design model of mixed reality space. By analyzing the embodied mechanism and cognitive logic of mixed reality system in the interaction process, it summarizes the user experience model of mixed reality system, which is more conducive to clarifying the interaction target of mixed reality system. Create mixed reality systems that better meet people's needs.

[Ziyu Hu,  Na Li; Research on Interaction Mode of Mixed Reality System Based on Embodied Cognition Theory. J Am Sci 2022;18(12):30-35]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 04. doi:10.7537/marsjas181222.04.

Key words：Embodied cognition, mixed reality, user experience model, Human machine interaction

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Research on Art Education from the perspective of Information Age

Xiao Chen

Guangzhou University, Guangdong, China

Abstract: Based on the theory of fine art education under the background of information age, this paper integrates the conceptual connotation with the extension content. The main body of this paper is that the information age makes education tend to be informationized, the information age broadens the spatial connection of education, accelerates the process of education globalization, and the information age makes education tend to be personalized. With the INFORMATION AGE of fine arts education speeding up the process of globalization of fine arts education, the INFORMATION AGE makes fine arts education trend of personalized development and the fine arts education should deal with several kinds of relations under the background of the INFORMATION AGE. It is also the key point of higher education workers to reflect the higher fine arts education of our country.

[Xiao Chen; Research on Art Education from the perspective of Information Age. J Am Sci 2022;18(12):36-39]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 05. doi:10.7537/marsjas181222.05.

Keywords：The Information age; Connotation; The human spirit

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Isolation and Identification of Staphylococcus aureus from Bovine Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Farms of Assosa Town 

^1*Negesse Welde, ¹Gizieyalew Ayaliew and ²Mullusew Gashaw

^1*Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, Assosa University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Department of Veterinary Science, Assosa, Ethiopia, Tel: +251-925-503-497, E-mail: negessewelde@gmail.com

¹Bachelor Degree of Veterinary Science (BVSc), Amhara Region, South Gonder Zone, Dera Woreda, Mrafemaryam Kebele, Ethiopia, Tel: +251-967-767-393, E-mail: gizieyalewayaliew123@gmail.com

²Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, Amhara National Regional State Livestock Resource and Development Promotion Office Agency in North Administrative Zone Dawunt District, Tel: +251-941-626-272, E-mail: gashawmuller@gmail.com

Abstract: A cross sectional study was carried out from March, 2019 to June, 2019 to estimate the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in subclinical mastitis and to assess its associated risk factors in and around Assosa town. From the study area a total of 149 lactating cows were tested for mastitis using the California Mastitis Test (CMT). Out of 149 lactating cows, a total of 58 milk samples were found to be CMT positive (Subclinical mastitis). Samples were collected from all subclinical mastitic cows under aseptic precautions and processed by using standard bacteriological techniques. Mannitol salt agar was used as selective medium for isolation and identification of Staphylococcus aureus. It was identified on the basis of their morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics. From 58 CMT positive milk samples Staphylococcus aureus was isolated only from 20 samples with overall prevalence of 34.5%. Even though it was not statistical, Staphylococcus aureus prevalence showed significant variation among cows of different age groups, production systems, lactation stages, body condition scores, party level and breed. There was statistically significant association (P < 0.05) in prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus between hygiene score isolated from subclinical mastitic milk samples. The prevalence of this pathogen between hygiene score was found to be 9.3% and 21.2% in good and poor, respectively. In conclusion, this study confirms the importance of Staphylococcus aureus as mastitis causing bacterium and identifying the association between the risk factors and this pathogen as cause of subclinical mastitis play a paramount importance.

[Corresponding Authors: Negesse Welde, Gizieyalew Ayaliew and Mullusew Gashaw; Isolation and Identification of Staphylococcus aureus from Bovine Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Farms of Assosa Town. J Am Sci 2022;18(12):40-49]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 06.doi:10.7537/marsjas181222.06.

Key words: Assosa, Isolation, Prevalence, Risk factors, Staphylococcus aureus, Sub clinical Mastitis

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Classic case study of Chinese tin craft creativity and practice

Pu He

Yunnan Arts University, Yunnan, China

Abstract: Since the discovery of tin, people have started the continuous development and research of tin. From the Bronze Age to the present high-tech age, the importance and application of tin has been constantly emerging and expanding. Nowadays, tin has not only become a necessary raw material in the advanced production technology of machinery, construction, electronics and other industries, but also developed from People's Daily necessities to meet spiritual needs, representing people's spiritual pursuit and cultural ideas of unique artistic charm handicraft. On the basis of thinking about the development and innovation of the current Geold tin process, and giving full play to the advantages of information technology and talent strategy of colleges and universities, we are making some efforts. The creativity is not limited to the innovation of tin handicraft itself, but from the root of tin culture, to refine the interpretation and expression of tin in the context of the current digital information age. The creative case involves the digital protection and development of tin craft, the new style of tin crafts in different application fields, and the promotion and dissemination of tin craft.

[Pu He. Classic case study of Chinese tin craft creativity and practice. J Am Sci 2022;18(12):50-53]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 07.doi:10.7537/marsjas181222.07.

Keywords: Tin craft, creativity, practice, case

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Evaluating the Use of Groundwater Salinity/Sodicity on Soil Fertility and Their Impact on Sustainable Salt Tolerance in Wheat and Maize Species

Muhammad Khalid Rasheed², Ashfaq Ahmad Rahi², Shahzada Munawar Mehdi¹, Ahmad Nadeem², Rehmat. Ullah¹, Aftab Ahmed Sheikh¹

¹Directotate of Soil Fertility Survey & Soil Testing Institute, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore

²Soil and Water Testing Laboratory, Multan

rahisenior2005@yahoo.com

Abstract: Taxonomic diversity of understorey vegetation (herb species) was studied in two evergreen forests, viz. oak and pine in the Kumaun Himalaya. In terms of taxonomic diversity, Asteraceae and Lamiaceae were the two dominant families in the sampling forest types. Maximum number of species was found at hill base and minimum at hill top in both the forests. The number of families, genera and species ratio observed for pine forest was of course higher with compared to the oak forest showed about the higher taxonomic diversity. Perennials form had higher contribution as compared to annuals forms indicated better ability to store up soil. Very few species (9 species) were found to be common indicates higher dissimilarity in both type of forests. Species richness (per m2) was higher in the pine forest than the oak forest. A high value of beta-diversity in the oak forest point out that the species composition varied from one stand to another. However, low concentration of dominance value in the pine forest with compare to the oak forest point towards the dominance, which is shared by many species.

[Rasheed MK., Rahi AA., Mehdi SM,  Nadeem A,  Ullah R, Sheikh AA. Evaluating the Use of Groundwater Salinity/Sodicity on Soil Fertility and Their Impact on Sustainable Salt Tolerance in Wheat and Maize Species. J Am Sci 2022;18(12):54-64]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 08. doi:10.7537/marsjas181222.08.

Keywords: Species richness; beta-diversity; taxonomic diversity; forest

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The effect of agricultural labor and technology used in rice production in Dakahlia Governorate

Dr. Nivine Todary Guirguis Elbebawy¹, Dr. Rania Rashad Abd El Naby Yousef ², Dr. Mohamed Moneir Fadel Elmaadawy³

¹ Senior Researcher, Agricultural Economics, Research Institute Agricultural Research, Cairo, Egypt

² Researcher, Agricultural Economics, Research Institute Agricultural Research, Cairo, Egypt

³ Associate Professor of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

Email: neveen.todary@gmail.com

Abstract: Dakahlia Governorate is considered one of the governorates suitable for the cultivation of the rice crop in terms of the farmers’ long experience, which makes the governorate have a comparative advantage in the production of the rice crop. 18.5%, as well as the Dakahlia Governorate, which decreased from about 438 thousand feddan in 2005 to about 325 thousand feddan in 2020, at a rate of 25.8%, despite the fact that the governorate has new reclaimed areas. It requires measuring the efficiency of production resources used in the production of a crop to technological levels. The research aims to study the possibility of achieving the technical and economic efficiency of the various agricultural resources used for the rice crop to achieve the maximum return in a way that supports the expansion of the generalization of the cultivation of the Sakha 101 variety, in an attempt to raise the efficiency of the use of available economic resources, i.e. reducing costs to the lowest level to achieve the maximum possible profit, and to achieve this goal the study was used Data Envelope Analysis (DEA) method for directing the resources used to cultivate Sakha 101 of rice in Dakahlia Governorate in order to achieve economic and distributional efficiency, which works to expand the cultivation of this variety. The Sakha 101 variety was chosen because it is the largest area of ​​the cultivated varieties in Dakahlia Governorate, which amounts to about 83.4 thousand feddan, representing about 25.6% of the total area of ​​the governorate, which amounts to 325 thousand feddan for the year 2020. The aim of choosing this variety is to compare production efficiency through a sample of six technological levels to reach the optimal farm size for each level. The research reached a number of results, the most important of which is the superiority of technical efficiency indicators in constant and variable return of scale, while the average scale efficiency of the second technological level in constant return was about 0.961%, where the average scale efficiency of the first technological level was about 0.984% in variable return. It was also found that the allocative efficiency of the resources used for agricultural labor for the fifth technological level has outperformed the rest of the technological levels in constant and variable return to scale estimated at 0.960% and 0.971%, respectively, while it was found that the economic efficiency of the resources used for the fifth technological level has outperformed. Also on the rest of the technological levels in both the constant and variable return to scale, it was estimated at 0.912% and 0.941%, respectively. This indicates that the closer the actual cultivated area is to the optimum area, the more efficient the use of the resources used in production. The results also showed that the economic efficiency of the second and fifth technological levels is the highest in the efficiency ratio achieved over the other levels in constant return to scale, as for variable return to scale, it may exceed the second and fifth levels to achieve higher economic efficiency at the other levels, which indicates that the greater the area cultivated whenever the efficient use of the resources used for agricultural labor is achieved, from which it is possible to estimate the optimal volume of resources in the production of this variety Sakha 101 and compare it with the actual volume of all technological levels. When comparing the actual and optimal size of the resources used to produce the Sakha 101 variety for all technological levels, it becomes clear the importance of reducing the average actual area according to the concept of constant return to scale, where the surplus amounted to about 7.18%. It also requires reducing the actual quantities used in terms of the number of hours of automated labor, human labor per man/day, the amount of seeds per kilogram, the amount of chemical fertilizer a unit of nitrogen, and the amount of pesticides per kilogram by about 29.1%, 45.3%, 5.6%, 10.4%, 54.7%, respectively, in order to be achieved economic efficiency of the first technological level, In variable return on scale, it becomes clear when comparing the average actual and optimal area that the average actual area can be reduced by about 4.7%, and it also requires reducing the actual quantities used from the number of automated labor hours, human labor per man/day, the quantity of seeds per kilogram, the quantity of chemical fertilizer and the nitrogen unit The quantity of pesticides per kilogram is about 9%, 24.9%, 3.9%, 5.3%, and 30.1%, respectively, in order to achieve the economic efficiency of the first level. With regard to comparing the actual and optimal size of the resources used to produce Sakha 101 for all technological levels, it becomes clear the importance of reducing the average actual area according to the concept of constant return to scale, as the amount of surplus amounted to about 5.2%, and it also requires reducing the actual quantities used in terms of the number of hours of automated labor, human labor per man/day, the amount of seeds per kilogram, the amount of chemical fertilizer a unit of nitrogen, and the amount of pesticides per kilogram by about 3.7%, 17.5%, 4.9%, 9%, 39.6%, respectively, in order to the economic efficiency of the second technological level is achieved. As for the variable return to scale, when comparing the average actual and optimal area, it becomes clear that the average actual area can be reduced by about 18.3%. It also requires reducing the actual quantities used in terms of the number of hours of automated labor, human labor per man/day, the amount of seed per kilogram, and the amount of chemical fertilizer one unit of nitrogen, and the quantity of pesticides per kilogram is about 4.2%, 9.7%, 3.5%, 7.7%, and 34.8%, respectively, until the economic efficiency of the second level is achieved. The agricultural labor was estimated for the amount of resources that could be saved from the fifth level, which achieved the highest allocative efficiency according to the variable return, as it was possible to save for the average variety Sakha 101 for the cultivated area 2.16 carats and from the number of automated labor hours 2 hours, with a value of about 283 pounds, and the amount of saving for labor is about 8.6 men/day, with a value estimated at about 554 pounds, while the amount of savings for seeds was about 2.6 kilograms, with a value of about 29 pounds, while the amount of saving for each of the nitrogen fertilizers was about 1.8 units of nitrogen, with a value of about 24 pounds, while the amount of savings for each amount of pesticides was 0.67 kg, at a value of 88 pounds. The research recommends: The state, represented by the Agricultural Research Center, should increase the improved seeds of the rice crop, especially for the Sakha 101 variety, to increase its use by farmers to increase productivity per unit area. Activating the role of automated farming stations located in the governorates to increase the necessary equipment and machines that help producers and farm owners to do laser leveling, automatic seeding and combined harvesting, while reducing the hourly wage for these equipments so that all farmers can use them, with the aim of raising the technical and economic efficiency of the crop.

[Nivine Todary Guirguis Elbebawy, Rania Rashad Abd El Naby Yousef, Mohamed Moneir Fadel Elmaadawy. The effect of agricultural labor and technology used in rice production in Dakahlia Governorate. J Am Sci 2023;19(1):65-85]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 09. doi:10.7537/marsjas181222.09.

Keywords: Farm' labor, variety, Scale Efficiency, allocative efficiency, constant return to scale, variable return to scale

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