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Salvage Radiotherapy Following Radical Prostatectomy: The Proper Timing and Clinical Benefits

Mohamed F. Sheta¹, MD, Esam A. Abo-Zena ¹, MD and Mohamed H. Radwan², MD

¹ Department of Clinical Oncology, Tanta University Hospital, Tanta, Egypt

²Department of Urology, Tanta University Hospital, Tanta, Egypt

Mohamed_sheta1@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: For prostate cancer patients following radical prostatectomy (RP) the treatment options includes adjuvant radiation therapy and regular prostate-specific antigen (PSA) follow up with salvage radiotherapy (SRT) in case of biochemical recurrence (BCR). The objective of this study was to identify the proper timing of implementation of SRT. Methods: 34 prostate cancer (PC) patients who had been operated with RP and underwent regular PSA follow up were assigned to receive SRT upon BCR. Patient evaluation included assessment of freedom from progression (FFP) and overall survival (OS) after SRT and the optimal timing of initiation SRT following RP depending on PSA values. Results: In univariate analysis, both pre-SRT PSA˂ 0.2 ng/ml compared to PSA ≥ 0.2ng/ml and post-SRT PSA nadir ˂0.1 ng/ml compared to PSA nadir≥0.1([HR]: 4.49, 95% CI: 1.56 to 12.91; P= 0.005) had significant correlation with PFS. The 3 years progression free survival was 84.6% and 37.3% for patients had pre SRT PSA ˂0.2 ng/ml and ≥0.2 ng/ml respectively (p =0.015). For post SRT PSA, the 3 years PFS was 68% and 22.2% for patients had post SRT PSA nadir ˂0.1ng/ml and ≥0.1 ng/ml respectively ( p=0.005). In multivariate analysis, post-SRT PSA (p = 0.031) was independently significantly related to PFS. Conclusions: The current study proved the importance of pre- salvage radiotherapy PSA level of ˂0.2 ng/ml and post- salvage radiotherapy PSA nadir ˂0.1 ng/ml as a potentially useful markers of good prognosis in biochemical recurrent PC and how far these parameters are really predicting much better outcomes.

[Mohamed F. Sheta, Esam A. Abo-Zena, and Mohamed H. Radwan. Salvage Radiotherapy Following Radical Prostatectomy: The Proper Timing and Clinical Benefits. J Am Sci 2018;14(1):1-8]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 1. doi:10.7537/marsjas140118.01.

Keywods: Salvage Radiotherapy, Radical Prostatectomy, Proper Timing, Clinical Benefits

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Sports Legislation and it Role in Achieving International Levels of Sports Administration in Egyptian Sports Clubs

Dr. Ez El-Din Mohamed Ahmed

Assistant prof., Department of Sports Administration, Faculty of Physical Education, Helwan University, Egypt.

prof.dr_ezzeldin@yahoo.com

Abstract: The current research aims to identify the role of sports legislations in achieving international levels. The researcher used the descriptive (survey analytical) approach. Research community included documentary community and human community. Documentary community included the Egyptian constitution and all laws, legislations, rules and regulations organizing sport in Egypt. Human community included all higher administrative personnel responsible for sport in Egypt (n=359). Results indicated that: (1) It is important to apply modern trends in sports laws and legislations in Egypt. (2) The current status of sports laws and legislations in Egypt is poor. (3) There are major obstacles facing sports laws and legislations in Egypt. (4) There are future trends for sports laws and legislations in Egypt. (5) There are mechanisms of applying modern trends of sports laws and legislations in Egypt.

[Ez El-Din Mohamed Ahmed. Sports Legislation and it Role in Achieving International Levels of Sports Administration in Egyptian Sports Clubs. J Am Sci 2018;14(1):9-21]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 2. doi:10.7537/marsjas140118.02.

Key Words: Sports Legislations – Sports Administration – Sports Clubs

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Organizational Citizenship Behaviors and it Relation with Organizational Performance of Administrative Leaders in Arab Sports Systems

Dr. Ez El-Din Mohamed Ahmed

Assistant prof., Department of Sports Administration, Faculty of Physical Education, Helwan University, Egypt.

prof.dr_ezzeldin@yahoo.com

Abstract: The current research aims to identify organizational citizenship behaviors among administrative leaders of Arab sports organizations and its relationship with improving the organizational performance. The researcher used the descriptive (survey) approach. Research community included all administrative leaderships working in Arab sports organizations. The researcher randomly (124) members of sports leaderships working in the ministries of youth and sport in Egypt and Saudi Arabia. The researcher used Organizational Citizenship Behaviors Questionnaire for Administrative Leaders in Arab Sports Organizations and The Organizational Performance of Arab Sports Organizations Questionnaire. Results indicated that: (1) Some organizational citizenship behaviors, like civilized behavior, initiative behavior, organizational obedience, self-development and help behavior, exist in Arab sports organizations while other behaviors, like organizational loyalty, moderately exist and other behaviors, like sportsmanship, don't exist. (2) Civilized behavior came first while sportsmanship came last. (3) There are several limitations in the administrative performance of Arab sports organizations that limit their ability to fulfill their objectives. (4) Philosophy and objectives of administrative work came first while administrative work mechanisms came last in their availability in Arab sports organizations. (5) There is a statistically significant positive correlation between organizational citizenship behaviors and administrative performance of leaders of Arab sports organizations.

[Ez El-Din Mohamed Ahmed. Organizational Citizenship Behaviors and it Relation with Organizational Performance of Administrative Leaders in Arab Sports Systems. J Am Sci 2018;14(1):22-40]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 3. doi:10.7537/marsjas140118.03.

Key words: Organizational Citizenship Behaviors - Organizational Performance - Arab Sports Systems.

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Lactate As an Alternative Cerebral Fuel in Hypoglycemic Newborns

Amira Oshi¹, Omer Abdelbasit¹, Zain Seidahmed¹, Khalid AL. Hussein¹, Abeer Miqdad¹, Mohsen ALsamadi¹, Abdullah Alfaris¹, Mosleh Jabari², Hassan Alshehri², Jeehan Fareed¹, Sohyma khalid¹, Fahad Al-Qashar³, Waad Almotairi¹

¹Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology division, Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

²Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi

Arabia

³Department of Pediatrics, Bahrain defence force Hospital, Royal Medical Services, Kingdom Of Bahrain

a_oshi@hotmail.com

Abstract: Objectives: Since blood glucose tends to fall physiologically in newborns in the first two hours of life, this fall might be exaggerated in babies who are at risk of developing hypoglycemia. Thus, measurement of blood glucose and serum lactate at the age of two hours may provide an idea about the response of those at risk of hypoglycemia compared to those with no risk of hypoglycemia. We measured serum lactate and glucose levels in term infants of diabetic mothers (IDM) and small for gestational age (SGA) babies at 2 hours of age, and we compared them with term newborns with no risk of hypoglycemia. The aim of that is to assess whether lactate increases during hypoglycemic episodes. Patients and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in Security Forces Hospital Riyadh, Saudi Arabia in the period from October 2014 to September 2015. All term infants born to diabetic mothers and small-for-gestational age infants during that period were recruited. Term normal newborns with no risk of hypoglycemia born at the same period were used as controls. Plasma glucose and lactate were measured in venous samples taken at the age of two hours. Hypoglycemia was defined as a glucose level below 2.6 mmol/litre while lactate level of 0.5 – 2.2 mmol/l was considered as normal range. Babies with metabolic disorders, major congenital malformations or who sustained Intrauterine or extra uterine hypoxia were excluded from the study. Results: A total of 470 newborn infants were recruited into the study. Of these 214 Babies were normal babies with no risk of hypoglycemia. 232 babies were infants of diabetic mothers, 24 babies were small-for-gestational age. A total of 98 babies developed hypoglycemia; 39 babies were infants of diabetic mothers, 7 were small-for-gestational age and 52 were presumably normal babies. Infants of diabetic mothers and small-for-gestational age who developed hypoglycemia had a significantly high mean lactate level of 3.32 mmol/litre compared to a level of 2.92 mmol/litre in those who did not develop hypoglycemia. (p-value 0.004). In general lactate level was higher in most of the involved babies in our study when compared to the standard institutional laboratory reference range though it did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion: The finding of significant high serum lactate level in our hypoglycemic babies suggests that lactate may have been used as an alternative cerebral fuel in hypoglycemia. Further studies are needed in hypoglycemic babies to explore the neuroprotective alternative fuels used.

[Amira Oshi, Omer Abdelbasit, Zain Seidahmed, Khalid AL. Hussein, Abeer Miqdad, Mohsen ALsamadi, Abdullah Alfaris, Mosleh Jabari, Hassan Alshehri, Jeehan Fareed, Sohyma khalid, Fahad Al-Qashar, Waad Almotairi. Lactate As an Alternative Cerebral Fuel in Hypoglycemic Newborns. J Am Sci 2018;14(1):41-44]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 4. doi:10.7537/marsjas140118.04.

Keywords: Lactate; Alternative Cerebral Fuel; Hypoglycemic Newborn

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Stereotactic radiotherapy in the role of treating local recurrences of esophageal cancers

Chou-Chien Nan^1,5, Hsiang-Chen Wang ^2,5, Jen-Ming Tasi¹, Chi-Ting Horng ^3,4,*

¹Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Armed Forced General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.

²Graduate Institute of Opto-Mechatronics, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, ROC.

³Department of Ophthalmology, Fooying University Hospital, Pingtung Taiwan, ROC.

⁴Department of Pharmacy, Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan, ROC.

⁵These authors contributed equally to the paper

Telephone: 866-8-8323146; E-mail: h56041@gmail.com

Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the stereotactic radiotherapy in the cases of local recurrences of esophageal cancer.

Methods: Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is a rapidly expanding novel technique combining a short treatment time together with high local efficacy and an acceptable toxicity profile. In this study, 6 patients recurrent esophageal cancer in the neck lymph nodes were treated by SBRT in the Department of Oncology, Tri-Service General Hospital (Taiwan). The treatment dose was mean 35.5 Gy in 5 daily fractions, with a prescribed dose to 65 and 82% isodose, for each patient respectively, utilizing a volumetric arc therapy technique, a 6-MV photon beam and an Elekta Synergy linear accelerator. The maximum dose in the patients was mean 46 Gy. The maximum doses for the surrounding major blood vessels were between 34.8 and 46.8 Gy. Maximum doses to the trachea and the esophagus in the first patient were mean 30.2 Gy. Results: The treatment was delivered without any unintentional treatment interruptions and any treatment-related toxicity. The intrafractional movements, during all fractions of radiotherapy were under 3 mm, indicating that 3-point thermoplastic mask during SBRT in the neck region. All the patients tolerated the treatment well and did not experience any significant treatment-related toxicity during the follow-up. Conclusion: SBRT utilizing linear accelerators should be considered in patients with localized recurrent esophageal cancer which may benefit for the patients minimal treatment toxicity.

[Chou-Chien Nan, Hsiang-Chen Wang, Jen-Ming Tasi, Chi-Ting Horng. Stereotactic radiotherapy in the role of treating local recurrences of esophageal cancers. J Am Sci 2018;14(1):45-51]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 5. doi:10.7537/marsjas140118.05.

Keywords: Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), esophageal cancer

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Iraqi Women's Perceptions toward the Importance of Quality of Life: Comparative Study

Hala S. Abdulwahid ¹, Hewa S. Salih ²

^1. Community Health Nursing Department, College of, Nursing, University of Baghdad, Iraq

^2. Community Health Nursing Department, College of Nursing, University of Kirkuk, Iraq

mh.hala2013@gmail.com

Abstract: Objective (s): the study aimed at evaluating and comparing Iraqi’s women perceptions; Arabic and Kurdish Women, toward the importance of quality of life and determining the relationship between these women's perceptions and their socio-demographic characteristics of age, education, marital status, education and monthly income. Methodology: A descriptive design was employed through the present study. Purposive sample of (400) woman was selected from those who were attending Baghdad and Kirkuk Cities' primary health care centers. A questionnaire was designed and constructed for the purpose of the study. Split-half technique for the internal consistency reliability of the study instrument was determined and content validity was achieved through panel of (10) experts. Data were collected through the use of the study instrument and the interview technique as means of data collection. Data were analyzed through the application of descriptive statistical data analysis and inferential statistical data analysis approaches. Results: The study revealed that there was significant difference between Arabic and Kurdish women's perceptions toward the importance of their quality of life. Kurdish women had experienced better perceptions than Arabic women had. Conclusion: The present study can conclude that Kurdish Women, from one culture, positively perceived the important of the quality of life more than Arabic women as they were representing another different culture. Therefore, the study recommends that Iraqi women, particularly Arabic Women, need to be aware toward the importance of the quality of their life throughout series of educational related sessions.

[Hala S. Abdulwahid, Hewa S. Salih. Iraqi Women's Perceptions toward the Importance of Quality of Life: Comparative Study. J Am Sci 2018;14(1):52-59]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 6. doi:10.7537/marsjas140118.06.

Key Words: Arabic Women Perceptions, Kurdish Women Perceptions, Quality of Life, Comparative Study

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Identifying and Evaluation of Risk Types in New Product Development Projects and Project Risk Management

Davood Gharakhani

Researcher of ETKA Organization Research and Development Center

Email: davoodgharakhany@yahoo.com

Abstract: Success in business comes down to two broad management skills, often termed as ‘doing the right thing’ (choosing the right projects) and ‘doing things right’ (good project management). All decisions about which projects an organization should choose are taken without certain knowledge of what the future will hold and how successful the project will be. Whilst decisions are taken in conditions of uncertainty, we can attempt to predict the factors that can impact on a project. Once we can identify these factors and their possible impacts we can call them risks and attempt to analyze and respond to them. Risks can be both positive, such as embedded opportunities, perhaps to do more business with a new client or customer in future. Risk is an uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, has a positive or a negative effect on at least one project objective. The main aim of this paper is to consider the Risk Types that organizations may face when taking on projects of New Product Development Projects. A project is usually defined as such for project management purposes because it has a unique identity and a finite life and is thus distinguishable from other continuing operations.

[Davood Gharakhani. Identifying and Evaluation of Risk Types in New Product Development Projects and Project Risk Management. J Am Sci 2018;14(1):60-66]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 7. doi:10.7537/marsjas140118.07.

Keywords: Risk management, Project management, Strategic Risks, Operational Risks, Contextual Risks

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Effects of a Recommended Training Program on some Psychobiological and Physical Variables in Women with Depression in Kuwait

Nawaf Alshammari

Associate Professor, Ph.D College of Basic Education, Kuwait.

dr.nawaf_@hotmail.com

Abstract: The current research aims to identify the effects of a recommended training program on some psychobiological and physical variables in women with depression in Kuwait. The researcher used the experimental approach (one-group design) with pre- and post-measurements. 10) women with depression who regularly visit the psychological and mental health clinic, Ministry of Health – Kuwait, for counselling, (30-58 years) participated in this study10) women with depression who regularly visit the psychological and mental health clinic, Ministry of Health – Kuwait, for counselling, (30-58 years) participated in this study. The researcher used SPSS software to calculate mean, SD, Wilcoxson test and Spearman correlation coefficient. Results indicated that the recommended aerobic exercises program had positive effects as it increased endorphin levels in blood which in turn decreased depression significantly and improved the mood positively. In addition, it improved cardiorespiratory fitness through decreasing rest pulse and increasing aerobic power. Furthermore, it improved body shape through decreasing weight, improving BMI and decreasing body circumferences. There were no statistically significant differences in systolic/diastolic blood pressure.

[Nawaf Alshammari. Effects of a Recommended Training Program on some Psychobiological and Physical Variables in Women with Depression in Kuwait. J Am Sci 2018;14(1):67-73]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 8. doi:10.7537/marsjas140118.08.

Key words: psychobiological variables – endorphin – depression

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 Immune Response Against Inactivated Equine Herpes Virus Vaccine Prepared From Local Isolate In Horses And Donkeys In Egypt

Mohamed G. Abdelwahab¹, Hazem M. El Moghazy², Elsayed M. Ibrahim¹, Faiysal I. Hamouda¹ and Safaa M.A. Warda³.

¹ Animal Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Egypt

² Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Egypt

³ Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt.

Abstract: This study was designed to evaluate the immune response of Equine Herpes Virus-1 (EHV-1) inactivated vaccine in horses and donkeys in Egypt. The practical part of this study was undertaken in the Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbasia, Cairo. Propagation of EHV-1 local isolate was subjected for further passages (Passage 4, 6 and 8) on VERO cells. The infectivity titer of the stock virus was 8 log₁₀ TCID50/ ml. Six horses and six donkeys were used in this study, in addition four Mares and two horses were used for safety test of the prepared vaccine. Three of horses and three donkeys were vaccinated through intramuscular route by 2 doses of the vaccine with one Month interval, as well as, another three horses and three donkeys were kept as control. Serum samples were collected from all vaccinated and control animals every 2 weeks till to the 26th weeks post vaccination (WPV) which were monitored for EHV-1 antibodies using ELISA, AGPT and VNT. None of the vaccinated horses and donkeys showed nasal charge, swelling at the site of injection or increase in body temperature post vaccination. Vaccination of horses and donkeys revealed an increase in the antibodies response against EHV-1 at 2WPV with the mean ELISA antibodies titer 335.3 and 352 in horses and donkeys respectively. After boostering, antibodies titer is continuing to increase until reaching to its peak at the 12 WPV with mean antibodies titer 1269.7 and 1153 in horses and donkeys respectively, then the antibodies titer decreased gradually till to the 26th WPV with a considerable protective antibody level. Also, AGPT showed precipitin line in collected samples having high antibodies. The results also revealed an increase in the virus neutralizing antibody titer at 2WPV with the mean antibodies titer 1 and 1.26 in horses and donkeys respectively. After boostering, antibodies titer is continuing to increase until reaching to its peak at the 12 WPV) with mean antibodies titer 3.1 and 3.16 in horses and donkeys respectively, then the antibodies titer decreasing gradually till to the 26 WPV with a considerable protective antibody level.

[Mohamed G. Abdelwahab, Hazem M. El Moghazy, Elsayed M. Ibrahim, Faiysal I. Hamouda and Safaa M.A. Warda. Immune Response Against Inactivated Equine Herpes Virus Vaccine Prepared From Local Isolate In Horses And Donkeys In Egypt. J Am Sci 2018;14(1):74-83]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 9. doi:10.7537/marsjas140118.09.

Key Words: Equine herpes virus, ELISA, AGPT, VNT

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Effectiveness of a Recommended Program for Muscular Strength exercises and Range of Motion on knee flexors and extensors muscles on athletes with ACL

Dr. Abdulmajeed M. Almousawi

Associate Professor: Department of Physical Education and Sports, College of Basic Education, The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Kuwait.

Abstract: The current study aims to identify the effectiveness of a designed rehabilitation training program on muscular strength exercises and range of motion (ROM) on athletes with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. The procedure was on experimental bases (one-group design) with pre-test, during, and post-tests for knee flexors and extensors muscles. The dynamometer was used for isokinetic testing of muscular strength and ROM following the same protocol for all participants and measurements. The entire measurements were performed in the "Sports Medicine and Health Awareness Center" (SMHAC) affiliated with the Public Authority for Sport in The State of Kuwait. The program lasted for (8) weeks with (3) sessions per week making a total of (24) rehabilitation sessions. Fourteen male football players from different sports club aged between 19 and 22 years with ACL injury were chosen to participate in this study. The results show statistically significant differences among the three measurements (pre-test/during-test/post-test) on isokinetic muscular strength for right leg flexion and extension at both tests (60°/sec) and (180°/sec) and also, for the left leg flexion and extension at both (60°/sec) and (180°/sec). This indicate that the recommended exercises program had a positive effect on rehabilitating knee joint flexors and extensors muscles and helped improving knee range of motion in post-operative treatment of ACL. It is recommended that the rehabilitation program with strength and ROM exercises should be used for rehabilitating athletes with ACL injuries.

[Abdulmajeed M. Almousawi. Effectiveness of a Recommended Program for Muscular Strength exercises and Range of Motion on knee flexors and extensors muscles on athletes with ACL. J Am Sci 2018;14(1):84-90]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 10. doi:10.7537/marsjas140118.10.

Key Words: ACL – Knee Joint – Range of Motion – Muscular Strength

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The effect of ballistic training exercises according to the anaerobic energy production system in the development of certain Strength forms for the arms and the Execution of Disc throwing to players

Zainab Qahtan Abdul Mohsin Habib Al-Hashemy

Assistant Professor in Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science for Girls, Baghdad University, Iraq.

Abstract: The effectiveness of disc throwing is from the athletic events that need strength and speed at once, the researcher found that the most appropriate types of exercises for this event is the method of ballistic training, which is used to overcome the lack of speed resulting from traditional weight training, and the researcher chose research sample from the players of the Faculty of Education Physical and sports sciences for girls, they were (5players) and she used explosive force tests and the strength of speed and the Execution of Disc throwing and concluded that there is a significant difference in the search tests as a result of exercise and applied to the members of the research sample and recommended similar studies On other activities in the square and the field.

[Zainab Qahtan Abdul Mohsin Habib Al-Hashemy. The effect of ballistic training exercises according to the anaerobic energy production system in the development of certain Strength forms for the arms and the Execution of Disc throwing to players. J Am Sci 2018;14(1):91-95]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 11. doi:10.7537/marsjas140118.11.

Keywords: effect; ballistic training; exercise; anaerobic energy; production system; development; Execution of Disc throwing; player

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Effectiveness evaluation of an Information booklet as a way of training on improving the knowledge and practice on food safety among food handlers in companies’ restaurants

Rawda M. Elsheikh

Assistant Professor of Occupational Health & Industrial Medicine, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-azhar University, Egypt. drrawda@gmail.com

Abstract: Introduction: According to World Health Assembly in 2000, food safety has more and more come to be a worldwide concern. Supplying food handlers with essential knowledge and good practice is playing a major task nowadays. To avoid the spreading of food born diseases, it is essential to accept the food handlers an appropriate training courses about the healthy manipulation of foods and the source of infection. The purpose of food handlers training is to offered much or less of experiences for handling of foods by healthy manner. Inspite of several of eating places are improved day by day, but the methods for handling of different kinds of food still are insufficient. Aim of the work: was to investigate the role of knowledge and training of food handlers on degree of food safety and to verify the influence of supplying with a knowledge booklet on food safety amongst food handlers. Subjects and methods: Two designs were applied in the present work, 1. Phase study - descriptive survey design in phase I and 2. One group pretest/posttest design in phase II. Knowledge had been obtained from 268 companies’ restaurant workers via structured questionnaire on food safety for estimating the reciprocal knowledge and experience. Result: Most of the topics (59.1%) were carrying poor knowledge, while 40.1% of the participants had moderate knowledge and no of participants possess a good knowledge on practice on food safety. Concerning the experience on food safety, 52.2% of them had moderate information, whereas, 40.1% of participants had poor information and 7.7% only had good knowledge. In conclusion, the guideline booklet was efficient to supply with the required knowledge and improved the practice in the field of food safety between the workers in many companies.

[Rawda M. Elsheikh. Effectiveness evaluation of an Information booklet as a way of training on improving the knowledge and practice on food safety among food handlers in companies’ restaurants. J Am Sci 2018;14(1):96-102]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 12. doi:10.7537/marsjas140118.12.

Keywords: Effectiveness; evaluation; Information; booklet; knowledge; food safety; restaurant

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Flexural-torsional Interaction about R.C. Interfacial Beams Neighboring Slabs of Different Depths

A.T. Kassem

Assistant Professor Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Beni-suef University, Egypt

abdelraouf_kassem@yahoo.com

Abstract: Structural analysis of reinforced concrete elements is the first step in the design process, where straining actions, of different types, are extracted to figure out the stress condition within structural elements. Interfaces between various structural elements or elements of same type, but different configuration (dimensions, characteristic strength, or reinforcement) present a typical analysis argument. This paper deals with interfaces between slabs of different depths on the two sides of an interfacial beam. This case usually presents in case of slab depression or cantilever slabs, where the cantilever is deeper than the neighboring slab. The most severe case presents when a cantilever is neighbored by a hollow block slab, in this case the maximum difference between slabs depths takes place. The problem has been mathematically formulated, based on a non-linear concrete stress strain hypothesis, as presented in the Egyptian code of Practice. A finite element model has been prepared to study the effect of beam torsional rigidity on moment transfer. Moreover a parametric study has been established to clarify the significance of various structural parameters on the behavior of interfacial beams.

[A.T. Kassem. Flexural-torsional Interaction about R.C. Interfacial Beams Neighboring Slabs of Different Depths. J Am Sci 2018;14(1):103-109]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 13. doi:10.7537/marsjas140118.13.

Keywords: Flexure, torsion, concrete slab.

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Role of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) extract on carbimazole induced alteration in pancreas of adult male albino rat (histological, immuno-histochemicaland ultrastructural study)

Manar A. Bashandy

Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufiya University, Egypt

mannar.bashandi@med.menofia.edu.eg

Abstract: Background: Carbimazole is a drug inducing hypothyroidism. It can induce ameliorative effect on some glands as pancreas. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is a herbal which is beneficial in the treatment and prevention of numerous diseases. It can be used in food processing as flavouring and spicy agent. Aim of the work: To study alteration in the pancreas of adult male albino rat following carbimazole administration and to evaluate the possible role of rosemary in improving these changes. Material and method:40 male albino rats were divided into four groups: group I (control group), group II (rosemary group) received rosmary extract orally at a dose of (10 ml/kg/day), group III (carbimazole treated) included rats treated with carbimazole orally at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg/day & group IV rats administrated carbimazole same dose as group II then supplemented byrosemary extract (10 ml/kg/day). The experiment duration was 30 days. The pancreatic specimens were subjected to light, transmission electron microscopic study and immuno-staining using Ki 67 & Insulin. Morphometric study and statistical analysis of the result was done. Results: Histologic and histochemical study of pancreatic tissue of group III showed pathological changes, some acinar cells showed degenerated cytoplasm, vacuolation with pyknotic nuclei. Others, showed hyalinization, apparent decrease in zymogen granules with relative widening of interlobar septum. Theinterlobular septum was thickenedwith fatty and mononuclear cell infiltration andcontained congested thickened, dilated blood vessels. Increased deposition of collagen tissue around dilated blood vessels, pancreatic ducts and acini was revealed by Masson trichrome stain. Immuno-histochemically, in group III showed nearly negative immunoreactivity for Ki67 in the nuclei of cells of islet of Langerhans and Negative immunoreaction for insulin was detected in most of the cytoplasm of β-cells of islet of Langerhans. Ultrastructurally, some acinar cells nuclei revealed peripheral condensation of chromatin with dilatation of peri-nuclear membrane. Their cytoplasm showed degenerated mitochondria, dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum and depletion of zymogen granules. Some β- cells were depleted, others showed pyknotic nuclei. However, prior supplementation with rosmery provided better histological picture manifested by less cytoplasmic vacuolation and near normal acinar cells. Conclusion: Carbimazole induced hypothyroidism could cause histological alteration on pancreatic structure of rat. Prior supplementation with rosmary could ameliorate carbimazole effect on pancreas.

[Manar A. Bashandy. Role of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) extract on carbimazole induced alteration in pancreas of adult male albino rat (histological, immuno-histochemicaland ultrastructural study). J Am Sci 2018;14(1):110-124]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 14. doi:10.7537/marsjas140118.14.

Keywords: Carbimazole, hypthyroidism, pancreas, rosmary, ultrastructure, acinar cells, Ki 67, insulin immunostain

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Characterization and Bioavailability Study of Ropinirole Hydrochloride Intranasal Mucoadhesive Thermoreversible In-Situ Gel

Nadia M. Moursi ¹, Ahmed H. Elshafeey^1,2, Manal Y. Hamza³, Rehab M. M. Elhadidy³

¹ Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.

² Genuine Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.

³ National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Cairo, Egypt.

rehabelhadidy@hotmail.com

Abstract: Ropinirole Hydrochloride (RHCl) is one of the most important highly selective Dopamine agonist drugs for the treatment of Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD). It is a potent drug (0.25-5mg) that is rapidly absorbed in humans after peroral administration. However, it undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism which is the cause for its low bioavailability (50-55%). Therefore, the intranasal delivery of Ropinirole is one of the effective strategies to improve bioavailability. Thermoreversible polymer pluronic F127 (PF127) (18% w/v) in addition to Mucoadhesive polymers Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC E5), Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC), Sodium alginate (NaALG) at different concentrations (0.3, 0.5, 0.7% w/v) were used to develop mucoadhesive PF127 in-situ gels for intranasal delivery system of Ropinirole. Full factorial design was constructed using Design-Expert^® 7 software. In-vitro characterization, permeation study and histological evaluation of the prepared formulations as well as the pharmacokinetics study of the best formula were determined. F3 (18% w/v PF127, 0.7% w/v HPMC E5) was the optimized formula having the highest rheological properties, gel strength, mucoadhesiveness and safety for intranasal administration. The percentage of cumulative amount permeated through sheep nasal mucosal membrane was 95.4 % after 45 mins. Short term stability studies for 6 months indicated that 4 °C is the appropriate storage condition for the formulations. The pharmacokinetic study in rabbits revealed that the relative bioavailability of RHCl intranasal optimized formula F3 compared to the peroral reference tablets was 168.89%, with significant increase in C_max, AUC_o-∞ and significant decrease in T_max.

[Nadia M. Moursi, Ahmed H. Elshafeey, Manal Y. Hamza, Rehab M. M. Elhadidy. Characterization and Bioavailability Study of Ropinirole Hydrochloride Intranasal Mucoadhesive Thermoreversible In-Situ Gel. J Am Sci 2018;14(1):125-139]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 15. doi:10.7537/marsjas140118.15.

Keywords: Ropinirole HCl, In-situ gel, Intranasal delivery, Mucoadhesion, Gel strength, pharmacokinetics

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