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Impact of Implementing Prevention and Management Osteoarthritis Training Program on Improving Nurses’ Knowledge and Practice

Prof. Karima Fouad Elshamy¹, Hala Mohamed Abdelhamed¹, Samera Sadon Sadawy²

¹Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

 ²Technical Institute of Health, Egypt.

E-mail of corresponding author: Samera011@yahoo.com 

Abstract: Background: Osteoarthritis is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders among adults. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of implementing prevention and management osteoarthritis training program on improving nurses’ knowledge and practice.  Design: A quasi-experimental design was used in the study. Setting: at outpatient clinic of the Rheumatology and Rehabilitation at Zigzag University Hospitals. Subjects: All available nurses working at outpatient clinic of the Rheumatology and Rehabilitation consisted of 35 nurses. Tools: nurses’ knowledge questionnaire sheet about prevention and management osteoarthritis covering demographic characteristics, knowledge about osteoarthritis. Also nurses’practicechecklist about prevention and management Osteoarthritis. Training program wasdevelopedaccording to nurses ‘needs of knowledge and practice according to extensive improve nurses’ knowledge and practice about prevention and management of osteoarthritis, in order to prevent complications as possible. Results: there is a positive association between total nurses’ knowledge and practice about prevention and management of osteoarthritis after implementing training program were highly statistical significant p value (<0.001). Conclusions: There were an improvement of nurses ‘knowledge and practice about prevention and management of osteoarthritis after implementing training program recommendations: Procedures manual handbooks containing necessary information related to all nursing procedures related to patients in Rheumatology and Rehabilitation unit should be available and easily used in Arabic language.

[Karima Fouad Elshamy, Hala Mohamed Abdelhamed, Samera Sadon Sadawy Impact of Implementing Prevention and Management Osteoarthritis Training Program on Improving Nurses’ Knowledge and Practice. J Am Sci 2018;14(10):1-8]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 1. doi:10.7537/marsjas141018.01.

Keywords: Prevention, Management, Osteoarthritis, Training Program

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Analysis of Anthropometric Measurements of the Scapula in Normal Egyptian Individuals

Saadia A. Shalaby, Essam M. Eid, Ali M. Ali, Samia M. Manawy and Aliaa A. Abdel Ghaffar

Anatomy and Embryology Department Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Egypt

drsamiamanawy@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: The osteometric measurements and morphometric knowledge of the scapula is essential to understand and treat different shoulder disorders. Objective: The aim of this study is to measure and record the osteometric data of human dried scapula and study the measurements of the scapula in living Egyptian individuals by using radiography. Material and Method: This study was carried out on one hundred living human Egyptian individuals of both sexes and one hundred and twenty cadaveric dried human scapulae. The following measurements were obtained; Maximum scapular length (MSL), Maximum scapular width (MSW), Superior-Inferior glenoid diameter, Anterior-Posterior glenoid diameter, Acromion Maximum length (AML) Acromion Maximum breadth (AMB), Length of the coracoid process (LCP), Projection length of scapular spine, Acromio-Coracoid distance, Acromio-Glenoidal distance, Supra-scapular notch Superior transverse diameter, Supra-scapular notch maximal depth, Gleno-polar angle and Glenoid inclination angle. The morphometric parameters were measured and statistically analyzed. Results: The study on dried scapula showed that the side has an effect on Acromion Length, but has no effect on scapular Length, Scapular Width, Glenoid superior inferior diameter, Glenoid anterior posterior diameter, Acromion breadth, Coracoid Length, Projection Length of spine, Acromion Coracoid distance, Acromion Glenoid distance, Supra Scapular Notch Superior Transverse diameter, Supra Scapular Notch depth, Glenopolar angle and Glenoid Inclination angle. And this study revealed no statistical significance between the previous parameters measured in dried scapulae and in x-rays. Also there was statistical significance between these scapular measurements and the sex. Conclusion: The study presented the normal osteometric values and variations of scapula to understand, treat different shoulder joint disorders, and help in design ing implants for the shoulder joint among Egyptians.

[Saadia A. Shalaby, Essam M. Eid, Ali M. Ali, Samia M. Manawy and Aliaa A. Abdel Ghaffar. Analysis of Anthropometric Measurements of the Scapula in Normal Egyptian Individuals. J Am Sci 2018;14(10):9-17]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 2. doi:10.7537/marsjas141018.02.

Keywords: Analysis; Anthropometric; Measurement; Scapula; Egyptian; Individual

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Alleviation of Salinity Excess in Lake Qarun Using Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plants and (ZLD) Technique

Reda M. A. Hassan

Ph.D., Professor Assistant, Environment and climate change Research Institute, National Water Research Center, doctor_reda2010@yahoo.com

Abstract: Lake Qarun is a closed lake. It does not have any outlet, where it is considered as a reservoir basin to be used as a release for flood control and water storage. The lake is the final destination of all types of natural and artificial drainage water. It is turning into a salt water lake from a fresh water lake. As a result of the increasing rate of population growth and more rigorous cultivation, irrigation and other human activities as well as evaporation. The salinity of Lake Qarun rose from 3.5 g/l in 1890’s to 34 g/l in 1992, and it is predicted to reach almost 45 g/l by 2025. Such salinity can deteriorate the lake ecosystem; solutions for salinity problems should be initiated. Many studies had been carried out to alleviate water excess problem, but the problem still exist. This present study assesses the possibility of using desalination plants, in particular the zero liquid discharge (ZLD) technique, as a possible solution for the salinity problems. It presents a vision for decision maker, using two reverse osmosis desalination plants with capacity of 35,000 cubic meters per day for each plant, using zero liquid discharge technique for producing water and extracting the salts. The production of salts from saline water of Lake Qarun can lead to the reduction of salinity and consequently, improving the ecosystem. It can stop the increase in salinity and reducing salinity by 2.5% or more every year, and consequently decrease it to 50% throughout 20 years or less. Carrying out research goals, samples locations were recorded and surface water samples were collected. All data of temperature, evaporation, wind speed, and TDS (Total dissolved salts) were collected. The data were dealt for calculation of water balance, increase in salinity, evaporation, amounts of salts and its economic values in Lake Qarun. Furthermore, the relation among water level, time in months, volume of evaporated water from lake, and salinity were derived. In addition the expected salinity of Lake Qarun for future years was determined. It is concluded from the present study that the total annual evaporation rate is 179.385 cm. The annual volume of water lost by evaporation from Lake Qarun is 414.5 x 10⁶ m³ /year. Using desalination plants, especially ZLD technique in Egypt, can be viable as a possible solution for the salinity problems and has an economic value about 123.636 million $/year from salt extraction, and more than 255,500 palm trees / year can be added.

[Reda M. A. Hassan. Alleviation of Salinity Excess in Lake Qarun Using Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plants and (ZLD) Technique. J Am Sci 2018;14(10):18-31]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 3. doi:10.7537/marsjas141018.03.

Keywords: Lake Qarun- Salinity Reduction - ZLD Technique-Evaporation

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A Comparative Clinical Study of the Efficacy of Two Bleaching Protocols - One Year Follow-Up

Reham M. Attia¹ and Ashraf M. Nassar²

¹Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.

²Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.

rehamyml@yahoo.com; drashrafezz@yahoo.com

 Abstract: Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to measure color changes of bleached teeth over a period of one year follow up using different methods. Materials & methods: Twenty highly educated adolescents (age range 18-25 years) seeking for better esthetics were enrolled into the study. Their teeth shade was A3 or darker. Participants were enrolled in a split mouth study design divided into two equal groups according to bleaching materials used. Group I: Maxillary anterior teeth were received (In-Office) bleaching material (N=20). Subgroup A: the color measurement was performed using spectrophotometer (N=10), Subgroup B: the color measurement was performed using shade tab (N=10). Group II: Mandibular anterior teeth were received (Over-The Counter) bleaching material (N=20): Subgroup A: the color measurement was performed using spectrophotometer (N=10), Subgroup B: the color measurement was performed using shade tab (N=10). The color change was recorded using different techniques along the evaluation periods at baseline, before any treatment, directly after bleaching and in 3 months intervals for a year postoperatively. Results: Friedman test was done to study the effect of time on the color change for each tested group. It revealed a significant difference in Group I (sub group A) as compared with other group and subgroups since P value equal 0.017. To find out which period of time is responsible for that significant difference, Mann-Whitney U test was used. This analysis showed that after 9 months, and after one year evaluation periods for group I was mainly responsible for this significant difference against other evaluation periods. However the data representing color change for group II just after treatment and after 9 months follow up periods was also significantly different compared to those at baseline, after 3,6,12 months. Conclusion & recommendations: The color improvement is superior in the in-office bleaching compared to the OTC bleaching technique. It is recommended that over the counter products should be used under strict manufacturer’s instruction.

[Reham M. Attia and Ashraf M. Nassar. A Comparative Clinical Study of the Efficacy of Two Bleaching Protocols - One Year Follow-Up. J Am Sci 2018;14(10):32-41]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 4. doi:10.7537/marsjas141018.04.

Keywords: In-office bleaching, over the counter bleaching, spectrophotometer, vita classic shade guide.

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Anti-Ulcerogenic Impact pf Passiflora edulis Powder and Extract on Gastric Ulcer in Rats

Ali Monahi Nazal Alshammari

Faculty of Home Economic at The public Authority For Applied Education and Training in Kuwait

anaba71@hotmail.com

Abstract: This study has therefore been designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcerogenic potential of Passiflora edulis powder and extract to evaluate their beneficial effects on the anti-inflammatory profiles of indomethacin in male rats. Thirty six rats weight 125±5g were divided into 6 groups, (n=6) for six weeks. The first group (negative control). Other groups had given indomethacin orally (30 mg/kg/btw.rats ). One was left as positive control and other treated with either ranitidine drug (10g/kg/diet), Passiflora powder, 5 ml/kg/rats Passiflora extract and mixtur Passiflora powder and extract. Administration of Passiflora powder, extract, and mixture achived increase in weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency ratio, pH gastric and prostaglandin E2, gastric cytochrome P450 reductase,, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and superoxid dismutase (SOD), compared with their corresponding +ve control compared with their corresponding +ve control group. On the other side of gastric ulcer length and volume of gastric juice, nitric oxide, cyclooxygenase, and malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased significantly compared with (+ve) control. The overall finding of this study demonstrates (anti-ulcerogenic and antioxidant effects) of Passiflora suggesting that Passiflora powder and extract can be promising for treatment of gastric ulcers as rich source of natural antioxidants such as phenolics compounds.

[Ali Monahi Nazal Alshammari Anti-Ulcerogenic Impact pf Passiflora edulis Powder and Extract on Gastric Ulcer in Rats. J Am Sci 2018; 14(10):42-46]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 5. doi:10.7537/marsjas141018.05.

Key words: Peptic ulcer - Curative ratio- Passiflora - anti-inflammator – Cyclooxygenase.

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Novel Formulation and Clinical Evaluation of Levofloxacin Hemihydrategel for the Treatment of Impetigo

Aly A. Abdel Rahman¹, Sayed M. Mohamed¹, Eman M. Samy¹, Marwa A. Sayed¹, Eman. M. K. Youssef ² and Helal F. Hetta³

¹Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt.

²Dermatology and Venereology and Andrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut71526, Egypt.

³Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut71526, Egypt.

eman_samy2003@yahoo.com

Abstract: Levofloxacin hemihydrate (LVFX) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used for the treatment of complicated and uncomplicated skin infections. Impetigo is a highly infectious superficial bacterial disease, most common among pre-school children. The present study was designed to formulate and evaluate topical gel containing levofloxacin hemihydrate for treatment of impetigo. The gel was formulated using different types and concentrations of gelling polymers. The used polymers, viz; hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC), carbopol 934, sodium alginate (Na-alginate), pluronic ® F-127 and poly vinyl alchohol (PVA 14000). Drug-polymers compatibility studies were carried out using DSC and FT-IR techniques, then the prepared formulae were characterized physically in terms of pH, drug content, spread ability and rheological properties. Drug-polymers compatibility studies were carried out using DSC and FT-IR techniques. In-vitro drug release in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 and kinetics of the drug release were studied. In vitro microbiological studies of (LVFX) gel were performed using agar cup diffusion method. Patients with clinically diagnosed impetigo were topically treated with the best formula of LVFX gel. Results have revealed that the used polymers are compatible with the drug. The prepared LVFX gels with different gelling agents showed acceptable physical properties and good drug release. Among all the prepared gels, formula (G1) using HPMC as a gelling agent attained superior physical properties, drug release (80.30±0.11%) after 2 hrs. No significant changes in the physical properties and in the percent of drug release were observed for formula (G1) at (5 ±2°C/60 ±5 % RH, 25±2°C / 65 ±5% RH and 40±2°C / 75 ± 5 RH) after 3 months of storage. These results we reconfirmed by thin layer chromatography. Also, formula (G1) was found to have the highest antimicrobial activity against methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiellapneumoniae. LVFX topical gel (G1) was well tolerated with high rates of clinical response (significant reduction in the time of healing after 4 days) for treating impetigo.

[Aly A. Abdel Rahman, Sayed M. Mohamed, Eman M. Samy, Marwa A. Sayed, Eman. M. K. Youssef and Helal F. Hetta. Novel Formulation and Clinical Evaluation of Levofloxacin Hemihydrategel for the Treatment of Impetigo. J Am Sci 2018;14(10):47-57]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 6. doi:10.7537/marsjas141018.06.

Keywords: Novel Formulation; Clinical Evaluation; Levofloxacin Hemihydrategel; Treatment; Impetigo

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Hepcidin Level and Iron Status in End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Patients

Tarek El Baz¹, Fawzy Hamed¹, Amr Mohab³, Abdallah Mahmoud, Magdy El-Said¹, Osama Khamis¹, Amgad Awad¹, Haytham Sabry¹ and Ashraf Abd Al-Monem².

Departments Of ¹Internal Medicine, ²Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar university,

³Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams university, Egypt.

drfawzyahmed@yahoo.com

Abstract: Hepcidin regulates the levels of iron in the body by preventing the body from absorbing more iron than is needed from food or supplements, and blocks the export of iron from cells. The aim of this work to assess the hepcidin level and its relation to, inflammatory status, hemoglobin level, and iron status in patients with ESRD. Seventy eight persons were included in this study. They were matched for age, sex & were divided into: 58 patients with ESRD maintained on regular hemodialysis (HDx), 4 hrs. three times weekly, 20 healthy subjects as a control group. All subjects of the study were subjected to the full history taking, including history of iron and EPO intake, complete clinical examination and laboratory investigation. Patients on regular hemodialysis Receiving intravenous iron have no significant difference in hepcidin level than those in control group. There was an inverse correlation between serum hepcidin and, Hb, AST, and S. iron. Also, there was a positive correlation between hepcidin and S.Cr., urea, calcium, phosphorous, PTH, TIBC, and serum ferritin. We concluded that the difference between level of hepcidin in the studied anemic sample has no significant difference when compared to the normal controls.

[Tarek El Baz, Fawzy Hamed, Amr Mohab, Abdallah Mahmoud, Magdy El-Said, Osama Khamis, Amgad Awad, Haytham Sabry and Ashraf Abd Al-Monem. Hepcidin Level and Iron Status in End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Patients. J Am Sci 2018;14(10):58-64]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 7. doi:10.7537/marsjas141018.07.

Key words: Hepcidin； Level; Iron Status; End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD); Patients

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Financial development, savings, and economic growth in Iran

Najmeh Tafarojnooroz ¹, Majid Zare*², Mohsen Rahimi ³, Parisa Zare ⁴, Farid Zare ⁵

^1. Ph.d student economics, University of São Paulo, Brazil

^2. Young researchers and Elite club, Arsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Arsanjan, Iran.

^3. Young researchers and Elite club, Arsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Arsanjan, Iran.

^4. Young researchers and Elite club, Arsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Arsanjan, Iran.

^5. Young researchers and Elite club, Arsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Arsanjan, Iran.

zaremajid98@yahoo.com

Abstract: The attainment of development and growth is one of the most important goals of economic policy and decision making. Financial development is one of the policies recommended by many economists to achieve economic development. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to investigate the causality between financial development, savings and economic growth in Iran from 1973 to 2012. GDP growth rate and the ratio of credits granted to the private sector to GDP were used as an indicator of financial development and real gross national savings. All variables were stationary and the autoregressive model with distributed lags and the Wald test were used to examine the causal relationship between financial development, savings and economic growth. The results of the study indicated that the causality flows from savings and financial development to the economic growth. Besides, there is a causal relationship from savings and economic growth to financial development. The same relationship exists from economic growth and financial development to savings. In other words, there is two-way causality between the three variables under study.

[Najmeh Tafarojnooroz, Majid Zare, Mohsen Rahimi, Parisa Zare, Farid Zare. Financial development, savings, and economic growth in Iran. J Am Sci 2018;14(10):65-70]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 8. doi:10.7537/marsjas141018.08.

Keywords: financial development, savings, economic growth, causality

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A Review On The Importance Of Calf Diarrhea In Dairy Production System: Ethiopian Perspective

¹Robel Abebaw, ²Fentahun Mitku and ³Tsegaw Fentie

¹Candidate of Veterinary medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and science, University of Gondar, Ethiopia, P.o. box. 196. ²Lecturer at Debark university college of Agriculture and environmental sciences. ³ Dean and Epidemiologist at the university of Gondar college of veterinary Medicine and animal sciences, Gondar, P.o.box. 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.

Email: fantum1983@gmail.com or henokabebaw1998@gmail.com

Abstract: This seminar paper has reviewed the major causes of calf diarrhea and control options in dairy farms. Calf diarrhea causes severe financial loss to cow-calf producers through calf mortality. Calf diarrhea is a clinical syndrome associated with several diseases characterized by changes in absorption of fluids from the intestine and electrolyte imbalance leading to loses of body fluids, rapid dehydration, and acidosis which is fatal for calves. Calves at early age are more prone to diarrhea because of inadequate passive immunity and susceptibility to certain age-specific infectious diseases of the intestinal tract. Various infectious and non- infectious agents are responsible for the occurrence of calf diarrhea. Among infectious agents; bacterial (Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp and Clostridium perfringens), viral (bovine rotavirus, corona virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus) and protozoal (Cryptosporidium parvum and coccidiosis) causes are major causes of calf diarrhea. Most of the agents of calf diarrhea exist in every cattle herd and infection is nearly universal. Some of the agents such as cryptosporidium and salmonellosis have public health implication. Treatments of calf diarrhea are primarily based on correcting dehydration and acidosis thorough the use of oral and intravenous electrolytes. Most of bacterial and protozoal diseases can be controlled with antibiotics and prevented by vaccination. Vaccines may help control of rotaviruses and corona virus infections. Non-infectious agents are management related; inadequate nutrition, exposure to severe environment, insufficient attention to the newborn calf and failure of passive immunity. Vaccination of the pregnant dam ensures that immunity to the responsible pathogens is passed on to the calves via intake of colostrums.

[ Robel Abebaw, Fentahun Mitku and Tsegaw Fentie. A Review On The Importance Of Calf Diarrhea In Dairy Production System: Ethiopian Perspective. J Am Sci 2018;14(10):71-83]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 9. doi:10.7537/marsjas141018.09.

Keywords: Calf, Cryptosporidium, Dairy, Diarrhea, Immunoglobulin, Rotavirus, Salmonella

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Air pollutant emissions from crop residue biomass burning in Indo-gangetic plains of India.

Amit Bahuguna¹, Naveen Singhal², J.Singh²*

^1. Civil Engineer, Dehradun-248001, India.

^2. DIT University, Dehradun-248001, India.

Email: bulla4u2005@yahoo.co.in

Abstract: In situ burning of crop residue biomass, a convenient and inexpensive way to prepare for the next crop planting, induces severe emission of air pollutants at global level. Among all the biomass burning types, agricultural residue burning in the field is estimated to contribute more than 10% of the total mass burned globally and its relative contribution is even larger in Asia (34 %), and especially in India (16%). The Indo-gangetic plains of northern states of India viz. Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan and western Uttar Pradesh are known for its sprawling agricultural fields, but equally famous for burning of paddy and wheat stubbles by farmers after the harvesting season. Burning of straw emits emission of trace gases like CO₂, CH₄, CO, N₂O, NO_X, SO₂ and large amount of particulates matters (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) which cause adverse impacts on human health. CO₂ alone accounts for 91.6% of the total emissions. Out of the rest (8.43%) 66% was CO, 2.2% NO, 5% NMHC and 11% NMVOC. Burning of rice crop residue contributed the maximum (40%) to this emission followed by wheat (22%) and sugarcane (20%). The reactive compounds emitted and formed due to crop residue biomass burning drives ozone and organic aerosol formation, affecting both air quality and climate. An integrated crop residue management approach is need of the hour to combat this anthropogenic disaster. In situ soil incorporation, utilization in power plants, paper pulp industry, bio gas & bio-ethanol production and compost formation can be sustainable alternatives for crop residue burning. Cultivators must be provided awareness on this issue and sustainable approached are need of the hour to manage this menace.

[Amit Bahuguna, Naveen Singhal, J. Singh. Air pollutant emissions from crop residue biomass burning in Indo-gangetic plains of India. J Am Sci 2018;14(10):84-88]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 10. doi:10.7537/marsjas141018.10.

Key Words: Biomass, Crop-residue, Emission, Health, Pollutant

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Influence of Dietary Inclusion of Spirulina platensis for Fishmeal on Growth, Immune Capacity, and Liver of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

El Jawaher Bin Dohaish ^1,2, Manal Al Dhahri² and Hanan Omar^1,2,3

¹Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

²Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

³Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

hananomar1@yahoo.com

Abstract: Nowadays, fishmeal costs have been increased and the detection of alternative ingredients will allow for the development of the potential growth of aquaculture. The substitution of fishmeal by algae in fish feed is a topic in our study. The present work deals with the evaluation of feeding with different levels of Spirulina platensis (0, 5, 20, 35 and 50%) on the growth of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. At the end of acclimation period, the fish (initial body weight, 1.3±0.06 g) were introduced into the tank (capacity 500 L seawater) at stocking rate of 20 randomly selected fish per tank. The fish was fed with the diets at a rate of 3% body mass twice daily for 90 days. The chemical analysis of algae and fishmeal were estimated. The growth parameters, innate immunity, and histological study of the liver of fish were evaluated. The results revealed that S. platensis contained high levels of protein, minerals, vitamins, chlorophylls, phenolic, polyunsaturated fatty acid and antioxidant activity. At the end of feeding trial, the specific growth rate of fish groups fed diets supplemented with S. platensis were higher than that of fishmeal  control. The results showed that the fish fed 5% S. platensis diet had the highest body weight as compared with the control. The lysozyme activity in tilapia was found to increase with increasing S. platensis diet with maximum activity (1.79 Units/ml) at the highest showed a highly effective in fish fed 50% S. platensis diet. Histologically, the liver tissue showed sever changes in tilapia fed fishmeal control. Meanwhile, the liver showed significant improvement in groups fed the S. platensis diet. According to the results, 5% S. platensis could be used as an additive in the fishmeal to enhance the growth and immune capacity of fish.

[El Jawaher Bin Dohaish , Manal Al Dhahri  and Hanan Omar, Influence of Dietary Inclusion of Spirulina platensis for Fishmeal on Growth, Immune Capacity, and Liver of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) J Am Sci 2018;14(10):89-99]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. x. doi:10.7537/marsjas141018.11.

Keywords: Nile tilapia, blue-green alga, growth, chemical analysis, lysozyme activity, liver tissue.

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