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Review of Hematometra

Mutarba Altaf Khan, MD¹ and Raed Sayed Ahmed, MD ²

¹ Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology Women’s Health Center, International Medical Center Jeddah, Kingdom

of Saudi Arabia.

² Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Umm Al Qura University, Makah, Suadi Arabia

mutarbakhan@gmail.com, mutarbakhan@gmail.com

Abstract: This article has been produced to review the literature on symptomatic and asymptomatic cases of Hematometra. Data sources: Search engines including The Cochrane Library, PubMed, Google Scholar, Clinical Key were used using the Medical Subject Heading (MeSh) including all keywords and subheadings “Hematometra,” “Acute Abdominal Pain and Hematometra” "Cryptomenorrhoea," and “Acute Abdomen and Hematometra”. Methods of study selection: The majority of evidences in the literature consists of uncontrolled case reports and no review. Out of 1450 studies, only 189 were screened and out of which 132 studies were included in this review. Inclusion criteria was based on the studies done or reported in females in the reproductive age group and females who presented with acute abdominal pain and hematometra. Studies which were reported in animals were excluded. Integration and Results: This article reviews epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, pathological features, diagnosis, management and outcomes. Dilation with or without curettage is the mainstay of management with medical treatment having no role in management. There are no controlled comparative studies or management guidelines set on hematometra. Only excerpts in textbooks of Obstetrics and Gynaecology describe Hematometra briefly. Conclusion: Most crucial feature of treatment is the prevention of recurrence. It is recognized that recurrence is the most common feature and may occur in upto 30 to 66% women after management of adhesions surgically. There are evidences now demonstrating that adhesion barriers are effective in preventing formation of newer adhesions.

[Mutarba Altaf Khan, and Raed Sayed Ahmed. Review of Hematometra. J Am Sci 2020;16(6):1-7]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 1. doi:10.7537/marsjas160620.01.

Keywords: Hematometra, Cryptomenorrhoea, Acute Abdomen

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Synthesis, some reactions of 3-((3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methylene)-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)furan-2(3H)-one Containing 1-phenyl-3-p-chlorophenyl pyrazole and investigation of their antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer activities

Adel M. El-Gendy ¹*, Hanadi Y. Medrasi ², Mariam A. Al-Sheikh ², Alaa A. Othman ²

^1*Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagazig, Egypt.

² Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

* E-mail: elgendyadel@yahoo.com, Tel: +201157115467

Abstract: New 3-((3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methylene)-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)furan-2(3H)-one (3) has been prepared by condensation carbaldehyde (1) with butyric acid (2). Reaction of 3 with hydrazine hydrate yielded the hydrazide derivative 4. Reaction of the hydrazide derivative 4 with benzoyl chloride yield N-benzoyl derivative 6. On the other hand, treatment of 6 with POCl₃ afforded compound 5 not 8 and aminolysis of 3 with primary and/or secondary aliphatic amines gave the corresponding 9a-c. However, refluxing 3 with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in boiling pyridine gave oxazinone derivative 12. Reaction of 3 with ammonium acetate afforded the pyrrolone derivative 13. Friedel-Crafts reaction of 3 with toluidine gave compound 14. The structure of synthesized compound was elucidated on the basis of IR, H1NMR, 13CNMR, MS data and elemental analysis. The prepared compounds were tested for antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer activity.

[Adel M. El-Gendy, Hanadi Y. Medrasi, Mariam A. Al-Sheikh, Alaa A. Othman. Synthesis, some reactions of 3-((3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methylene)-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)furan-2(3H)-one Containing 1-phenyl-3-p-chlorophenyl pyrazole and investigation of their antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer activities. J Am Sci 2020;16(6):8-20]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 2. doi:10.7537/marsjas160620.02.

Keywords: Furan-2(3H)-one, Pyrrolone, Pyridazinone and Oxazinone, Antimicrobial, Anticancer

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Preparation and some reactions of a novel (E)-4-((1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) methylene)-2-(4-nitrophenyl) oxazol-5(4H)-one containing 2,4-diphenyl pyrazole and investigation of their antimicrobial and anticancer activities

Adel M. El-Gendy¹*, Mariam A. Al-Sheikh ², Hanadi Y. Medrasi ², Shymah A. Al-Harbi ²

^1*Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagazig, Egypt.

² Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

* E-mail: elgendyadel@yahoo.com.

Abstract: New (E)-4-((1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) methylene)-2-(4-nitrophenyl) oxazol-5(4H)-one (3) has been prepared by reaction of p-nitrohippuric acid (1) with 1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-carbaldehyde (2). Treatment of 3 with hydrazine hydrate gave the hydrazide derivative 4. Refluxing 4 with 6N HCl afforded the imidazolone derivative 5. Reaction of the hydrazide derivative 4 with benzoyl chloride yielded N-benzoyl derivative 6. Refluxing 6 with 6N HCl gave triazinone derivative 7. However, reaction of 6 with POCl₃ yielded the oxadiazole derivative 8. Aminolysis of 3 with primary and /or secondary aliphatic amines gave the corresponding (E)-N-(1-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-3-substitueted-3-oxoprp-1-en-2-yl)-4-nitrobenzamide (9a-d). On the other hand, refluxing 3 with aniline led to the formation of (E)-N-(1-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-3-oxo-3-(phenylamino) pro-1-en-2-yl)-4-nitrobenzamide (10). Treatment of 3 with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in boiling pyridine yielded oxadiazinone derivative 11. The structures of synthesized compounds were elucidated on the basis of IR, ¹HNMR, ¹³CNMR, MS data and elemental analysis. The prepared compounds were tested for antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer activity. The antimicrobial activities of the synthesized compounds have been studied against gram positive bacteria, gram negative bacteria and fungi by using agar well diffusion method which showed that compounds 3, 7 were the most effective gram positive. Compounds 3, 7 and 8 were effective against gram negative but less than gram positive. However, compounds 3, 4, 5, 6 were more effective against fungi. Furthermore, anticancer activities of some selected compounds were tested against human hepatocellular (HepG2) cancer cell line. Compound 6 showed moderate cancer cell growth inhibition. Also, the anticancer activities against Ascitic Carcinoma showed that compounds 6 showed the highest antitumor effects.

[Adel M. El-Gendy, Mariam A. Al-Sheikh, Hanadi Y. Medrasi, Shymah A. Al-Harbi. Preparation and some reactions of a novel (E)-4-((1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) methylene)-2-(4-nitrophenyl) oxazol-5(4H)-one containing 2,4-diphenyl pyrazole and investigation of their antimicrobial and anticancer activities. J Am Sci 2020;16(6):21-33]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 3. doi:10.7537/marsjas160620.03.

Keywords: Oxazol-5(4H)-one, antimicrobial, imidazolone, oxadiazole, oxadiazinone, triazinone

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Microbial genetics studies on L-glutaminase producer Pseudomonas NS16 isolated from eye contact lenses.

Nourah AL-zahrani, Sarah AL-qahtani and Wafa AL-shehri

Department of Biology Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

Email: nhalzahrani@uj.edu.sa‏; Telephone number: 00966555621516 – 00966566497982

Abstract: L-glutaminase is a significant enzyme which recognized chance application in biotechnology, industrial food, and therapeutic applications. L-glutaminase is an enzyme that prompts the decompose of glutamine into glutamic acid and ammonia within the presence of water. The bacterial isolates ability for L-glutaminase production tested on the modified mineral salt M9 (L-glutamine agar medium) and with phenol red added as the pH indicator. Colonies with pink-red zone around selected as L-glutamine degrading bacteria. Eleven bacterial isolates obtained from eye contact lenses of some persons in Jeddah city-Saudi Arabia; seven isolates produced good amounts of L-glutaminase. By Nesslerization assay, the highest L-glutaminase producer was Pseudomonas NS16 (50.4U/ml). Considering to the biochemical tests and identification by 16S rDNA sequencing, the most top L-glutaminase production strain was Pseudomonas aeruginosa CP012001.1. The incubation conditions and nutrition for the highest amounts of L-glutaminase were studied. The highest amount of the enzyme (52.5U/min/ml) created in media enhanced by.......gm/l glucose as carbon source and......of the best nitrogen source glutamine, pH7.0 at 035°C after 24 hr of incubation.

[AL-zahrani, NH, AL-qahtani, SS and AL-shehri Wafa. Microbial genetics studies on L-glutaminase producer Pseudomonas NS16 isolated from eye contact lenses. J Am Sci 2020;16(6):34-39]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 4. doi:10.7537/marsjas160620.04.

Keywords: L-glutaminase, glutamine, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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Hyaluronic Acid Level for assessment of Liver Fibrosis in β-Thalassemia Children Treated for Hepatitis C Virus by Direct Acting Antiviral Drugs

¹Mohamed Mahmoud Yousif Abu-Elazm, ²Eslam El-Sayed El-Hawary, ³Aml Saaid El-Bendary, ⁴Mohiee El-Deen AbdEl-Aziz Awad, and ²Mohamed Ramadan El-Shanshory.

¹Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt.

² Department of Pediatric Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt.

³Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt.

⁴Department of Pediatric Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt.

eslam.elhawary@med.tanta.edu.eg

Abstract: Background: Direct acting antiviral drugs (DAAs) (Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir) can contribute to improvement and prevent progression of liver fibrosis in children with β- thalassemia infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Objective: The aim of this study was to assess liver fibrosis by measuring serum hyaluronic acid (HA) in children with β-Thalassemia infected with HCV before and after treatment with DAAs (Ledipasvir / Sofosbuvir). Patients and Methods: 50 children with β- thalassemia, who had chronic HCV infection, aged 12 -18 years, were treated by DAAs for 12 weeks. They were evaluated before and 12 weeks after the end of treatment by PCR for HCV. Liver fibrosis was evaluated before and after treatment by serum HA and Aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI). Results: Assessment of liver fibrosis with APRI before and after treatment with DAAs demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in the number of patients with severe fibrosis, and redistribution of cases into the less severe classes (P.Value 0.039). There was significant reduction in fibrosis-4 index and serum HA after treatment in comparison to their pretreatment values (P.Value <0.001). Conclusion: HA was reduced together with improved APRI after treatment of HCV infection in children with thalassemia using DAAs, which indicates improvement of liver fibrosis.

[Mohamed Mahmoud Yousif Abu-Elazm, Eslam El-Sayed El-Hawary, Aml Saaid El-Bendary, Mohiee El-Deen AbdEl-Aziz Awad, and Mohamed Ramadan El-Shanshory. Hyaluronic Acid Level for assessment of Liver Fibrosis in β-Thalassemia Children Treated for Hepatitis C Virus by Direct Acting Antiviral Drugs. J Am Sci 2020;16(6):40-44]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 5. doi:10.7537/marsjas160620.05.

Key words: Hyaluronic Acid, Liver Fibrosis, β-Thalassemia, Hepatitis C Virus, Direct Acting Antiviral Drugs

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Assessment of the Modified Triple Test for Palpable Breast Masses: The Value of Ultrasound and Core Needle Biopsy

Ahmed Fawzy^{1, 2}; Mohamed Leithy¹; Mohamed Bikeet3; Fawzy Abo Bakr¹

¹ Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt.

²Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Saudia Arabia.

³ Department of Surgical oncology, National Cancer institute, Cairo University, Egypt.

Abstract: Background: Breast cancer is the most frequent cause of cancer death among women worldwide. Early detection is very important with great impact on outcome. Newly developed modifications have been done to the original triple test (FNAC, Mammography & clinical assessment) to include ultrasound (US) and core biopsy to determine their role in evaluating palpable breast masses. Methods: A prospective study done on fifty female patients aged between 18 and 55 years old complaining of clinically palpable breast lump selected from Al Menoufia University Hospital Surgery Clinic and subjected to both the triple score test using FNAC and modified triple score (mTTS) using core biopsy according to the protocol of work up. Results: All pathological results for all patients who underwent operations were identical to that obtained from the core biopsy confirming its accuracy and sensetivity. As regard the comparison between FNAC and final post-operative pathology there was no significance but the most important is that there are four cases proved to be carcinoma in situ however FNAC showed that they were atypical cells. Conclusions: We found that the Core Needle biopsy is superior to FNAC with identical results to the postoperative excisional biopsy pathological results Nevertheless, FNBC still a very useful, cheap, rapid, effective diagnostic tool that cannot be neglected or condoned especially in straightforward cases and in experienced hands. MTTS proved to be useful and comparable and even superior to the conventional TTS without hazard of radiation, in diagnosing breast masses.

[Ahmed Fawzy, Mohamed Leithy, Mohamed Bikeet, Fawzy Abo Bakr. Assessment of the Modified Triple Test for Palpable Breast Masses: The Value of Ultrasound and Core Needle Biopsy. J Am Sci 2020;16(6):45-52]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 6. doi:10.7537/marsjas160620.06.

Keywords: breast, cancer, modified triple test, original triple test, core biopsy, and mammogram.

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Influence of Water Quality On Zooplankton Community Structure of Etim Ekpo River, Akwa Ibom State, South-South, Nigeria

Jonah, U. E¹., George, U. U².

¹Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State.

²Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden, Mkpat Enin, Akwa Ibom State.

talk2georgeubong@gmail.com

Abstract: A stretch of Etim Ekpo River was studied in three stations from May, 2018 to February, 2019 to ascertain the level at which water quality influence zooplankton community structure. Samples were collected on monthly basis, between the hours of 8.00 am and 12.00 am each sampling day. Water samples were collected with sterile plastic bottles (1 litre), and it was carefully analyzed in the laboratory following standard laboratory analytical procedures. Water temperature, DO, pH, EC and TDS were determined in situ using Hanna Portable Meter (H19811-5 MODEL). Zooplankton samples were collected by filtering 100 litres of water samples through 50µm mesh size plankton nets. The mean range values of water temperature were 26.55-26.81 ⁰C, EC 43.14-57.42 µs/cm, pH 6.5-6.7, TDS 33.18-38.10 mg/L, DO 3.16-6.31mg/L, BOD 1.13-2.63mg/L, hardness 50.50-55.31 mg/L, phosphate 3.15-5.35 mg/L, and nitrate 3.35-6.86 mg/L. A total number of 11 species of zooplankton were identified, comprising of 835 individuals, belonging to 3 taxonomic groups. The species encountered were dominated by Cladocera (52.0%) and the lowest was Copepoda (19.6%). Station 2 recorded the highest number of zooplankton species (39.2%), followed by station 3 (33.3%), and station 1 had the least (27.5%) in terms of abundance. Higher zooplankton species were recorded during dry season over the wet season. There was a significant difference in physicochemical parameters obtained between dry and wet season (p<0.05). Low species of zooplankton recorded in station 1 and 3 when compared to station 2 indicate that water quality had an influenced on the zooplankton community structure of the study area.

[Jonah, UE, George, UU. Influence of Water Quality On Zooplankton Community Structure of Etim Ekpo River, Akwa Ibom State, South-South, Nigeria. J Am Sci 2020;16(6):53-61]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 7. doi:10.7537/marsjas160620.07.

Keywords: Influence; Water Quality; Zooplankton; Community; Structure.

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Isolation, Identification And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles Of E. Coli O157: H7 From Raw Cow Milk In And Around Modjo Town, Ethiopia

^1*Negesse Welde, ¹Fufa Abunna & ²Bihonegn Wodajnew

^1*Addis Ababa University, College of Agriculture & Vet. Medicine, East Shoa, Ethiopia, Email Address: negessewelde@gmail.com

¹ Addis Ababa University, College of Agriculture & Vet. Medicine, East Shoa, Ethiopia

² Assosa University, College of Agriculture & Natural Resource, Department of Veterinary, Science, Western Ethiopia, P.O. Box 18, Email address: wodajbihonegn19@gmail.com

Abstract: A cross sectional study was conducted from December 2017 to April 2018 in and around Modjo town, Ethiopia with the objectives of isolating and identifying Escherchia coli O157:H7 from raw cow milk, assessing the sources of milk contamination and determining the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the isolates. A total of 214 milk and swab samples were collected for laboratory detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Samples were cultured in selective media to detect the presence of non-sorbitol fermenting (NSF) Escherichia coli. Biochemical and serological tests were employed to confirm E. coli O157:H7 strain. The overall isolation rate of E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 were found to be 46.26% and 4.2%, respectively. The highest prevalence was recorded in samples obtained from cafeterias (11.76%) compared with samples from farms (2.78%) and milk collection centers (2.63%). There was statistically significant difference (p<0.05) of E. coli O157:H7 between sample sources, sample types and sampling points except between farm scale and types of materials (plastic and stainless steel) used to contain milk. All isolated E. coli O157:H7 strains were subjected to 10 selected antibiotics using the agar disc diffusion method for their susceptibility patterns. Even though all the isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacine (100%), most of the isolates showed resistance to more drugs with 100% resistance of all the isolates to ampicillin and cefoxitin. It was concluded that unhygienic practices of milking and post-harvest handling along the dairy value chain contribute to the microbial contamination of milk. The detection of E. coli O157:H7 in milk show public health significance due to its zoonotic potential. These findings stress the need for an integrated control of E. coli O157:H7 from production to consumption of foods of animal origin, particularly milk which was the focus of this study. So that there should be awareness creation and public education in milk supply chain from production to consumption to limit the milk-borne pathogens resulting from contamination. [Corresponding Author: Negesse Welde, Fufa Abunna, Bihonegn Wodajnew: Isolation, Identification And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles Of E. Coli O157: H7 From Raw Cow Milk In And Around Modjo Town, Ethiopia]

[Negesse Welde Fufa Abunna & Bihonegn Wodajnew. Isolation, Identification And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles Of E. Coli O157: H7 From Raw Cow Milk In And Around Modjo Town, Ethiopia. J Am Sci 2020;16(6):62-79]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 8. doi:10.7537/marsjas160620.08.

Key words: Antimicrobial susceptibility test, Ethiopia, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Isolation, Milk, Modjo

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Need Assessment, Planning & Management for Health Resources; A case of Makkah Trauma Center level 1 and Makkah EMS & DMC

Shammah Ahmed Ali

Department of Clinical Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, EMS, Umm Al-Qura University, KSA

ahghamdi2@gmail.com

Abstract: Objective: The study has aimed to focus on the importance of establishing trauma centers in Makkah. Methods: The study has incorporated quantitative research design, and gathered data from Makkah Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and Detroit Medical Center (DMC). A questionnaire was designed and distributed among the working staff; including administrators, specialists, academic professors, consultants, and others to explore their expert opinion about the significance of planning and management for health resources. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Results: 85.2% of the respondents believed that it is extremely important that an ambulance is instructed to take an injured patient to trauma center. More than 50% of the respondents stated that it is extremely important that the injured person is treated in trauma center. However, few of the respondents (0.9%) did not consider the establishment of life flight system to be important for the well-being of injured patients. Conclusion: The study has concluded that the effectiveness of a trauma center, extensively depends on its integration with EMS system.

[Shammah Ahmed Ali. Need Assessment, Planning & Management for Health Resources; A case of Makkah Trauma Center level 1 and Makkah EMS & DMC. J Am Sci 2020;16(6):80-86]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 9. doi:10.7537/marsjas160620.09.

Keywords: Assessment, Makkah, Management, Planning, Trauma Center

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