No.

Titles / Authors

Full

Text

No.

1

A Review on Negative Energy Balance in Transition Dairy Cows, and Management Options

^1*Kebadu Endeg and ²Negesse Welde

^1*Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, Assosa University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Department of Veterinary Science, Assosa, Ethiopia, Tel: +251-928-582-965, E-mail: kebadu2006@gmail.com

²Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, Assosa University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Department of Veterinary Science, Assosa, Ethiopia, Tel: +251-925-503-497, E-mail: negessewelde@gmail.com

Abstract: Negative energy balance refers to deficits in energy requirements that are estimated. Increased energy requirements and decrease dry matter intake during periparturient period cause dairy cows to enter a negative energy balance. It is a common problem of dairy cows during the transition period which is the time around three weeks before calving and three weeks after calving. Cows respond to negative energy balance, which is associated with lowered blood glucose and insulin concentrations, by increasing mobilization of body energy stores, mainly glycogen, fat, and protein to compensate for their energy requirements. Increased fat mobilization (lipolysis) causes an elevation of non-esterified fatty acids in the blood. In the liver, these non-esterified fatty acids are re-esterified to triacylglycerols or are oxidized to form energy or ketone bodies. Although these changes are normal adaptive process in high yielding cows, when a cow fails to adapt to this metabolic challenge, several metabolic and infec­tious disorders occur and affect the productive and reproductive efficiency beyond the transition period. The combined effects of all these challenges are reduced fertility and milk production resulting in diminishing profits beyond the transition period. For evaluation of energy balance we can estimate glucose and non-esterified fatty acids concentration of serum. Intravenous administration of 50% dextrose solution, which must be repeated for 2-4 days, can be used as a treatment of negative energy balance. For its proper management diets should always be properly formulated to meet energy and protein requirements for high levels of milk production. Attention also should be given to comfortable design of pens or stalls, provision of adequate dry bedding, and good footing. Thus, the objective of this seminar paper is to review the effect of negative energy balance on transition dairy cows and to forward some management options to reduce the effects.

[Kebadu Endeg and Negesse Welde. A Review on Negative Energy Balance in Transition Dairy Cows, and Management Options. J Am Sci 2021;17(2):1-11]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 1. doi:10.7537/marsjas170221.01.

Key words: Cows, Dry matter intake, Negative energy balance, Non-esterified fatty acids, Transition period

Full Text

1

2

Role of Active Food Packaging Developed from Microencapsulated Bioactive Ingredients in Quality and Shelf Life Enhancement: A review

Sana Shahid ¹, Ali Ahmad Leghari ², Muhammad Salman Farid ¹, Muhammad Saeed ^1*, Sehar Anwar ¹, Rameesha Anjum ¹, Nawal Saeed ¹, Zaigham Abbas ¹

¹ National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

² State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China

Corresponding author Email: drmsaeed@uaf.edu.pk

Abstract: Food spoilage is mainly caused by lipid oxidation which can be delayed by vacuum or modified atmosphere packaging. Recent approaches basically aim to develop active food packaging through addition of antioxidants in edible films that guarantees food safety and quality for extended period of time. This review focusses on the replacement of chemical additives with natural antioxidants such as extracts or essential oils and effects on mechanical, barrier and radical scavenging activities of several films. Bioactive compounds lose their stability under storage conditions therefore microencapsulation is a strategy sustaining their stability, increasing bioavailability, delaying onset of oxidation and hydrolysis under processing conditions. Additives such as emulsifying, anti-browning, antioxidant and antimicrobial agents, colors, spices, plasticizers, surface active agents, nutrients and textural modifiers are also added into films with an aim to modify poor mechanical and barrier attributes of edible films e.g. tensile force. Extracts from herbs and essential oils increased the total phenolic compounds resulting in an increased radical scavenging activity. The interaction between film matrix and active groups of additives improved film barrier properties whereas hydrophilic substances depicted an increment in oxygen and water vapor permeability. The morphology of microcapsules was affected by type of biopolymers, ratio and its concentration, corresponding charges, temperature, solidifying as well as cooling rate and pH.

[Sana Shahid, Ali Ahmad Leghari, Muhammad Salman Farid, Muhammad Saeed, Sehar Anwar, Rameesha Anjum, Nawal Saeed, Zaigham Abbas. Role of Active Food Packaging Developed from Microencapsulated Bioactive Ingredients in Quality and Shelf Life Enhancement: A review. J Am Sci 2021;17(2):12-28]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 2. doi:10.7537/marsjas170221.02.

Key words: Active food packaging, Edible films, Natural antioxidants, BHT, Encapsulation, Coacervation technique

Full Text

2

3

Assessment of renewable energy generation in terms of small signals stability

Ibrahim A. Nassar¹, Ibrahim M. Kassem², Mahmoud N. Ali³

¹Deptartment of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

²Deptartment of Electrical Engineering, The Higher Institute of Engineering, Shorouk City, Cairo, Egypt

³Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt

ibrahim.nassar@azhar.edu.eg, ibrahim.m.kassm@gmail.com, mahmoud.nour@feng.bu.edu.eg

Abstract: All countries of the world tend to use Renewable Energy Source (RES) more broadly as countries are shifting to cleaner forms of energy. The Egyptian Electricity Holding Company (EEHC) is interest in increasing electricity production from the RES, which requires many studies to keep the energy system safe and stable. In this paper, a framework is propos to examine renewable energy generation scenarios to confirm stability of power system network. The scenario screening framework relies on sensitivity of the system Eigen values with respect to penetration of renewable energy into the energy system grid. The model created by DigSILENT software.

[Ibrahim A. Nassar, Ibrahim M. Kassem, Mahmoud N. Ali. Assessment of renewable energy generation in terms of small signals stability. J Am Sci 2021;17(2):29-39]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 3. doi:10.7537/marsjas170221.03.

Keywords: Dig SILENT, modelling, simulation.

Full Text

3

4

Reproductive Characters of two species Acacia ehrenbergiana and Acacia raddiana, Al-Jummum District, Western Area, K.S.A.

K. Elsafori

Department of Arid land Agriculture Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid land Agriculture, King Abdul-Aziz University, K. S. A. Elsafori2@yahoo.com

Abstract: The present study has been carried out at Al-Jummum District, Western K.S.A., with aim of investigating some reproductive characters of Acacia ehrenbergiana and Acacia tortilis subsp raddiana. The specific goals are to investigate and measure the fruit and seed sizes and weights, and seed number per fruit. The findings of the research work show that the pod and seeds characteristics differed significantly among the two species under the study. The differences were in parameters measured, which included Pod length (PL cm), Pod width (PW cm), Seed number/pod (SNP-1), Seed length (SL mm), and Seed width (SW mm). However, the mean pod length of 6.4cm of Acacia ehrenbergiana was significantly higher than that of acacia tortilis subsp.raddian with 4.5cm. The Acacia tortilis subsp raddiana recoded the highest mean seed number/pod of 9.8 seed/pod against 5.3 seed number/pod of Acacia ehrenbergiana The mean pod width of 5mm of Acacia tortilis subsp raddiana, was higher than the 3,8mm of Acacia ehernbergiana. The study also revealed considerable variations in pods and seeds weights between two species under study. The weight of 100 pods of Acacia raddiana reported the highest weight of 240 gm, and 18 gm for Acacia ehrenbergiana. The weight of 31 gm of 30pods and 15gm of the seeds of 30 pods were obtained from Acacia raddiana against 3gm and 1gm for Acacia erhrenbergian respectively. The study found that Acacia tortilis susp. raddiana had the largest weights of empty pod 0.53gm, pod 1.03gm, seed/pod 0.5gm and 5gm of100seeds, while Acacia ehrenbergiana had the smallest weights of 0.03gm, o.1gm, 0.07gm and 1gm respectively. The variations of Acacia tortilis susp. radiana pods, this may be due to the ecological adaptability.

[K. Elsafori. Reproductive Characters of two species Acacia ehrenbergiana and Acacia raddiana, Al-Jummum District, Western Area, K.S.A. J Am Sci 2021;17(2):40-44]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 4. doi:10.7537/marsjas170221.04.

Keywords: Reproductive; Characters; species; Acacia ehrenbergiana; Acacia raddiana; Al-Jummum; Western Area

Full Text

4

5

Isolation, Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Staphylococcus Isolates from Dairy Farms in and Around Modjo Town, Ethiopia

Haimanot Belete Wodaje, Takele Beyene

^1. Assosa University, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Department of Veterinary Science, Western Ethiopia, P.O.BOX 18, Email Address: haimanotbelete0266@gmail.com

^2. Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, East Shoa, Ethiopia

Abstract: A cross sectional study was conducted between December 2015 to April 2016 in and around Modjo town, central Ethiopia aiming at isolation and identification Staphylococci from dairy cattle farms and establishing their antimicrobials resistance (AMR) profile for the isolates. Among a total of 212 samples collected from 26 small holder and semi intensive dairy farms, 167 of them were raw bovine milk and a total of 45 swab samples. Occurrence, characterization, and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Staphylococcus isolated from the study area were investigated. The isolation results showed 82 (38.8%) positive for Staphylococci. Of the total isolates, 81.7% (67/82) were from bovine raw milk at the level of the farm and collection center, whereas 18.3% (15/82) were from milk container and milkers hand swab. S. aureus was the most frequently isolated species among different samples accounting for 32 (15.1%) followed by; S. intermedius 22 (10.4%), Coagulase positive staphylococcus (CPS) 18 (8.5%) and S. hyicus 10 (4.7%). Furthermore, the antimicrobial susceptibility test of Staphylococcus species (n=82) revealed AMR to at least one of the tested antimicrobials, was seen in 98.8% of the isolates. The comparative efficacies of the tested antimicrobials indicated Ciprofloxacin and Gentamycin were the most effective with susceptibility of 92.7% and 87.8% respectively. Conversely, a large proportion of the isolates were resistant to Penicillin G (98.8%), Cloxacillin (64.6%), and Amoxicillin (79.3%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was detected in 92.7% (n=76/82) of the isolates (96.9% S. aureus, 77.3% S. intermedius, 10% S. hyicus, 38.9% CNS). In general, the isolates showed the development of MDR to commonly used antimicrobial agents in the study area. Thus, implementing strict hygienic control measures in dairy farms is vital in order to guarantee the quality of milk and milk products. The occurrence of MDR Staphylococcus particularly Coagulase positive Staphylococcus (CPS) should be under consideration during selection of antimicrobials for the treatment of dairy cattle.

[Haimanot Belete Wodaje, Takele Beyene. Isolation, Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Staphylococcus Isolates from Dairy Farms in and Around Modjo Town, Ethiopia. J Am Sci 2021;17(2):45-60]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 5. doi:10.7537/marsjas170221.05.

Keywords: Antimicrobial susceptibility, Dairy farms, Modjo, Isolation and identification, Staphylococcus.

Full Text

5

6

An Assessment Of Factors Affecting Productivity Of Key Building Trades In Southwestern Nigeria

^1*Akomolafe M.A.,²Ayeni.D.I., and ³Atoyebi A.A

Faculty of Environmental Science, Department of Building Technology

Osun State Polytechnic, P.M.B 301, IREE Osun State. * akomolafe01@yahoo.com

Abstract: Building construction projects suffers various problems and complex factors such as cost, timing, quality, safety and other salient factors which are like incipient delay to the successful completion of building projects. The aim of this research is to identify factors affecting skilled labour performance and analyse the main factors affecting the productivity of artisans in building construction projects in southwestern Nigeria. Literature on factors as recommended by experts were considered and categorized into five groups with each group containing at least four subgroups. These factors were evaluated and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) based on the primary data collected via structured questionnaire. The method of analysis used are chi-square test, ANOVA test, co-efficient of determination test, hypothesis testing were all carried out to ascertain the effect of these factors on professionals and artisans in achieving the expectation of embarking on such building construction project. It was concluded that a detailed schedule of human, material and logistic must be planned and supplied in order to reduce time taken, cost, effect of weather, inadequate supervision, adverse effect of concerned authority, alcoholism, insufficient material, unnecessary delay and waste of both human and material resources. In addition, it is recommended to develop human resources in the building construction industry through proper and continuous training programme. All these will successfully create an enabling environment and action towards completing building projects based on approved specification.

[Akomolafe M.A., Ayeni. D.I., and Atoyebi A.A. An Assessment Of Factors Affecting Productivity Of Key Building Trades In Southwestern Nigeria. J Am Sci 2021;17(2):61-80]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 6. doi:10.7537/marsjas170221.06.

Keyword: Building Construction, Skilled Labour, Questionnaire, ANOVA Test, Human Resources.

Full Text

6

7

Optimization Of Administrative Banking Services And Credit Portfolio Management In Risk Of Banking Services In Uzbekistan

Rakhmatov Kh. U.

Researcher Banking and Finance Academy of Uzbekistan, Tashkent City, Republic of Uzbekistan

E-mail: rakhmatov.hasanboy@bk.ru

Abstract. This article presents the current problems of remote banking services to increase the attractiveness of banking services in Uzbekistan. In addition, by reproducing the scientific and practical proposals for introducing the experience of foreign banking services into the banking system, scientific conclusions were formulated with the help of research. It also presents current problems of remote banking services to increase the attractiveness of banking services in Uzbekistan. By reproducing scientific and practical proposals for introducing the experience of foreign banking services into the banking system, Avor made scientific conclusions using research.

[Rakhmatov Kh.U. Optimization Of Administrative Banking Services And Credit Portfolio Management In Risk Of Banking Services In Uzbekistan. J Am Sci 2021;17(2):81-88]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 7. doi:10.7537/marsjas170221.07.

Keywords: banking system, remote banking services, banking clients, financial services

Full Text

7