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Determinants and Consequences of Perceived Organizational Support (P.O.S) on Organizational Commitment (O.C): A Literature Review Approach

Dr. Khaled N. Alshuwairekh

Dean college of Business - Assistant Professor Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

khalshuw@yahoo.com

Abstract: In view of rapidly changing business environment, companies must devote greater effort to enhance their capabilities and it must not be forgotten that the success and competing power of the organization depend on committed, highly motivated, satisfied and innovative human resources. While discussion of perceived organizational support has been prevalent in the popular literature for many years, However this concept needs to be an ongoing study by researchers due to rapidly changing business environment. The main purpose of this study is to examine the effects of perceived organizational support on organizational commitment. In this research, organizational commitment was examined in terms of affective commitment, normative commitment and continuous commitment. This study is descriptive based on the collection and analysis of results of studies, reports, periodicals and books related to the topic of study in order to investigate the relationships between Perceived Organizational and organizational commitment. The study is driven theoretically by the social exchange theory, the concept of perceived organizational support, which is the commitment of the organization towards the employee, the norm of reciprocity as well as the other relevant literature in the human resource management and organizational behaviour research. Based on descriptive study, the researcher has found a positive relationship between Perceived Organizational and organizational commitment, however, the researcher has develop a new managerial checklist to improve using perceived organizational support within the organization.

[Khaled N. Alshuwairekh. Determinants and Consequences of Perceived Organizational Support (P.O.S) on Organizational Commitment (O.C): A Literature Review Approach. J Am Sci 2016;12(5):1-9]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 1. doi:10.7537/marsjas120516.01.

Keywords: perceived Organizational Support, Organizational Commitment, affective commitment, normative commitment, continuous commitment, Job Conditions,rewards, fairness and supervisor support.

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Quinoline-based small molecules as effective protein kinases inhibitors (Review)

Rasha M. Aly ^1*, Rabah A. T. Serya², Amira M. El-Motwally ¹, Ghada H. Al-Ansary², Dalal A. Abou El Ella².

¹National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Cairo, Egypt.

²Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt.

rashamohamed83@hotmail.com

Abstract: Cancer, malignant tumor, is a group of diseases characterized by abnormal and out-of-controlcell growth with the potential to metastasize to other sites in the body. Protein kinases are a class of molecular drug targets forcancer treatment. Identification of the protein kinases key roles in development of cancer leads to the discovery of different classes of protein kinase inhibitors with enhanced selectivity and efficacy and reduced toxicity. In this review, we focused on the quinoline derivatives as an important class of compounds having potent inhibition effect on the activities of different protein kinases.

[Rasha M. Aly, Rabah A. T. Serya. Amira M. El-Motwally, Ghada H. Al-Ansary, Dalal A. Abou El Ella. Quinoline-based small molecules as effective protein kinases inhibitors. J Am Sci 2016;12(5):10-32]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 2. doi:10.7537/marsjas120516.02.

Keywords:Quinoline, kinase inhibitor, anticancer.

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Biologically Active Metabolites from Penicillium sp., An Endophyte Isolated from Glaucium arabicum

Ahmed Elbermawi¹, Amal Sallam¹, Ahmed Ashour¹, Weaam Ebrahim^1,2, M.-F. Lahloub¹ and Hassan-Elrady A. Saad¹

¹Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516 Egypt.

²Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.

amal14sallam@yahoo.com

Abstract: A heterodimericxanthone, secalonic acid G (1), a diketopiperazine alkaloid, 3-[(1H-indol-3-yl) methyl]-6-benzylpiperazine-2,5-dione (2) and ergosterol (3) were isolated from the solid rice culture of a Penicillium sp., an endophyte isolated for the first time from both the stems of Glaucium arabicum Fres. and the Papaveraceae. The structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR data. Both compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated for their antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-melanogenesis, cytotoxic, collagen production promoting and hyaluronic acid production promoting activities. Secalonic acid G (1) demonstrated a strong and selective antibacterial activity against S. aureus, a potent cytotoxic activity against both B16 melanoma and RBL-2H3 cell lines and a significant antioxidant activity. Both compounds showed an inhibitory effect on the production of both hyaluronic acid and collagen but this effect is accompanied by a significant and important increase in the cell viability suggesting their effective use for wound healing.

[Elbermawi A, Sallam A, Ashour A, Ebrahim W, Lahloub M.-F, Saad H-EA. Biologically Active Metabolites from Penicillium sp., An Endophyte Isolated from Glaucium arabicum. J Am Sci 2016;12(5):33-41]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 3. doi:10.7537/marsjas120516.03.

Keywords: Glaucium arabicum, Papaveraceae, endophytes, Penicillium sp., secalonic acid G, diketopiperazine alkaloid, antibacterial, anti-melanogenesis, cytotoxicity, antioxidant.

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Anabolic Steroid and nutritional supplements effect on kidney

Sameh Abouzeid, Osama Mosbah, Mohamad Hegazy

Theodor Bilharz Research Institute Nephrology Department Cairo, Egypt

sameh.kidney@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: Frequent use of anabolic steroids and dietary supplements for the purpose of the muscle mass is common among body builders. Recent evidence indicates that anabolic steroids are directly toxic to glomeruli and that segmental sclerosis is the result of podocyte loss mediated by apoptosis through a podocyte androgen receptor. The high-protein intake has been of concern to nephrologists because it increases glomerular filtration rates and is experimentally associated with glomerular hyperfiltration and FSGS. The aim of the present study was to asses and compare the effect of anabolic steroids and other nutritional supplements on kidney outcomes. Methods: Twenty male body builders volunteered to participate in this study, age between (20 and 35 years), Volunteers were divided into two groups. Group 1 (Steroid group) consisted of ten male volunteers use anabolic steroids (more than two years and less than 5 years) with concomitant use of whey protein, creatine monohydrate and Branched chain amino acids intermittently for more than 2 years. Group 2 (Non-Steroid group), included ten male volunteers use whey protein, creatine monohydrate and Branched chain amino acids intermittently for more than two years. Results: There is significant increase in the amount of protein in 24 hours of collected urine (mg/24 hrs.) in steroid group (group 1) when we compare its level to non steroid group (group 2) (24 hrs. urine ptn: 859.50 ± 805.72 vs. 128.50 ± 48.25, p<0.001). Conclusion: Long use of AASs could produce renal effects as variable elevations in serum creatinine and development of substantial proteinuria.

[Sameh Abouzeid, Osama Mosbah, Mohamad Hegazy. Anabolic Steroid and nutritional supplements effect on kidney. J Am Sci 2016;12(5):42-45]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 4. doi:10.7537/marsjas120516.04.

Keywords: anabolic steroids, nutritional supplements, FSGS

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Prediction of Weft Breaks in Air Jet Weaving Machine by Artificial Neural Network

Shaimaa Youssef El-Tarfawy

Textile Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Egypt

shaimaa_youssef2001@yahoo.com

Abstract: The most important factors affecting the air jet weaving machine’s efficiency are warp and weft breaks which are strongly connected to the yarn and machine parameters. The objective of this paper is to predict the number of weft breaks per million meters using back propagation algorithm in an artificial neural network system. Two models are used: first utilizing twelve parameters for the input layer and second applies only the five most correlated yarn parameters. The developed algorithm can predict the number of weft breaks per million meters. The results gave satisfactory coefficient of correlations (0.955) between the actual and predicted number of weft breaks.

[Shaimaa Youssef El-Tarfawy. Prediction of Weft Breaks in Air Jet Weaving Machine by Artificial Neural Network. J Am Sci 2016;12(5):46-51]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 5. doi:10.7537/marsjas120516.05.

Keywords: Weft breaks; Yarn properties; Artificial Neural Network; Mean square error; Prediction model

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Failure Behavior of Polyester/ Lycra Single Jersey Knitted Fabric

Shaimaa Youssef El-Tarfawy

Textile Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Egypt

shaimaa_youssef2001@yahoo.com

Abstract: The bursting strength property is one of the most important mechanical properties of knitted fabrics and varies according to different parameters. This study investigated the failure behavior of four different samples with different percentage of polyester/ lycra single jersey knitted fabric. Tensile and bursting strength were measured for the samples. The most important conclusion is that adding Lycra loaded the loop with un-balance forces and uneven distribution of stresses in the wale and course directions. Tensile, bursting strength and Young’s modulus gave high coefficient of correlation with lycra percentage.

[Shaimaa Youssef El-Tarfawy. Failure Behavior of Polyester/ Lycra Single Jersey Knitted Fabric. J Am Sci 2016;12(5):52-58]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 6. doi:10.7537/marsjas120516.06.

Keywords: Lycra, single Jersey, tensile strength, bursting strength

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Significance of TGF-β1 and Catheps in E expression in gastric adenocarcinoma and precancerouslesions

Hanaa Abd Elghany Ahmed Atwa and Shimaa Ahmed Ahmed Arafa

Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.

aragab818@gmail.com

Abstract: Background and aim: 40 cases with gastric lesions comprise the material of this study. These include 40 paraffin blocks selected from gastric specimens (30 cases were obtained by endoscopy and 10 cases were surgical specimens) received at the pathology department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University in the period from September 2013 to September 2014. The aim of this study to examine the expression of transformed growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β) and Cathepsin E (CTSE) in gastric cancer and gastric precancerous lesions and to correlate between these markers and clinicopathological parameters. Methods: Immunohistochemical analysis of TGF beta and Cathepsin E were performed using 40 cases for chronic superficial gastritis, chronic atrophic gastritis, chronic atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia, gastric dysplasia and gastric cancer. Results: In cases of chronic gastritis, we observed only TGF-β1 reactivity in the cytoplasm of inflammatory cells mainly plasma cells. In intestinal metaplasia and dysplastic lesions, the reactivity to TGF-β1 was more intense than in normal mucosa, especially in the cytoplasm of the Goblet cells. TGF-β1 was expressed in 88.8% of incomplete intestinal metaplasia. TGF-β1 expression was detected in intestinal type of gastric adenocarcinomas in 100% of well differentiated adenocarcinoma, 50 % of moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma and 66.6% of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. TGF-β1 was expressed in 50% of papillary carcinoma and mucinous carcinoma. TGF-β1was expressed in 100% of signet ring carcinoma. In chronic gastritis without atrophy or intestinal metaplasia, expression of cathepsin E is clearly observed in the fundic and pyloric glands of stomach. CTSE immunestaining was detected in 100% of type II (incomplete intestinal metaplasia) it is negative in type I IM (complete intestinal metaplasia). CTSE was expressed in 57.14% of gastric cancer. More undifferentiated gastric tumors tend to increase expression of CTSE in tumor lesions (poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma> moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma> well differentiated adenocarcinoma). Cathepsin E was negative in mucinous and papillary carcinoma (100%) negative expression. Cathepsin E was positively expressed in 100% of signet ring carcinoma. Conclusion: The alterations of expression of TGF and cathepsin E can determine the histological variants of gastric cancer (GC). Cathepsin E could be a marker for signet ring carcinoma Understanding the expression pattern of TGF beta and Cathepsin E in gastric cancer allows them to be used as future therapeutic targets.

[Hanaa Abd Elghany Ahmed Atwa and Shimaa Ahmed Ahmed Arafa. Significance of TGF-β1 and Cathepsin E expression in gastric adenocarcinoma and precancerouslesions. J Am Sci 2016;12(5):59-67]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 7. doi:10.7537/marsjas120516.07.

Key words: cancer stomach, TGF-β1,cathepsin E, Immunohistochemistry.

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The impact of E-commerce on Business Strategy: A Literature Review Approach

 Amir Abou Elnaga¹ and Frahan Hassan Al Shammari²

¹Assistant Professor, Director of Graduate Studies, College of Business Administration, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

² Master of Business Administration, College of Business Administration, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

amirzaki78@hotmail.com

Abstract: E-commerce is a new business model in the world as it is prompted a major change in the mode of production and services of the whole world. That with the rapid development of Internet technology, e-commerce has become a key means of modern enterprise competition. This study is descriptive based on the collection and analysis of results of studies, reports, periodicals and books related to the topic of study in order to investigate the relationships between E-commerce on Business Strategy. The main purpose of this study is to describes the influence of e-commerce on the business strategy in order to understand electronic commerce, models and types Business-to-Consumer (B2C), Business-to-business (B2B), Consumer-to-consumer (C2C), Intra-organizational and describing the difference between e-commerce and e-business in order to determine the impact of E-commerce on Business Strategy also E-commerce characteristics from worldwide perspective like United State of America, Korea, Kenai has been reviewed. Based on descriptive study, the researchers has found a positive relationship between E-commerce and business Strategy through characteristics of E-commerce systems and benefits of adopting e-commerce. also E-commerce does not change the business nature but it is a complementary tool that supplements the overall strategy and enhances the business performance. An organization capability to manage technology-enabled change is the core of successfully managing e-business. The step of change and the opportunities for new communications approaches make e-business and e-commerce an exciting area of business to be involved in.

[Amir Abou Elnaga and Frahan Hassan Al Shammari. The impact of E-commerce on Business Strategy: A Literature Review Approach. J Am Sci 2016;12(5):68-79]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 8. doi:10.7537/marsjas120516.08.

Keywords: E-commerce, Business Strategy, e-business, Business-to-consumer (B2C), Business-to-business (B2B), Consumer-to-consumer (C2C), Intra-organizational, marketing mix

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Activity of G6HD, ME, GPI and protease enzyme in Cryptosporidium oocyts isolated from Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised patients.

Dr. Nada M. Al-Bashir¹, Dr. Huda T. Al-Marsomy², Dr. Jabbar Salman Hassan³, Ahlam Ismail ⁴

^{1, 2} and ³ Ph.D. Medical Microbiology/ College of medicine, Al-Nahrain University

⁴ M. Sc. Medical Microbiology Al-Kadhimyia Teaching Hospital

jabbarsalman30@yahoo.com

Abstract: Cryptosporidiosis is a clinical disease, usually presents as a gastro-enteritis-like syndrome, caused by infection with protozoan parasites of the Apicomplexan genus Cryptosporidium. Disease ranges in seriousness from mild to severe and signs and symptoms depend on the site of infection and nutritional and immune status of the host. This study was conducted to evaluate the activity of enzyme Glucose Phosphate isomerase (GPI), Malic Enzyme (ME), Glucose -6-Phosphate Dehdrogenase (G6PD) and Protease Enzyme in oocytes of Cryptosporidium species and if their significant difference between activity of oocytes isolation from immunocompetent patients or immunocompromised patients. Six hundred patients with an age range from 12 day to 18 years suffering from diarrhea. Modified Acid – fast stain (modified Ziehle-Neelsen) will be used in diagnosis of Cryptosporidium oocytes. Sixty six samples (11%) out of 600 patients were positive for Cryptosporidium oocytes by using modified Ziehle-Neelsen stain, regarding Enzyme activity results show highly activity of all enzymes included in this study with no difference in enzyme activity between Immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. In this study we conclude that GPI, ME, G6PDH and Protease enzymes were found in Cryptosporidium Oocytes with highly activity, there was no significant difference between oocytes activity isolated from immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients.

[Nada M. Al-Bashir, Huda T. Al-Marsomy, Jabbar Salman Hassan, Ahlam Ismail. Activity of G6HD, ME, GPI and protease enzyme in Cryptosporidium oocyts isolated from Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised patients. J Am Sci 2016;12(5):80-84]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 9. doi:10.7537/marsjas120516.09.

Keywords: Cryptosporidium, G6HD, ME, GPI, Protease

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Exploring the relationship between brand image and consumer purchasing decision: A Theoretical Framework

Huda Almutlaq

MBA, College of Business Administration, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Huda.mutlaq@msn.com

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to identify the importance of brand image in business matters, besides, exploring the relationship between brand image and consumer purchasing decision. The Findings of this research showed that brand image has strong positive influence & significant relationship with Consumer buying behavior. Thus, companies should take all necessary procedures to develop their brand images and maintain their position in the competitive business. This study is descriptive based on the collection and analysis of results of studies, reports, periodicals and books related to the topic of study in order to exploring relationship between brand image and consumer purchasing decision also reviewed the model of consumers decision making process. Based on descriptive study, the researcher has develop some main guideline to develop positive relationship between brand image &consumers purchasing decision.

[Huda Almutlaq. Exploring the relationship between brand image and consumer purchasing decision A Theoretical Framework. J Am Sci 2016;12(5):85-92]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 10. doi:10.7537/marsjas120516.10.

Keywords: brand image, consumer-purchasing decision

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The Impact of Rehabilitation through Urban Regeneration on cultural dimensions for the old markets: the case of Souk Al Sokar, Amman, Jordan

Jawdat Goussous¹, Maryam Nofal²

^1. Department of Architectural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, the University of Jordan, Amman-Jordan, Assistant Professor, jawdatgoussous@hotmail.com

^2. Department of Architectural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, the University of Jordan, Amman-Jordan, Researcher

Corresponding Author: maryamnofal@me.com

Abstract: This research addresses rehabilitation and conservation of old inner-city urban center and historic markets in Amman, Jordan. The need for urban rehabilitation and adaptive re-use is discussed to develop and to regenerate the urban centers, a delineation of the concept is provided, and social aspects of rehabilitation are discussed. The research concludes the need for Souk al-Soukar rehabilitation and revitalization which maintain the typical urban tissue and essential qualities of the historic site and the life of communities working there. Moreover, it can adapt the physical structures and organize the activities to some of the recent requirements. In terms of urban center, it is important to be seen as part of conservation areas, and that their sustainability and revitalization will be most feasible if they are integrated into new rehabilitation program.

[Jawdat Goussous, Maryam Nofal. The Impact of Rehabilitation through Urban Regeneration on cultural dimensions for the old markets: the case of Souk Al Sokar, Amman, Jordan. J Am Sci 2016;12(5):93-97]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 11. doi:10.7537/marsjas120516.11.

Keywords: Rehabilitation, Urban regeneration, Historic value, local Community, open market, urban fabric

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The Effect of Practicing Pelvic Rocking Exercise on Lowering Disability Level through Decreasing Pregnancy Related Lower Back Pain

Sahar. A. Elkheshen ¹ , Hend S. Mohamed ², Hala. A. Abdelgawad ³

¹lecturer, Nursing Department, Faculty of applied Medical Sciences, MUST University. Giza, Egypt.

²Assistant professor, Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing, Faculty of Nursing Medicine, Zagazig University,

⁵ Assistant professor., Faculty of physiotherapy. MUST, University.

saharelkheshen@yahoo.com

Abstract: Over 50 % of pregnant women experience low back pain during their pregnancy. This pain can be intolerable, preventing them from working, taking care of their home and children. Aim of the study: This study aimed at assessing the effect of practicing pelvic rocking exercise on lowering disability level through decreasing lower back pain in late pregnancy. The study sample comprised 100 pregnant women chosen according to the inclusion criteria. They were divided into two groups (50 study groups &50 control groups). Research design: Quasi experimental design. Two tools were used to collect data assessment sheet and the Oswestry disability index questionnaire. Results showed that there was a direct relationship between the period of making exercises and their effects on decreasing disability level regarding minimal disability level (34%, 50% & 62% after first, second and third meetings respectively) and reverse relationship regarding severe disability level ( 26%, 10% & 10 after first, second and third meetings respectively). Conclusion: Conclusion: Pelvic rocking exercise in management of lower back pain has an important value in decreasing disability level during pregnancy which worries the pregnant women.

[Sahar. A. Elkheshen and Hend S. Mohamed. The Effect of Practicing Pelvic Rocking Exercise on Lowering Disability Level through Decreasing Pregnancy Related Lower Back Pain. J Am Sci 2016;12(5):98-103]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 12. doi:10.7537/marsjas120516.12.

Keywords: Pelvic Rocking - Exercise –Pain – Disability Level – Nursing Role- Physiotherapy

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Pigmented nevus expressed histologically as typical basal cell carcinoma

EL-Bardaie AM and Ahmed MM

Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Boy, Egypt

Mohabdelrzk72@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background and purpose: It is the purpose of this article to report the first unusual case showing no clinico-pathological correlation. A 53-year old Caucasian man sought treatment with a chief complaint of an itching and a slight bleeding from a common mole on the skin of left side of the nasal bridge, started two months before seeking medical examination. Methods: The tumor posed a diagnostic problem by light microscopy, carful search for many serial sections are needed. Result: The tumor cells had features characteristic of basal cell carcinoma. Conclusion: basal cell carcinoma, even if unusual, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pigmented skin lesions.

[EL-Bardaie AM and Ahmed MM. Pigmented nevus expressed histologically as typical basal cell carcinoma. J Am Sci 2016;12(5):104-106]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 13. doi:10.7537/marsjas120516.13.

Key words: Common mole, basal cell carcinoma

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Production of poly β hydroxybuthyrate from Pseudomonas putida MAO12 isolated from wastewater sample

Majdah Mohamed Ahmed Aburas

Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

majdah11@gmail.com

Abstract: The biodegradable polymers of hydroxyl butyric acid, poly β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a biodegradable material produced mainly from bacteria and has wide range of application. In this study, 20 bacterial isolated was obtained on Nutrient agar medium from soil and waste water samples collected from either date palm farm or Waste water treatment station. Out of 20 isolates, 6 (30%) showed the highest PHB production, 8 (40%) showed moderate production and 6 (30%) were non producer. The isolate MAO12, which was isolated from waste water sample was the most active isolate in PHB production. It was identified as Pseudomonas putida MAO12 using morphological and physiological characters. Maximum production was found in Nutrient broth containing 10% glucose, at pH 7.5, 35°C after 2 days of growth at 120 rpm. The selected bacterium were grown in Nutrient broth containing 10% of different carbon sources and maximum percentage of PHB was found using glucose> fructose> sucrose> maltose> cellulose >starch. Moreover, Whey, chitin, molasses, corn steep and starch were used as cheap carbon sources in minimal medium containing 10% glucose. At the end of growth period, growth and PHB production was determined. Maximum PHB was obtained by Corn steep > Molasses > Chitin > Whey > Starch. In conclusion, PHB can be produced by Pseudomonas putida using different cheap carbon sources.

[Aburas MMA. Production of poly β hydroxybuthyrate from Pseudomonas putida MAO12 isolated from wastewater sample. J Am Sci 2016;12(5):107-112]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 14. doi:10.7537/marsjas120516.14.

Keywords: PHB, Degradation, Production, Bioplastic, Wastes, Bacteria, Pseudomonas putida

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