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Major Causes of Poultry Carcass Condemnation at Commercial Slaughterhouses in Bishoftu, Ethiopia

Yohannes Hailemichael ¹, Gezahegne Mamo ² Hassen muhamed ³ Negesse Welde ³

¹Assosa University, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Department of Veterinary Science, Western Ethiopia, P.O.BOX 18, Email Address: hmichaelyohannes123@gmail.com

² Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, East Shoa, Ethiopia

³ Jigjiga University, College Veterinary Medicine, Eastern Ethiopia

³ Assosa University, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Department of Veterinary Science, Western Ethiopia, P.O. BOX 18

Abstract: A cross sectional study was conducted on poultry slaughter houses at ALEMA and ELFORA farms in Bishoftu, Central Ethiopia from November, 2014 to April, 2015. The aim of this study was to identify and determine major causes of poultry carcass condemnation and to estimate the direct financial losses attributed to the condemned carcass. During the study period broilers were selected by systematic random sampling using regular interval to quantify the rate and reason of condemnation. Out of 850 broilers slaughtered, 25 (2.9%) carcass was rejected. The overall average of bruising was (0.82%) per total slaughtered broilers. The other causes of condemnation were cachexia, dead on arrival, poor bleeding, cellulitis, over scalding, septicemia, fracture and contamination. From these bruising is the most frequent reason for poultry carcass condemnation in this study. During the study standard inspection procedures were followed and daily condemnation records were used as the sources of data. The average direct economic loss incurred annually as a result of condemnation of poultry carcasses was estimated to be 193,4200 ETB per Annam, rendering them unfit for local market and considering their zoonotic risks to human beings. Descriptive statistics, percentage was used to determine the rate of carcass condemnation. Losses at processing can be reduced by improving the management of harvesting and transportation as well as the adjustment of the equipment used at slaughter.

[Yohannes Hailemichael, Gezahegne Mamo Hassen muhamed Negesse Welde. Major Causes of Poultry Carcass Condemnation at Commercial Slaughterhouses in Bishoftu, Ethiopia. J Am Sci 2020;16(10):1-6]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 1. doi:10.7537/marsjas161020.01.

Key Words: Poultry Carcass, condemnation, economic loss, slaughterhouses, Bishoftu, Ethiopia

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Seroprevalence of Bovine Brucellosis under Extensive Production System in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Yohannes Hailemichael ¹, Fufa Abunna ², Buruk ushula ³

¹ Assosa University, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Department of Veterinary Science, Western Ethiopia, P.O. BOX 18, Email Address: hmichaelyohannes123@gmail.com; Phone: +251-911-93-04-27

² Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, East Shoa, Ethiopia

³ Jijiga University College of Veterinary Medicine, Eastern Ethiopia

Abstract: A cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out in Sodo Zuria and Humbo districts of Wolaita zone southern Ethiopia from November 2016 to April 2017 to determine the seroprevalence and potential risk factors for bovine brucellosis in cattle under extensive production systems. The study populations comprised both indigenous and cross breed cattle were kept with other species such as sheep and goats. Serum samples were collected from 462 extensively managed cattle at least one year of age by using multistage sampling technique. All serum screened for Brucella antibodies by the Rose Bengal Plate Test and reactor sera were further tested by the Complement Fixation Test. Moreover, information was gathered on individual animal and herd level risk factors by using a structured questionnaire survey. The overall seroprevalence of brucellosis was 1.3% (95% CI: 0.5-3) and 5.8% (95% CI: 2-12) at both animal and herd level respectively. The result indicated that there was a statistically significant increase in seroprevalence of brucellosis in cow with history of abortion and retained placenta. Nevertheless, in the multivariable logistic regression analysis, herd size (p = 0.02, OR=13.7, CI: 1. 4 -29.7) and abortion (p = 0.01, OR=9.8, CI: 1.5 - 64.4) were statistically significant risk factors for individual animal seroprevalence. Control measures such as culling of aborted animal, proper disposal of aborted fetus, pasteurization or boiling of milk before consumption should be carried out to reduce risk of infection and transmission of the disease in livestock and human in the study area.

[Yohannes Hailemichael, Fufa Abunna Buruk ushula. Seroprevalence of Bovine Brucellosis under Extensive Production System in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. J Am Sci 2020;16(10):7-20]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 2. doi:10.7537/marsjas161020.02.

Key words: Bovine brucellosis ––Ethiopia –– Risk factors––Seroprevalence ––Wolaita

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A Review on the Occurrence, Effects and Control Measures of Antimicrobial Resistance in Livestock & its Human Health Impacts

^1*Bihonegn Wodajnew, ²Masire Mesay, ³Negese Welde, ⁴Mohammed Hussen

^{1* & 3}Assosa University, College of Agriculture & Natural Resource, Department of Veterinary Science, Western

Ethiopia, P.O. Box 18, Fax: +251-057-775-0732, Mobile phone: +251 905608330, Twitter: @Bwodaj19

Email address: wodajbihonegn19@gmail.com

²Livestock & Fishery Resource Development Office of Bambasi Woreda, Benishagul Gumuz, South West Ethiopia. Email: masimesay@gmail.com.

⁴Wollega University, College of Medical and Health Science School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. box 391, Nekemte, Ethiopia.

Abstract: Veterinary medical agents are generally used in veterinary medicine for different purpose: therapeutic treatment of active infection or prophylactic medication to prevent or to minimize the incidence of infection, production enhancement (growth promotion), control of reproduction, pre-slaughter control of stress and improvement of feed efficiency with antibiotic drugs and hormones. However, antimicrobial resistance has become an increasingly important public and animal health problem because of the imprudent use of antimicrobial drugs and failure to ensure proper diagnosis and adherence to treatment. Bacteria will continue to develop resistance to currently available antibacterial drugs by either new mutations or the exchange of genetic information. In many health care facilities around the world, bacterial pathogens that express multiple resistance mechanisms are becoming the norm, complicating treatment and increasing both human and animal morbidity and financial costs. Prudent use of antibacterial drugs: using the appropriate drugs at the appropriate dosage and for appropriate duration is one important means of reducing the selective pressure that helps the emergency of resistant organisms, and strict attention to infection control guidelines to contain the spread of resistant organisms.

[Bihonegn Wodajnew, Masire Mesay, Negese Welde, Mohammed Hussen. A Review on the Occurrence, Effects and Control Measures of Antimicrobial Resistance in Livestock & its Human Health Impacts. J Am Sci 2020;16(10):21-29]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 3. doi:10.7537/marsjas161020.03.

Key words: antimicrobials, antimicrobial resistance, control measures, impact, occurrence

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Management of Complications after Axillary Clearance in Breast Cancer

Prof. Dr. Ragheb Ahmed Ragheb, Dr. Ashraf Ibrahem El Sharkawy and Ahmed Hasan Rabea Easa

General Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine (for Girls), Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

Abstract: Background: Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide with an estimated 1.67 million new cancer cases worldwide annually (25% of all cancers) with an incidence rate > twice that of colorectal cancer and cervical cancer, and about three times that of lung cancer. and is second only to lung cancer as a leading cause of cancer-related death. Aim of the Work: To evaluate and study different types of complications resulting post ALND and possible modalities that can minimize postoperative complications in female patients with cancer breast with axillary metastasis to get better prognosis and better life style. Patients and Methods: This was a prospective randomized clinical study that included 20 patients, with a diagnosis of early breast cancer (clinical stage I or II that were not fixed to the skin or muscle and if palpable ALNs; they weren’t fixed to each other or to underlying structures, included patients with breast cancer operated in hospitals of ministry of health started in May 2017. Results: There was no statistically significant difference found between improved and not improved groups regarding Surgery, Surgery - evaluation interval, Surgery - evaluation interval and Chemotherapy Axilla status, Dissected axilla, regarding Surgery in the dominant arm, incision for axillary dissection, Status of lymph nodes, Mean positive lymph nodes, Dissected lymph nodes, Lymph edema and No. of positive lymph nodes. Conclusion: Seroma formation, wound infection, paraethesia, pain and range of motion restriction were major early complications that were observe din few cases after modified radical mastectomy with axillary dissection.

[Ragheb Ahmed Ragheb, Dr. Ashraf Ibrahem El Sharkawy and Ahmed Hasan Rabea Easa. Management of Complications after Axillary Clearance in Breast Cancer. J Am Sci 2020;16(10):30-45]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 4. doi:10.7537/marsjas161020.04.

Keywords: Axillary Clearance - Breast Cancer - Axillary Lymph Node Dissection

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Levetireacetam Versus Phenytoin in management of Pediatric Status Epilepticus

Amany E. Mouslam MSC, Amira H. Darwish MD, Ahmed A. Abo Elezz MD. Azza K. El-Shahawy MD

Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

Abstract: Introduction: Status epilepticus can cause significant morbidity and mortality. These can be reduced by early effective treatment. The cause of SE is the most important determinant of outcome. Febrile SE is associated with less morbidity compared to other causes of SE. The earlier the treatment is started, the more likely the control of SE and less likely to develop subsequent neurological deficits or epilepsy. Resistance to first and second line treatments for SE is directly related to the duration of seizures prior to treatment. Aim of Work: was to compare the efficacy and side effects of Levetireacetam and Phenytoin in management of pediatric status epilepticus. Subject and Methods: this study was conducted on 60 children suffering from status epilepticus who were admitted to Pediatric Neurology Unit and Pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of Tanta University Hospital. Results: status epilepticus was controlled in 14 patients (46.67%) in Levetireacetam group and in 21 patients (70%) in Phenytoin group. The difference was statistically insignificant. Side effect reported in Levetireacetam group were dizziness in 6 patients (20%) and abnormal behavior in 4 patients (13.33%). In Phenytoin group side effects were bradycardia in 1 patients (3.33%) and extravasation in 2 patients (6.67%). Conclusion: Phenytoin was insignificantly more effective than Levetireacetam in controlling status epilepticus in children. No serious side effects were reported in Levetireacetam or Phenytoin group.

[Amany E. Mouslam, Amira H. Darwish, Ahmed A. Abo Elezz, Azza K. El-Shahawy. Levetireacetam Versus Phenytoin in management of Pediatric Status Epilepticus. J Am Sci 2020;16(10):46-52]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 5. doi:10.7537/marsjas161020.05.

Key Words: status epilepticus-antiepileptic drugs, Phenytoin. Levetireacetam.

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Assessment of a new surgical management of maxillary double lip

Hamdy A. M. Marzook¹, Fawzy A Ali².

¹Assistant Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.

²Lecturer of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Zagazig University, Egypt.

Marzook_h@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background: Double lip may be congenital or acquired abnormality. Different surgical approaches were used for management. These approaches may be impacted by the possible edema of the surgical site. Fixed landmarks along the incision line should be determined to achieve ideal healing process. The objective of this experiment is to assess the success of a new surgical technique for the management of double lip from the point of view of patient satisfaction and healing. Materials and Methods: Twelve patients diagnosed as suffering from double lip seeking for treatment were included in this study. They were assigned into two groups (6 patients each). After anesthesia, a standard surgical excision via elliptical incision was used in the first group. A modified surgical protocol was used in the second group by passing a pre-incision suture needle perpendicular to the middle of every planned incision. The pre-incision suture is tied after excision of excess tissue as one of the regular sutures. The excised tissues were histologically examined. The healing changes were recorded. Patient satisfaction was evaluated. Results: Satisfactory healing was achieved in 11 cases. Histological examination revealed that the excised tissues are normal mucosa. Wound dehiscence occurred in one patient from the first group. Furthermore, patient satisfaction analysis revealed significant difference between both groups. Conclusions: Defining preoperative landmarks by pre-incision sutures in soft movable lip tissues with possible edema produces good healing with lesser complications in double lip patients. In addition, it facilitated more patient satisfaction compared to classical surgical excision.

[Hamdy A. M. Marzook, Fawzy A Ali. Assessment of a new surgical management of maxillary double lip. J Am Sci 2020;16(10):53-59]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. x. doi:10.7537/marsjas161020.06.

Keywords: Double lip; surgical excision, pre-incision suture, suturing, healing, congenital abnormality.

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Identifying and Evaluation of Risk Types in New Product Development Projects and Project Risk Management

Davood Gharakhani

Researcher of ETKA Organization Research and Development Center, Tehran, Iran

Email: davoodgharakhany@yahoo.com

Abstract: Success in business comes down to two broad management skills, often termed as ‘doing the right thing’ (choosing the right projects) and ‘doing things right’ (good project management). All decisions about which projects an organization should choose are taken without certain knowledge of what the future will hold and how successful the project will be. Whilst decisions are taken in conditions of uncertainty, we can attempt to predict the factors that can impact on a project. Once we can identify these factors and their possible impacts we can call them risks and attempt to analyze and respond to them. Risks can be both positive, such as embedded opportunities, perhaps to do more business with a new client or customer in future. Risk is an uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, has a positive or a negative effect on at least one project objective. The main aim of this paper is to consider the Risk Types that organizations may face when taking on projects of New Product Development Projects. A project is usually defined as such for project management purposes because it has a unique identity and a finite life and is thus distinguishable from other continuing operations.

[Gharakhani D. Identifying and Evaluation of Risk Types in New Product Development Projects and Project Risk Management. J Am Sci 2020;16(10):60-66]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 7. doi:10.7537/marsjas161020.07.

Keywords: Risk management, Project management, Strategic Risks, Operational Risks, Contextual Risks

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Prevalence of Major Skin Diseases of Cattle in and around Dessie, Ethiopia

Haimanot Mebratu, Yalew Tefera and Negesse Welde

Haimanot Mebratu, Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Health Care Expert, Wollo, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia, Tel: +251-963-575-006, E-mail: Haimanotmebratu225@gmail.com

Yalew Tefera, Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (Associate professor), Wollo University School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health, P.O. Box: 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia

Negesse Welde, Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, Assosa University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Department of Veterinary Science, Assosa, Ethiopia, Tel: +251-925-503-497, E-mail: negessewelde@gmail.com

Abstract: The existence of various skin diseases affecting cattle is frequently reported from different parts of Ethiopia. A cross sectional study was conducted in and around Dessie from November 2017 to April 2018 to determine the prevalence of skin diseases in cattle and their associated risk factors. Animals were examined for the presence of any skin disease through visual inspection and palpation and from those showing clinical signs and tentatively diagnosed for the presence of skin disease appropriate samples were taken for laboratory examination. Out of 460 cattle examined, 71 (15.4%) were affected by skin diseases. There were statistically significant variations among the different age groups and origins in prevalence of skin diseases. Young animals were more affected by skin diseases than old and adult 19.4%, 14.4% and 13.7%, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of skin diseases between sex, breed, body condition score and management system of the animals. But the occurrence of skin diseases was found to be higher in poor body condition (17.7%), local breed (16.8%), male (18.7%), and in extensive management system (16.4%). The skin diseases identified in the study were tick infestation (8.04%), lumpy skin disease (2.4%), lice (2.39%), demodicosis (1.52%), dermatophytosis (0.65%), and dermatophilosis (0.44%). In conclusion, the prevalence recorded in this study was found to be high in the study area. Further study on economic impact of the skin disease is highly recommended.

[Haimanot Mebratu, Yalew Tefera and Negesse Welde. Prevalence of Major Skin Diseases of Cattle in and around Dessie, Ethiopia. J Am Sci 2020;16(10):67-82]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 8. doi:10.7537/marsjas161020.08.

Keywords: Cattle, Dessie, Risk factor, Skin disease

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Prevalence of rumen and reticulum foreign bodies and its associated risk factors in cattle slaughtered at Assosa municipal abattoir western Ethiopia

Yohannes Hailemichael ^1*, Mulusew Kefiyalew ^1*, Ahemed Muhamed ² Senayt Zewedu ²

^1*Assosa University, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Department of Veterinary Science, Western Ethiopia, P.O.BOX 18, Email Address: hmichaelyohannes123@gmail.com

²Assosa University, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Department of Veterinary Science, Western Ethiopia

Abstract: A cross sectional study was conducted on cattle slaughtered at Assosa municipal abattoir from November 2018 to June 2019 to determine the prevalence of foreign bodies in rumen and reticulum of cattle and to assess the association of risk factors with the occurrence of foreign bodies. Postmortem examination was conducted for the recovery of foreign body from rumen and reticulum. A total of 367 cattle were selected using purposive sampling method and of which 147 (40%) of them were found positive for indigestible foreign bodies in their rumen and/or reticulum. Risk factors such as age, body condition score and origin were taken into consideration. There was statistical significance difference between prevalence recorded in adult (22%) and old (17%, p=0.02). Statistical significant difference were recorded in medium (25%) and fat (14%, p=0.00). However, no statistical significance difference (P > 0.05) was observed in origin recorded for urban (27%) and rural (12%, p=0.79). the prevalence of plastics foreign body (14.7%) is higher followed by indigestible food materials (10.8%) and rope (3.5%). The prevalence of foreign body ingestion found in cattle by this study shows that the grazing areas were contaminated with clothes, plastic material, ropes, and other indigestible materials could pose serious health problem for free grazing animals. Awareness should be created on careless disposal of indigestible materials and the periodical cleaning of these wastes in the grazing area should be established in the study area.

[Yohannes Hailemichael, Mulusew Kefiyalew, Ahemed Muhamed Senayt Zewedu. Prevalence of rumen and reticulum foreign bodies and its associated risk factors in cattle slaughtered at Assosa municipal abattoir western Ethiopia. J Am Sci 2020;16(10):83-89]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 9. doi:10.7537/marsjas161020.09.

Keywords: Abattoir, Assosa, Cattle, Foreign body, Reticulum -rumen, Prevalence

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