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How to Hedge in Psychology Discipline? A Cross-National Study

M. Yavuz Konca¹, Sina Nasiri²

¹Ataturk University, Kazım Karabekir Education Faculty, English Teaching Department, Erzurum, Turkey

²Department of Education, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran

ykonca@hotmail.com, sina.nasiri.86@gmail.com

Abstract: Communication in academic setting is necessary for all researchers in any field. One of the ways of this communication is through article writing. Therefore analyzing the features of articles in different disciplines is essential. Hence, the purpose of this study was to analyze the use of hedges, as one of the important elements in academic writing, in psychology discipline. To this end, 30 research articles written by American authors as Native Authors (NAs), Iranian Authors (IAs), and Turkish Authors (TAs) were selected and their discussion section were analyzed. After applying chi-square procedure for groups, it was found that significant difference existed between NAs and non-native authors. This means that IAs and TAs used more hedges in their writings. However, there was no significant difference between IAs and TAs. This can be meant that the regional norms in Iran and Turkey are the same. If non-native psychology researchers want to publish their works in international journals they should adapt their hedges to the standard norms in their discipline.

[M. Yavuz Konca, Sina Nasiri. How to Hedge in Psychology Discipline? A Cross-National Study. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):1-5]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 1. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.01

Key words: Articles, Hedges, NAs, IAs, TAs

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Oral Probiotics Reduce Incidence of Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Sepsis in Neonates with Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy

Mohamed S Elfrargy¹, Azza M. Hassan² and Marwa Abd-El-Wahab²

Departments of ¹Pediatrics and ²Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University

farargy2009@hotmail.com

Abstract. Objective. We evaluated the efficacy of probiotics in reducing the incidence of feeding intolerance, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and sepsis in full-term, bottle fed hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE)infants and verifies the viability of probiotic bacteria Lactobacilli in the stool and fecal IgA when lyophilized Lactobacillus acidophilus(L. acidophilus) was fed to those infants. Patients and Methods. A prospective, double blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial was conducted on 60 full-term newborns suffering from HIE grade II or III. They were randomized into 2 groups; the infants in the probiotic group were fed with lyophilized L. acidophilus in dose of 6 x 10⁹ CFU divided into 2 doses/day in addition to the traditional HIE therapy until discharged while infants in the control group were given the traditional HIE therapy alone. Lactobacilli count and fecal IgA were determined at both day 7 and the end of the study. Primary outcome include NEC and sepsis. Results. A total of 60 HIE neonates were enrolled: 30 in the probiotic group and 30 in the control group. The incidence of NEC and sepsis was significantly lower in the probiotics group (16.7% vs. 33.3%, P=0.034 and 26.7% vs 73.3%, P= 0.0008, respectively). The fecal IgA concentration was significantly increased from day 7 to the end of the study in the probiotic group (6.9±1), but not in the control group (2.8±1.2, P<0.0001).Conclusion. The supplementation of lyophilized Lactobacilli acidophilus in full-term newborns with HIE grades (II,III) was beneficial, as it enhances the tolerability to enteral feeding and decreases the incidence of feeding intolerance, NEC and sepsis in our neonates.

[Mohamed S Elfrargy, Azza M. Hassan and Marwa Abd-El-Wahab. Oral Probiotics Reduce Incidence of Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Sepsis in Neonates with Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):6-10]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 2. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.02

Keywords: Neonates, Probiotics, Necrotizing enterocolitis, Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy

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A clinical study of the Post Operative Pain after Root Canal Obturation with Obtura-Ii & System-B, Warm Gutta-Percha Techniques

Najma Sahito, Abdul Qadir Dal, Azizullah Qureshi

Department of Operative Dentistry, Liquat University of Medical & Health Sciences Jamshoro, Pakistan.

Abstract: Objective: Determine the clinical response of post obturation pain after root canal obturation by using Obtura-II and System-B as root canal filling techniques and document the better success rate of thermoplastic technique for root canal obturation. Method: This study was a Cross-sectional comparative, clinical study.  A total of 60 patients, divided in two groups of 30 each Group-A (Obtura-II) and Group-B (System-B). These cases were treated at Operative Dentistry Department, Institute of Dentistry, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro during the period 20^th Feb.2009 to 26^th Aug. 2009. Data was analyzed by using statistical package of social sciences (SPSS) Version 10. The mean difference, standard deviation, range and frequency of both quantitative and qualitative variables developed with the help of SPSS analysis. Results: A total of 60 patients required endodontic treatment were included in this study and canals were obturated by two thermoplastic techniques. Patients were equally divided into two groups by using envelop method, for group A, root canals obturated by Obtura-II and group B by System-B. The result of this study shows not much significant different in post obturation pain within 72 hours between Obtura-II technique and System-B technique. But there is little edge to System-B over Obtura-II, may be because of inflammation due to heat of warm gutta-percha in the apical tissues. Conclusion: After the comparisons of post obturation pain within 72 hours between groups and after stratification of gender, age groups and location presented in table-4. Gender and age groups were not having effect on post obturation pain. While location of the tooth was having effect on post obturation pain in the first 24 hours of the treatment.

[Najma Sahito, Abdul Qadir Dal, Azizullah Qureshi. A clinical study of the Post Operative Pain after Root Canal Obturation with Obtura-Ii & System-B, Warm Gutta-Percha Techniques. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):11-14]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 3. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.03

Keywords: Obturation techniques, Post obturation pain, Thermoplastic obturation, Root canal filling, Gutta-percha

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Pulsed Versus Continuous Phenytoin Phonophoresis in Accelerating the Burn Wound Healing in Rats

Hussein Yussuf Abu Yassin¹, Adel Abd El Hameed Nossier², Marwa Mahmoud Abd El Motelb Eid² and Ibtissam Mouhammad Saab¹

¹ Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University

²Department of Physical Therapy for Surgery Faculty of Physical Therapy Cairo University, Egypt.

husseinabuyassin@yahoo.comIbtissam.Saab@bau.edu.lb

Abstract: Objective: this study was meant to help physical therapists determine whether phenytoin phonophoresis has better effect than topical application alone on the healing process of the burn wound. Moreover, it is meant to determine whether pulsed or continuous phonophoresis is the best to achieve optimum burn wound care. Procedure: forty five adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study ranging between 10-12 weeks of age, and weighing 200-250g at the start of the experiment. One deep full thickness (third degree) burn wound was induced on the trimmed back of the neck by contact for 10s with 127^oC heated metal stamp, 500mm² in area. The rats were randomly divided into three equal groups; each group included fifteen rats. The pulsed phonophoresis group (PPG) was treated with pulsed ultrasound (I=0.8W/cm² and F=3MHz for 5minutes) and phenytoin, the continuous phonophoresis group (CPG) was treated with continuous ultrasound (I=0.8W/cm² and F=3MHz for 5minutes) and phenytoin, and the control group (CG) received topical phenytoin application with placebo ultrasound. RESULTS: The findings showed significant difference in favor of the continuous phenytoin phonophoresis group (CPG) over the other two groups, i.e. the pulsed phenytoin phonophoresis group (PPG) and the control group (CG). Thus, these results support the suggestion that the application of continuous phenytoin phonophoresis over the burn wound is very effective in accelerating the burn wound healing than topical application of phenytoin or pulsed phenytoin phonophoresis over the burn wound.

[Hussein Yussuf Abu Yassin, Adel Abd El Hameed Nossier, Marwa Mahmoud Abd El MotelbEid and Ibtissam Mouhammad Saab. Pulsed Versus Continuous Phenytoin Phonophoresis in Accelerating the Burn Wound Healing in Rats. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):15-19]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 4. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.04

Keywords: Continuous ultrasound; pulsed ultrasound; phenytoin; phonophoresis.

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Evaluation of the results of management of fracture proximal humerus using locking plate

Hisham Elmowafy, Bahaa Zakarya, Mohamed Saeed

Orthopeadic Surgery Department, Faculty Of Medicine, Menoufyia University, Menoufyia, Egypt

egyptness@hotmail.com

Abstract: Aim of the work: To evaluate the results of using locking plate fixation for proximal humerus fractures. Methods: Functional outcomes of 13 men and 4 women aged 30 to 85 (mean, 57) years who underwent Philos plate fixation for proximal humeral fractures were retrospectively reviewed. Indications for surgery were 2-part (8/17), 3-part (6/17) or 4-part (3/17) closed proximal humeral fractures with angulation of more than 45 degrees or displacement of more than 1 cm. Functional outcomes and shoulder range of movement were assessed based on the Constant scoring system. Results: Patients were followed up for 12 months. Most of the fractures healed satisfactorily (14/17) while (3/17) cases unsatisfactorily. Superficial wound infection was recorded in 2 cases, Avascular necrosis in 2 cases, Shoulder stiffness in 3 cases. Functional outcome were excellent in 4/17 cases, good in 10/17, fair in 1/17 and poor in 2.Conclusion: Locking plate fixation is the treatment of choice for the multi-fragmentary fractures of proximal humerus.

[Hisham Elmowafy, Bahaa Zakarya, Mohamed Saeed. Evaluation of the results of management of fracture proximal humerus using locking plate. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):20-28]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 5. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.05

Key words: Humerus, locking, plate, fracture, philos

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Kazakhstan In The System Of Eurasian Integration

¹Kolbayev Marlen Kapashovich, ¹Alpysov Yermek Amantayevich,

² Kylyshpayeva Bibigul, ² Karabayeva Nazgul

¹Academy of Economics and Law Named after U.Dzholdasbekov, the Republic of Kazakhstan, Taldykorgan city, ²Zhetysu State University named after I. Zhansugurov the Republic of Kazakhstan, Taldykorgan city, 040010, Microrayon 4, house 68, apartment 31, Republic of Kazakhstan, e-mail: make._d_61@mail.ru

Abstract: Kazakhstan in system of the Eurasians integration with justification of its strategic effect by the main components – the institutional basis having special value for successful realization of integration policy. In this article the specification of Customs Union organization in the system of Eurasian integration is disclosed with substantiation of its strategic effect on basic components such as institutional basis, integrations of trade market and capital as well as labour market. Almost any state cannot develop its economy efficiently without taking into account geo-economic tendencies and geopolitical interests. At this time, national management systems are in dynamical integration area, experiencing both positive and negative influences of external challenges: from attraction to various integration processes to common crisis cataclysms, as it has been taking place lately. For many relatively young independent states, which also concern former Soviet republics, integration in the world system of management required to carry out radical changes in its institutional basis, motivational and adaptive mechanisms in various spheres of social and economic life. In this case, the specificity of integration relations organization in Eurasian community is thought to play a significant part, and first of all, in the format of Customs Union with its strategic effect substantiation which is formed by new institutional basis of integration, expansion of the competitive environment as well as goods turnover, and also resource potential, including the field of general labour- market development.

[Kolbayev, M. K., Alpysov, Y. A., Kylyshpayeva, B., Karabayeva, N. Kazakhstan in the system of Eurasian integration. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):29-34]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 6. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.06

Keywords: Customs Union, integration, Kazakhstan, integration potential, unification, strategic effect, natural resources, commodity turnover.

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Effect Of Nutrition Education on Anthropometric and Blood Glucose, Lipid Levels Among Obese Women

Hoda A. Abdelsalam¹, Hala M. Abdelsalam²; Zeinab A. AbdElaal³; Wafaa A. Fahmy⁴; Azza O. L. Saleh⁵

Nutrition and Food Science¹, Clinical Pathology² and Public Health ^3,4, Environmental Medical sciences ⁵, National Nutrition Institute (NNI), Egypt.

Zeinabbas.8@gmail.com

Abstract: Introduction: The prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in Egypt ranges from 74% to 86% in women and 69% to 77% in men. These data indicate a much higher prevalence of obesity among adult women, while overweight is more marked among adult men. One of the debatable issues which cause obesity is the meal frequency. Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of nutritional education and increasing the meal frequency into six or more meals on weight loss and some health markers improvement. Methods: The present pre-post study was conducted on 100 females with BMI of ≥30 aged from 20- 55 years old who are attending obesity outpatient clinic in NNI in a periodof 3 months. Eating behavior was assessed using 24 hours food recall. All subjects were subjected to anthropometric, laboratory measurements in the form of (Fasting, 2 hours postprandial glucose level, Lipid profile which include serum cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein) and dietary education.Afterwards, they were required to have 6 meals per day. In the second visit, all subjects were subjected to anthropometric, laboratory measurements. Results: Increasing the meal frequency and nutritional education led to reduction in BMI, waist circumference, serum FBS, 2hpp, TG, and total Cholesterol, these changes were statistically significant. Despite the decrease in LDL, these changeswere not statistically significant. Conclusion: The increase in the meal frequency and nutrition educationled to reduce in Anthropometric measurements and improvement in serum glucose and lipid profile control.

[Hoda A. Abdelsalam, Hala M. Abdelsalam; Zeinab A. Abd Elaal; Wafaa A. F ahmy; Azza O. L. Saleh. Effect Of Nutrition Education on Anthropometric and Blood Glucose, Lipid Levels Among Obese Women. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):35-39]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 7. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.07

Key Words: Meal frequent; Education; obesity.

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To Study Feasibility of the Generation of Tidal Power Energy at Pakistan Creek Areas

M. Waheed-uz-Zaman, Najeeb Saif

Electrical Engineering Department, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology Islamabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan

mwaheed_06@yahoo.com

Abstract: Generation of Electricity from tidal power energy is a form of pollution free renewable energy which has a lot of prospective. This prospective can be utilized more efficiently in creek areas of Pakistan. There are a number of creeks along the coastal belt of the Sindh. Maximum creek area has 1m-3m tidal rise twice everyday due to this rise and fall the water go in and out of the basin. The width of creek is very narrow, and solid rocks are available locally to give strong foundations. This paper will helpful to build up any tidal power generation plant by using the available data of these areas. The National Institute of Oceanography and Hydrography Department of Pakistan Navy are played an important role to provide the physical data of the creek area of Pakistan.

[M. Waheed-uz-Zaman, Najeeb Saif. To Study Feasibility of the Generation of Tidal Power Energy at Pakistan Creek Areas. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):40-43]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 8. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.08

Keywords: tidal power, creek area, renewable energy

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[J Am Sci 2014;10(10):44-47]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 9.

 Withdrawn

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Study on impact of household environment factors regarding milk storage and wheat powder prepared for feeding infants and some other regular storage flour infested with Suidasia nesbetti

Nada Othman Edrees

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science for Girls, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

nedrees@kau.edu.sa, nada.algalb@hotmail.com, dr_nada_edrees2006@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this study, three types of nutrition intended for infants were selected, treated with storage mites, Suidasia nesbetti were raised in the laboratory in a suitable environment, then culturing 100 mites in each sample and preserving them in different places in each selected kitchen at temperature and humidity varying relatively for a period of six months including autumn and winter. Fifteen houses having the same characteristics were chosen in terms of the region, age of the building, standard of living, the level of hygiene in the house, number of family members which on average was eight members per family home, and the level of health education. The samples were examined after opening directly to make sure of the safety and suitability for the secure feeding, and the examination was conducted periodically, every two weeks after storage to estimate the population dynamics of the mites with increasing duration for storage by one gram of each sample at the various houses and places. The study showed the highest population dynamics of the samples to be stored in Sealed box In Kitchen Cupboard, Kitchen Cupboard, Kitchen Shelf, Fridge, and finally Freezer which showed a significant decrease in population dynamics resulted in a reduction in the activity of reproduction and growth resulting from the lack of the appropriate conditions. The study found the greatest increase in the population dynamics of mites in the milk (M1), followed by (M2) and sweetened wheat powder (P) respectively, causes by the presence of specific factors leading to these differences in the chemical composition of the material, evidenced by the integration of all the environmental conditions for all samples, and the physical examination of the preserved materials a change in the color, smell, agglomeration of the powder (milk powder, sweetened wheat) resulted in a high level of humidity and the chemical reaction for the biological activities of the mites inside the selected materials.

[Nada Othman Edrees. Study on impact of household environment factors regarding milk storage and wheat powder prepared for feeding infants and some other regular storage flour infested with Suidasia nesbetti. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):48-55]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 10. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.10

Keywords: Saudi Arabia Jeddah, Milk, Sweetened Wheat, nutrition of infants, Sealed box, Kitchen, Cupboard, Fridge, Freezer, Population dynamics, species, storage mite, pyroglyphidae, T. putrescentiae, D. pteronyssinus, S.nesbetti,, D. farina

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" Esophagogastroduodenoscopy": Impact of a designed nursing teaching protocol on nurse's performance and patient's outcome

Hanan Abd EL-Razik Abd El- All Mohamad ¹, Zienab Abd El-Lateef Mohamad² and Zain El-Abdeen Ahmed sayed ³

¹Adult Nursing department, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University, Egypt.

²Medical Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University, Egypt.

³Endoscopic gastroenterology center, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt.

karambakheet@yahoo.com

Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess knowledge and practice of nursing staff working in the GI endoscopy center, to determine the nursing intervention for patient undergoing upper endoscopy, then to design a teaching protocol, lastly to evaluate the effect of implementing the protocol on nurse's knowledge, practices. Subjects and methods: Aquasi-experimental research design was conducted to meet the aim of the study; the sample included all convenient nursing staff working with patient undergoing upper endoscopy (30 nurses) and 60 adult patients. This study conducted at GI endoscopy center at Assiut University Hospital. Four tools used for collecting data in the study. Tool one is a pre/post nurses' performance assessment sheet. Tool two destined teaching protocol. Tool three is a patient's nursing need assessment sheet. Tool four is a patient evaluation sheet. Results show a good improvement in the knowledge & practice scores after implementing protocol. A positive correlation between nurse's knowledge and practice scores after implementing protocol. Conclusion of this study illustrated that the implementing of the designed nursing protocol on nurse's knowledge and practice regarding upper endoscopy patients shows a significant improvement in nurses' performance's. Also Improving nurses' knowledge and practice can favorable affect the incidence of patient complication. The study recommended that continued nursing education and in-service training programs in the endoscopic gastroenterology center should be organized regularly and the nurses should use pre, post nursing teaching guidelines according to protocol for caring with patient undergoing upper GI endoscopy.

[Hanan Abd EL-Razik Abd El- All Mohamad, Zienab Abd El-Lateef Mohamad and Zain El-Abdeen Ahmed sayed. "Esophagogastroduodenoscopy": Impact of a designed nursing teaching protocol on nurse's performance and patient's outcome. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):56-65]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 11. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.11

Keywords: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, designed nursing teaching protocol, nurse's performance, patient's outcome

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Impact-resistant Aerial Canopy(parachute)in the development of the power and flexibility of the torso and shoulders for volleyball players

Dr. Suaad Abd Hussein and Dr. Suhad Qasim Saeed

Iraq Baghdad University College of physical Education for Girls Definition OF Research 

dr_suhad@yahoo.com

Abstract: The research aims to identify the impact of Training resistantparachute Aerial torso and shoulders of the volleyball players were the research sample of players Youth Volleyball Club Industrial Sports totaling (10) players also used the researchers experimental approach to the research sample of (8) weeks by (3) training modules in the week after conducting the tests before and after were obtained several conclusions are The emergence of significant differences as a result of resistance exercises Aerial Canopy(parachute) antenna in the tests ( test the strength of the shoulders - test the flexibility of the shoulders - test the strength of the back. did not show significant differences in test flexibility pm The recommendations were : to conduct research exercises resistance Aerial Canopy antenna on other games and comparison between them and the game of volleyball

[Suaad Abd Hussein and Suhad Qasim Saeed. Impact-resistant Aerial Canopy (parachute) in the development of the power and flexibility of the torso and shoulders for volleyball players. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):66-69]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 12. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.12

Key words:Aerial Canopy. Stretching exercises, Volleyball  power. Flexibility, resistant exercises

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Program for physical education lesson with stretching exercises and jump with hope and its impact on the development of the adjectives strength and flexibility and some of the functional capacity of middle schools

Iqbal Abdulhosaen Naama and Huda Badawi Shabib

Iraq Baghdad University College of physical Education Definition OF Research

ayadabd96@yahoo.com

Abstract: The need to employ stretching exercises leaping within the physical education lesson is commensurate with the abilities of the students and take into account individual differences. need to focus on studying physical education and follow the best modern methods of teaching and the process of moving away from the old ways and the monotony and boredom that might be exposed to the students. The need to conduct similar studies on other samples. Program for physical education lesson with stretching exercises and jump hop and its impact on the development of the adjectives strength and flexibility and some of the functional capacity of middle schools. This research aims to identify the effect of exercise stretching and jump with hop in the development of the adjectives strength and flexibility and some of the functional capacity of middle schools have included a sample search on 24 female students from the second grade average in the city of Baghdad were selected random method was the use of the experimental method to design groups equal with measurement of tribal and posttest. The results showed improvement in the experimental group is better than the control group has recommended that researchers need to employ stretching exercises leaping within the physical education lesson is commensurate with the abilities of the students and take into account individual differences.

[Iqbal Abdul Hussein Naama. Huda Badawi Shabib. Program for physical education lesson with stretching exercises and jump with hope and its impact on the development of the adjectives strength and flexibility and some of the functional capacity of middle schools. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):70-76]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 13. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.13

Key words: stretching exercises. Adjectives strength. Flexibility. Functional capacity

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A Novel Approach to Mindfulness (Controlling One's Mental Territory)

By: Mostafa Azghandi

University Lecturer, Department of Humanities, Faculty of Management Studies, Payame Noor University, Iran

Email: mostafa_azghandi@aol.com

Abstract: Mindfulness is a novel concept falling within the field of cognitive psychology. This practical ability is based on employing special cognitive skills which are aimed at raising one's self-awareness, thus leading to personal growth and development. The present paper adopts a different approach to mindfulness by introducing a new concept conceived by the author: the Mental Territory. In this context, mindfulness is the technique of programming the Mental Territory, managing it, and finally taking advantage of the mental remarkable abilities to control the surrounding environment. By harnessing the power of the mind and controlling the mental models, a mindful person has the ability to deal with the challenges posed by fast-paced changes, and can therefore make the best decisions for every situation.

[Mostafa Azghandi. A Novel Approach to Mindfulness (Controlling One's Mental Territory). J Am Sci 2014;10(X):-]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org

Keywords: Mind; Mindfulness; Side effects of technology; Cognitive psychology; Mental models; The brain structure

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Seed dormancy in Cassia fistula Linn. population from Nigeria.

Sadat E. Babalola¹, Olusola O. Shonubi¹ and Olubukanla T. Okusanya^2*

¹Department of Botany, University of Lagos, Akoka-Yaba, Lagos State. Nigeria.

²Applied Biology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State. Nigeria. okusanya41@yahoo.com

Abstract: Seed dormancy in the population of Cassia fistula from Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria was investigated through laboratory experiments with a view to elucidate the best method that can be used to enhance maximum germination of the seeds. The treatments were mechanical scarification, aeration, hot water immersion, chemical methods and a combination of the treatments on seeds of different storage times. Percentage germination, mean germination time and germination rate were calculated at the end of the 20-day experiments. Results showed that mechanical scarification with wood sand paper, hot water immersion and concentrated sulphuric acid were the best treatments that significantly enhanced seed germination. Treatments with aeration, dilute sulphuric acid, 10% and 20% potassium permanganate and copper sulphate solutions did not significantly enhance germination in both the scarified and unscarified seeds. Dormancy in C. fistula appears to be primary exogenous type. The freshly harvested seeds germinated best with germination decreasing with storage time. Mechanical scarification in conjunction with either hot water immersion or concentrated sulphuric acid scarification are the most efficient methods for rapid and uniform germination of C. fistula seeds for use in afforestation, landscaping and pharmacological programmes in Nigeria.

[Babalola SE, Shonubi OO, Okusanya OT. Seed dormancy in Cassia fistula Linn population from Nigeria. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):85-93]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 15. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.15

Keywords: Cassia fistula; dormancy; germination; Nigeria; scarification.

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Introduction of a combined approach to retrieve a displaced maxillary third molar from the infra-temporal fossa complicating a mismanaged facial pain: A case report

Ehab Helmi Ghali¹ (MB.ChB., BDS, MS, MD, PhD) and Mohamad Nageeb Hassan² (BDS, MSc)

1 Lecturer of Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Egypt.

 ² Oral and Maxillofacial Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Egypt.

drehabghali@yahoo.ca

Abstract: Proper diagnosis based on sound investigations is the key for a successful treatment. Meanwhile, treatment plans should be prepared accurately, and designed according to each individual case. The presented case could be an example of how far a wrong diagnosis and mismanagement can lead to a shift in the treatment plan, from a simple conservative treatment to a complicated and risky one. It describes a mismanaged facial pain, at the area of the right temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ), that eventually lead to exposing the patient to a risky operation under general anesthesia. A maxillary third molar, that was wrongly attributed to be the cause for the facial pain, was displaced upward and backward into the infra-temporal fossa (ITF) during an attempt for its extraction. An operation to retrieve the displaced tooth from the ITF was then a mandate. The operation was planned based on accurate determination of the position of the tooth, guided by interpreting a Pan-ortho-tomogram (OPG) and axial and coronal cuts of Computed Tomography (CT) scan. The intraoral approach to this risky skull base potential space was tried up to its limits. Further, an extra-oral pre-auricular incision with temporal extension was added to the intraoral one. The combined approach allowed reaching the tooth and retrieving it safely.

[Ghali, E.H. and Hassan, M.N. Mismanaged facial pain that necessitated the use of a combined approach to retrieve a displaced maxillary third molar from the infra-temporal fossa: A case report. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):94-98]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 16. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.16

Keywords: displaced impacted maxillary third molar, infra-temporal fossa (ITF), causes of facial pain, temporo-mandibular joint dysfunction (TMD).

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Role of Estrogen Receptors Protein Expression in Pleomorphic Adenoma and Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of Salivary Glands

Hamdy Metwaly

Associate Professor of Oral Pathology, Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt. hamdym31@yahoo.com

Abstract: Estrogen receptors (ERs) expression has been studied in salivary gland tumors, however, there are conflicting results regarding its expression in the literatures. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of estrogen receptors protein (ERs) in pleomorphic adenoma (PA) and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) of salivary glands using immunohistochemistry. 35 cases of intraoral minor salivary glands tumors including 20 cases of MEC and 15 cases of (PA) were examined by a light microscope and immunohistochemistry for (ERs) expression. Five cases of normal salivary glands or of normal salivary gland tissues adjacent to the tumor were also used as control. A positive brownish staining of ERs was observed in ductal cells of normal salivary gland tissues. In MEC the expression of ERs was detected in tumor cells in 10 cases out of 20 (50%). The staining was either nuclear or cytoplasmic. The positive staining was strong (+++) in 4 cases (20%), moderate (++) in 4 cases (20%) and weak (+) in 2 cases (10%). Negative staining of ERs was detected in 10 cases (50%) of MEC. All cases of PA showed negative staining for ERs. This result indicated that ERs is not frequently expressed in salivary gland tumors and it may have a role in pathogenesis of MEC, but it does not play any significant role in tumorgenises of salivary gland PA.

[Metwaly H. Role of Estrogen Receptors Protein Expression in Pleomorphic Adenoma and Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of Salivary Glands. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):99-104]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 17. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.17

Keywords: Immunohistochemistry, Estrogen receptors, Mucoepidermoid carcinoma, Pleomorphic adenoma

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Biomarkers assay for identification and prediction of flare in patients with Systemic lupus Erythematosus

Nashwa Noreldin¹ Samah elshweek¹ and Mohamed M. Attia ²

¹Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tanta, Tanta, Egypt

² Department of clinical pathology, College of Medicine, University of Tanta, Tanta, Egypt

nashwanor@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background/Aim: There is no reliable laboratory test to predict the beginning or the end of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM1) is a new promising marker of SLE activity The aim of this work is to study sVCAM1 in SLE patients and to copmare with other traditional markers. Methods: Thirty SLE patients divided according SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) into 20 SLE patients with active disease had SLEDAI above 5 (group I) and 10 SLE patients with inactive disease had SLEDAI   less than 5 (group II) were compared versus 10 controls (group III) regarding Anti ds-DNA antibodies, Complement 3 (C3) & Complement 4 (C4) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM1). All markers and disease activity index SLEDAI score, C3, C4, sVCAM1 & Anti-ds DNA levels were measured 3 times over 6 months ,at the beginning (the baseline measurement ) and 3 and 6 months after joining the study. Results: Anti ds DNA and sVCAM1 were significantly increased while serum levels of C3 & C4 were significantly decreased in group I compared to group II and III .There was significant positive correlation between SLEDAI score and   Anti ds DNA and sVCAM1 in groups I and II.  Also there was significant negative correlation between SLEDAI score and serum levels of C3 & C4 in group I but not in group II. At the end of the follow up visits, patients were classified into two subgroups according to SLEDAI score: score less than or equal 5 (inactive group) and score more than 5 (active group). At the end of the follow up visits, patients were classified into two subgroups according to SLEDAI score: score less than or equal 5 (9 patients) and score more than 5 (7 patients). The statistical analysis between the two groups showed that the serum levels of  Anti ds DNA was insignificantly lower in the inactive group while C4 levels were insignificantly higher. On the other hand, sVCAM1 was significantly lower in the inactive group while C3 levels were significantly higher. Conclusion: sVCAM1 is important laboratory parameters for assessing disease activity especially in patients with anti-dsDNA negative. Serial estimation of these serological markers helps  in predicting  lupus flare during follow up.

[Nashwa Noreldin, Samah elshweek and Mohamed M. Attia. Biomarkers assay for identification and prediction of flare in patients with Systemic lupus Erythematosus. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):105-111]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 18. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.18

Key words: systemic lupus erythematosis, sVCAM1, Anti ds DNA, C3, C4.

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Source Rock Evaluation of the Late Triassic – Jurassic Sediments at Wadi Bih and Wadi Milaha, UAE

¹Mostafa.Lotfy and ²Esam Abd El-Gawad

¹Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI) , Egypt.

²Head Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University, Egypt.

mostafa_lotfy61@yahoo.com

Abstract: Sedimentary rock samples from Late Triassic – Jurassic Formations at Wadi El Bih and Wadi Milaha in the northern part of the UAE have been analyzed using various geochemical methods in order to decipher their organic signature. Examination of the distribution of total organic carbon (TOC) at Milaha Formation (0.07wt% –2.60 wt%) with average 0.82 wt%, Ghalilah formation (0.04wt% - 0.22 wt%) with average 0.11 wt%, and Musundam Formation (0.05 wt% - 7.70wt%) with average 0.73 suggests that the petroleum potential of the Late Triassic – Jurassic Formations should be taken into consideration. The Late Triassic - Jurassic episodes permitted the accumulation of organic matter, which is typically shallow carbonate plateform as indicated by the unimodal distribution of N-alkane. It is concluded that the organic matter of the Late Triassic - Jurassic is marginally mature, as indicated by the high content of (0.01% – 0.1%) in bitumen, suggesting that the organic matter has been maturedat the beginning of catagenesis. These new results testify to the establishment of suboxic conditions that led to the accumulation and preservation of good quantities of organic matter in the northern part of UAE. However, the results of pyrolysis-gas chromatographic analyses showed that the organic matter of the Late Triassic - Jurassic Formations is rich in sulphur compounds. The presence of sulphur-rich kerogen resulted in the early generation of hydrocarbons from this unit. The results of multi-step Py-GC analyses indicated that the composition of hydrocarbons generated in these two carbonate source rocks will be different, particularly during the early stages of maturation. The Late Triassic – Jurassic sediments could generate mature oil (effective source rock) whereas the Jurassic deposites could only generate oil if subjected to high thermal maturity (relic effective source rock). Based on the obtained results, the Late Triassic – Jurassic sequence has a source organic facies in the northern part of UAE.

[Mostafa.Lotfy and Esam Abd El-Gawad. Source Rock Evaluation of the Late Triassic – Jurassic Sediments at Wadi Bih and Wadi Milaha, UAE. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):112-121]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 19. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.19

Key words: Source Rock, TOC, Bitumen, gas chromatography, Jurassic, UAE

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A Comparative Study Between Manual Small Incision Cataract Surgery, Planned Extracapsular Cataract Extraction and Phacoemulsification In Mature Cataract Cases

Gamal Mostafa Abo El Maaty, Mohamed Elmoddather, Ashraf Mohamed Gad Elkareem, Hassan Shamselden Yousef

Ophthalmology department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar university, Assuit, Egypt.

moddatheryym1@yahoo.com

Abstract: Aim of the work: To compare the surgically induced astigmatism, financial cost, intraoperative difficulties and complications and postoperative complications and visual outcome of manual sutureless small-incision cataract surgery (SICS), planned extracapsular cataract extraction and phacoemulsification. Design: Prospective, randomized comparison of 60 consecutive patients with mature cataracts. Methods: Sixty consecutive patients with mature cataracts were assigned randomly to receive either MSSICS, planned extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) and phacoemulsification. Intervention Cataract surgery with implantation of intraocular lens. Measures: Operative time and coast, surgical complications, uncorrected and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), surgically induced astigmatism. Results: these surgical techniques achieved excellent surgical outcomes with low complication rates. On postoperative day 1, the groups had comparable uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) (P _ 0.185) and the MSSICS group had least corneal edema (P _ 0.0038). At six months, 92% of the MSSICS patients had UCVA of 20/60 or better and 98% had a best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of20/60 or better vs 85% of patients with UCVA of 20/60or better and 98% of patients with BCVA of 20/60 or better at six months in the phaco group (P _ 0.30).Surgical time for SICS was much shorter than that for phacoemulsification (P <.0001). Conclusion: MSSICS, planned ECCE and phacoemulsification achieved excellent visual outcomes with low complication rates ECCE is significantly faster, less expensive, and less technology dependent than MSSICS and phacoemulsification but with higher surgically induced astigmatism than MSSICS and phaco.MSSICS may be the more appropriate surgical procedure for the treatment of mature cataracts in the 3^rd world countries.

[Gamal Mostafa Abo El Maaty, Mohamed Elmoddather, Ashraf Mohamed Gad Elkareem, Hassan Shamselden Yousef. A Comparative Study Between Manual Small Incision Cataract Surgery, Planned Extracapsular Cataract Extractionand Phacoemulsification In Mature Cataract Cases. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):122-126]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 20. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.20

Key Words: MSICS, Planned Extracapsular Cataract Extraction, Phacoemulsification, Mature Cataract.

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A Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis studies during the induction of embryogenesis in date palm (Phoenix dectylifera L.) cv. Gundila

El-ghayaty, S.H.¹, Abdrabboh, G.A.¹, El-banna, A.³, Mohamed, S.F.¹ and El-feky, F.A.²

¹-Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

 ²- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

³- Head of Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt

Gabdrabboh65@yahoo.com

 Abstract: A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study during the induction of embryogenesis from cell suspension culture of (Phoenix dectylifera L.) cv. Gundila showed that somatic embryogenesis had different developmental stages such as embryo with globular shape as the first stage of somatic embryogenesis followed by torpedo shape as the second stage and finally matured embryo as the third stage in comparison with zygotic embryo. Results from Energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis (EDX) during induction of embryogenesis showed no differences between mature somatic and zygotic embryos in C, O, N, K, Na, Cl, and Zn elements accumulation while there was difference in Al, Ca and Cu accumulation obtained for both mature somatic and zygotic embryo. So we suggest that Energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis (EDX) can be used as signal marker to distinguish between somatic embryo stages.

[El-ghayaty, S.H., Abdrabboh, G.A., El-banna, A., Mohamed, S.F. and El-fiki, F.A. A Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis study during the induction of embryogenesis in date palm (Phoenix dectylifera L.) cv. Gundila. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):127-133]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 21. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.21

Key Words: Date palm, cell suspension culture, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis, somatic embryo, zygotic embryo, cv. gundila

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Protective Role of Ginger on the Induced Diabetic Retinopathy in Adult Albino Rats

Manar A. Faried, Fouad K. Mansour, Ahmed S. Zolfakar and Wael B. El-Kholy

Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt.

wael_elkholy71@yahoo.com

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global epidemic disease and the alarming increase in its prevalence is one of the major challenges to modern health care. Therefore, with a rapid increase in the prevalence of DM, ocular complications have become a leading cause of loss of vision in the world. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common complication in diabetic patients. Although it has long been considered a microvascular disease and that the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) breakdown is a hallmark of this disease, DR has also recently been viewed as a neurodegenerative disease of the retina. Therefore, this study was carried out, for the first time, to throw more light on the role of ginger extract on the retinal complications in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced rat model of DM including its effect on both caspase-3 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expressions. Diabetes was induced via a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (50mg/kg body weight) and ginger was administered orally (500mg/kg body weight daily). Animals were sacrificed 4^th, 6^th & 8^th week after induction of DM. Body weight, blood glucose level, and glycated haemoglobin were measured. Retinal specimens were subjected to histological (both light and electron microscopic), histochemical, immunohistochemical and quantitative studies. It was found that caspase-3 & VEGF have played a pivotal role in the damaging effect of the DR induced by STZ and that ginger supplementation considerably mitigates these damaging effects.

[Manar A. Faried, Fouad K. Mansour, Ahmed S. Zolfakar, Wael B. El-Kholy. Protective Role of Ginger on the Induced Diabetic Retinopathy in Adult Albino Rats. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):134-152]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 22. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.22

Key words: Diabetic retinopathy-Ginger-Caspase-3-VEGF

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Evaluation of Central Macular Thickness Changes after Uncomplicated Phacoemulsification in Diabetic Patients

Mohamed Khedr M.

Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine –AL-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

mkhedabdo@hotmail.co.uk

Abstract: Purpose of the study: To study the changes that occur after uncomplicated phacoemulsification on central macular thickness in diabetic and non diabetic patients and its effect on visual outcome by comparing the results of both. Patients and Methods: Fifty eyes for 47 patients were included in this study divided into two groups. Group 1 includes 25 eyes for 22 diabetic patients and Group 2 includes 25 eyes for 25 non diabetic patients, all eyes underwent phacoemulsification. Central macular thickness measured preoperative and one week postoperative for all patients, also visual acuity and fundus assessed preoperative and one week postoperative. Results: There was no significant difference (P= 0.0134) between two groups regarding preoperative central macular thickness. in group (1) CMT. 201.84±2.02mm and group (2) was 193.4 ± 2.49mm while postoperative central macular thickness in group (1) 215.72± 3.4 mm while in group (2) 199.7± 2.4 mm and P value was highly significant where P=0.0003. Conclusion: The study shows that postoperative central macular thickness increases in non diabetic patients after uncomplicated phacoemulsification but in small percentage and never reach to CSME while in diabetic patients the percentage more than non diabetic and the thickness also more specially in patients with diabetic maculopathy preoperative.

[Mohamed Khedr M. Evaluation of Central Macular Thickness Changes after Uncomplicated Phacoemulsification in Diabetic Patients. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):153-156]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 23. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.23

Keywords: clinically significant macular edema; maculae thickness; phacoemulsification; optical coherence tomography.

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Multiplex PCR as emerging technique for diagnosis of enterotoxigenic E. coli isolates from pediatric watery diarrhea.

Mohamed O. Abdel-Monem^1*, Eman A. Mohamed², Elham T. Awad³, Abdel-Hafiz M. Ramadan⁴ and Hanady A. Mahmoud⁵.

¹ Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Egypt

² Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Egypt

⁴ Microbiology and Immunology Department, Shebin El koom Teaching Hospital.,Egypt

⁴Pediatric Department, Shebin El Koom Teaching Hospital, Egypt

⁵ Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azahar University, Egypt

momonem2003@yahoo.com

Abstract Diarrhea continues to be one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality among travelers and residents of developing countries especially infants and children. The aim of this study was to isolate E. coli from cases of diarrhea in children. A case-control study was conducted in 150 samples from children younger than fifteen years of age in Egypt (135 cases and 15 controls). Diagnosis of infection with this subclass of E. coli can be performed with conventional biochemical reactions and API 20E system. 87 bacterial isolates (E coli), 22 isolates (Klebsiella spp), 4 isolates (Serratia marcescens), Enterobacter spp (3 isolates) and 9 isolates (non lactose fermentation species) were obtained. There is significant effect between age groups and the percentage of isolated species (P > 0.05) but there is no significance for sex, fever and duration of diarrhea and isolates from each species (P < 0.05). The presence of genes encoding a heat-labile toxin (LT) and a heat-stable toxin (ST) was detected in fifty E. coli isolates by multiplex PCR. The result showed that, seventeen (34%) enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) strains were found. Ten strains (20%) expressed ST, two (4%) expressed LT and five (10%) expressed LT&ST. This study supports the fact that ETEC is still a major cause of childhood diarrhea in Egypt, and that measures to prevent such infections are needed in developing countries.

[Mohamed O. Abdel-Monem, Eman A. Mohamed, Elham T. Awad, Abdel-Hafiz M. Ramadan and Hanady A. Mahmoud. Multiplex PCR as emerging technique for diagnosis of enterotoxigenic E. coli isolates from pediatric watery diarrhea. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):157-164]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 24. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.24

Keywords: Watery diarrhea, Enterotoxigenic E. coli, Pediatric, Multiplex PCR.

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Electrochemical behavior of self-ordered titania nanotubes prepared by anodization as

a promising material for biomedical applications.

Al-Swayih A. A.

Dep. of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nora Bint Abdul Rahman University, Saudi Arabia

E-mail: aswayih@yahoo.com

Abstract: Nanotube oxide layer formation was achieved from biomedical titanium using anodization technique in 1 M H₃PO₄ + 0.8 wt.% NaF. The effect of anodization time and potential was studied. The nanotubes surface was characterized using SEM, and the electrochemical behavior was investigated employing open circuit potential, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization measurements in Hank's solution. The results indicate that there is a minimum potential required for the formation of titanium nanotubes. The oxide nanotubes length and diameter vary with anodization potential, leading to a different electrochemical behavior in Hank's solution. The titanium oxide nanotube formed at 20 V has the lower I_corr and higher E_corr, which indicates the best stability in Hank's solution. On the other hand, the duration of anodization process up to 2 hour doesn't have a pronounced effect on the surface morphology, but it can change the stability of titanium oxide nanotubes, which was indicated by the electrochemical parameters. This effect can be attributed to the rate of the dissolution reaction occurring at the titanium oxide nanotube surface in Hank's solution.

[A. A. Al-Swayih. Electrochemical behavior of self-ordered titania nanotubes prepared by anodization: A promising material for biomedical applications. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):165-173]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 25. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.25

Key words: Biomaterials – nanostructures - electrochemical properties - corrosion test.

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Evaluation of adaptive cognitive function in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Using Functional Transcranial Doppler

Fathy Afifi, Hassan Kawashti, Khalid Sobh, Amir Abdelghaffar, Abdel-Hamid Seiam and Mohammad Aboulwafa

Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo

seiam.ahr@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: Functional Transcranial Doppler (fTCD) is an efficient reliable method for detecting cerebral lateralization; however very few studies were interested in its application in multiple sclerosis (MS) clinical settings. Objective: Our purpose was to investigate whether lateralization index for language is altered in multiple sclerosis patients using fTCD and its relation to adaptive cognitive functions. Methods: The study recruited 20 multiple sclerosis patients and 20 healthy control subjects matched for age, sex and handedness. Using fTCD lateralization index for language was calculated in both groups. To assess clinical disabilities due to MS, we used Multiple Sclerosis Function Composite (MSFC), Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI). Results: Multiple sclerosis patients showed more bilateral activation for language tasks compared to controls (P < 0.001). Lateralization index in patients showed high significant correlation with the disease duration (P value < 0.01). Functional TCD lateralization index revealed a significant correlation with the PASAT scores (P value <0.05), however it showed no correlation Timed Waked Test TWT or the nine Hole Peg Test (9HPT). In addition there was no significant correlation of fTCD lateralization index with either the EDSS or the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory scores. Conclusion: Functional transcranial Doppler should be more entertained in investigating cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis patients. It may offer a future promising tool for diagnosing and following up treatment and rehabilitation effects.

[Fathy Afifi, Hassan Kawashti, Khalid Sobh, Amir Abdelghaffar, Abdel-Hamid Seiam and Mohammad Aboulwafa. Evaluation of adaptive cognitive function in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Using Functional Transcranial Doppler. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):174-178]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 26. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.26

Key Words: Multiple Sclerosis; Functional Transcranial Doppler; Handedness; Language.

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Nanotechnology and its Role in the Treatment of Induced Periodontitis (Experimental Study)

Olfat M. Gab Allah ¹, Heba M. El Tokhey¹. Mona A. Abd-Elmotelb¹ Hoda M. El-Guindy², Reda G. Slaeh¹

^1, Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University

² Periodontology, Oral Diagnosis & Radiology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University,

eltokheyheba@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Nanotechnology is emerging as a rapidly growing field with its application in science and technology for the purpose of manufacturing new materials at the nanoscale level. Application of such field in dentistry and periodontitis in particular may have a great potential in the regeneration of tooth supporting structure as the chronic periodontitis is one of the problems affect a major part of the world population. The aim of current study: was to regenerate periodontal tissue defect using hydroxyapatite nano particles (HANP) and compare its regenerative potentiality with autogenous bone graft (ABG). Material and Methods: Chronic periodontitis was induced in twenty seven, 13–16 months old Beagle dogs. After one month of inducing chronic periodontitis, the animals were distributed randomly into equally three groups: Group I (conventional group): Treated with open flap debridement. Group II (ABG group): Treated with open flap debridement and ABG. Group III (HANP group): Treated with open flap debridement and HANP. Three dogs in each group were sacrificed with overdose of Phenobarbital sodium salt at day 1 and at 6^th & 12th weeks after the surgical procedures. Then the specimens were processed for subsequent histologically by H&E and immunohistochemically by Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) antibody and Collagen -1 (Col-1) antibody. Results: At day one after surgical procedure all animals showed signs of gingival inflammation, apical migration of attachment epithelium and destruction of the periodontuim. In group I, after 6 and 12 weeks, the signs of degenerative changes of periodontium became less. Nevertheless, the signs of complete periodontium regeneration were not clearly seen. While treatment with surgical conventional procedure and ABG showed successful tissue regeneration which became more advanced in animal treated with both conventional procedures and HANP. The immunohistochemical & statistical results confirmed these histological findings. As Tukey’s post hoc test for both MMP9 and CO-I intensity revealed that the difference between each two groups was statistically significant, except for the difference between group II and group III at the 6^th and 12^th weeks and between all groups at the day one. Conclusion: There was no notable difference between the healing effect of HANP and the ABG which considered the gold standard osseous graft material providing a promising insight into the application of nanotechnology in the periodontal diseases management.

[Olfat M. Gab Allah, Heba M. El Tokhey. Mona A. Abd-Elmotelb, Hoda M. El-Guindy and Reda G. Slaeh. Nanotechnology and its Role in the Treatment of Induced Periodontitis (Experimental Study). J Am Sci 2014;10(10):179-195]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 27. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.27

Keywords: Periodontits, Periodontal regeneration, Dog. nanotechnology Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, Autogenous bone graft.

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Fabrication and Characterizations of Mg/SiC Composite Via Compo-Casting Technique

Amir A. Mahdy

Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum Engineering Department, Al- Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

amirmahdy@gmail.com

Abstract: The present work deals with applying compo-casting technique for fabrication of magnesium matrix composite under an inert gas atmosphere. A 15 Micrometer average diameter size of -SiC particulate was used as a reinforcement material with different volume fractions. The effect of processing technique on SiC distribution within alloy matrix was investigated using light optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. Also, microstructural characterization studies conducted on the composites produced by compo-casting technique revealed a uniform distribution of SiC particulates (at the microscopic scale) and less porosity content. The mechanical properties of pure Mg and Mg-SiC composites have been evaluated. The results show a remarkable increasing in hardness value, tensile strength and 0.2% yielding strength. The increasing in overall mechanical properties revealed to SiC addition to base matrix. However, it is also evident that the strain to failure significantly decreased as the volume fraction of the particulate increased. Also, a good bonding between Mg matrix and SiC reinforcement material was observed in fracture surface SEM micrograph.

[Amir A. Mahdy. Fabrication and Characterizations of Mg/SiC Composite Via Compo-Casting Technique. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):196-202]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 28. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.28

Keywords: Metal–matrix composite; stirring process; compo-casting; particulate reinforcements; mechanical properties.

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Evaluation of Management of Unstable intertrochantric Fractures oF The Femur By Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty In The Elderly

Hesham Fathy, Bahaa Zakarya, and Mohamed Attia

Orthopeadic Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufyia University, Menoufyia, Egypt

dr_mohamedattia@yahoo.com

Abstract: Aim of the work: to evaluate clinical and radiological outcome after treating twenty patients having unstable intertrochanteric fracture femur by Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty. Methods: In this study; the method divided into preoperative planning, operative technique, post-operative management and follow up. Patient selection: Age: 55 years old or older, Radiological diagnosis of an unstable intertrochanteric femoral fracture. Type of the fracture According to AO classification.31-A1.3, 31-A2.1, 31-A2.2& 31-A2.3 Osteoporosis According to Singh index grade 4, 3, 2 and 1 are included in our study. So X ray to the neck of the opposite side femur was done for assessment of the bone quality of the patient. Surgical approach and positioning Lateral (modified Harding) approach was used in all patients with the patients in the lateral decubitus. The pelvis in rigidly immobilized and the limb draped separately. Functional outcomes (pain, activities, gait and range of motion) were assessed based on the Harris hip scoring system. Results: all patients were 55years old or above. Follow up period ranged from 2 weeks to 6 months. 16 patients out of 20 have completed the follow up period.: at last follow up, the Harris Hip Score ranged from 93 to 72 with a mean value about 82.5. Intra-operative Fracture (case 13): during application of the femoral stem an inta-operative fracture of the femur has been occurred which was fixed using cerclage wire. One patient has developed deep infection two weeks postoperatively. Haematemesis(case 5): in the same day after operation the patient developed haematemsis from bleeding stress ulcer. Conclusion: Hemiarthroplasty using bipolar prostheses for the unstable intertrochanteric fractures of the femur in elderly has good clinical results; early post-operative ambulation with no post-operative DVT, chest infection nor bed sores. This will have a direct effect on the general condition and the post-operative rehabilitation.

[Hesham fathy, Bahaa Zakarya, and Mohamed Attia. Evaluation Of Management Of Unstable intertrochantric Fractures OF The Femur By Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty In The Elderly. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):203-210]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 29. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.29

Key words: Femur, unstable, intertrochantric, fracture, Bipolar, Hemiarthroplasty

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Acyl carnitine and Amino Acids Profile in Biliary Atresia versus Cholestasis in Paediatric Patients; Comparative Study.

Ahmed A Raouf¹, Mohamed A El Gendy³, Hatem M El Sebaay², Ashraf Y El-Fert¹ and Israa M Ismail¹

¹Clinical Biochemistry Department, National Liver Institute, Minoufia University, Egypt.

²Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minoufia University, Egypt

³Pediatric Department, National Liver Institute, Minoufia University, Egypt

Israataher@ymail.com

Abstract: Rheumatoid arthritis affects ~1% of the adult population; and cardiovascular disease complications are the common cause of death. Search for markers to predict occurrence or severity of cardiovascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis is very important. We intended to measure the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α in rheumatoid arthritis and correlate it with cardiovascular disease development. One hundred patients with rheumatoid arthritis were included and all subjected to full history taking, clinical examination, and laboratory investigations. Diagnosis of cardiac disease was done by stress electrocardiogram, Echocardiography or resting trans-thoracic echocardiography and color Doppler). Finally tumor necrosis factor-α was measured. Results: Cardiovascular disease was reported in 88% of cases; there was significant increase of Tumor necrosis factor in cases rheumatoid arthritis with cardiovascular disease when compared to those without (27.26±9.06 vs 13.79±4.98 respectively). In addition, there was significant increase of cases with high TNF in RA cases with CVD when compared to cases without CVD (79.5% vs 16.7% respectively, p < 0.001). Furthermore, 81.4% of carotid atherosclerosis cases had higher TNF alpha. In addition, 73.5% of heart failure cases, 76.7% of valvular affection, 73.3% of ischemic heart disease cases; 61.5% of pericardial effusion cases; all cases with pulmonary hypertension and 80.0% of cardiomyopathy cases had higher TNF alpha. Conclusion: TNF-α was found in a higher concentration in RA with CAD when studied collectively or when study each disease individually. Thus, there is a relation between TNF-α and development of CAD in RA patients. TNF-α thus can be used as a predictor of CAD development in RA patients or as follow up marker denoting the efficacy of therapy.

[Saad M. Alzokm, Aly R. Ibrahim, Tarek Nasrallah and Mohammed Sayed Bashandi. Correlation between TNF-alpha and cardiovascular complication in RA patients. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):211-221]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 30. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.30

Keywords: Biliary Atresia, Neonatal Cholestasis, Amino acids, Acylcarnitin

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Formulation and Evaluation of Palatable Orodispersible Tablets of Amoxicillin Trihydrate Suitable for Pediatric Use

¹Nahla Sameh^*, ^2,3Ahmed Khames, ⁴Sadia A. Tayel.

¹Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Egypt.

² Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Egypt

³Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, KSA,

⁴Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt.

sokar1100@yahoo.com

Abstract: Objective: To formulate orally disintegrating tablets (ODT) of Amoxicillin Trihydrate (AMT) suitable for pediatric use to combine the advantages of easy use, accurate dosing in a stable dosage form. Method: ODT were prepared by direct compression using Ac-Di-Sol, Sodium starch glycolate, Polyplasdone and Pharmaburst as superdisintegrants at different concentrations. Mannitol was added as diluent in all prepared ODT formulae except Pharmaburst based formula. The prepared tablets were evaluated for drug content, weight variation, hardness, friability, water absorption rate, and wetting time. In vitro/vivo disintegration time was estimated. In-vitro dissolution behavior of AMT from the prepared ODT at both salivary and gastric conditions was investigated. Finally; taste evaluation of the prepared ODTs was applied on healthy human volunteers. Result: All formulation blends showed good flow properties, uniform thickness, diameter, weight and good mechanical resistance and breaking strength. The wetting time was in the range of 90 to 43sec and absorption ratio range from 120.71 to 153.4. Polyplasdone and Pharmaburst based ODT formulae showed the shortest disintegrating time (44 and 45 sec respectively), disintegration in buccal cavity was between 22 and 60sec. Regarding dissolution results, F8 and F10 showed the highest dissolution rate (66.35% and 67.97% respectively) within 30 minutes in phosphate buffer pH 6.8. In 0.1N HCl, the percentage of drug released was more than 85% within 30 minutes from all prepared ODT formulae. Formulae 8, 9 and 10 showed the highest dissolution (AMT released reached 100% within 15 minutes). Conclusion: Depending on the previous results it can be concluded that the proposed ODT formulae of AMT are suitable and efficient substituent for the commonly marketed suspension for pediatric use.

[Nahla Sameh, Ahmed Khames, and Sadia A. Tayel. Formulation and Evaluation of Palatable Orodispersible Tablets of Amoxicillin Trihydrate Suitable for Pediatric Use. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):222-229]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 31. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.31

Keywords:Amoxicillin Trihydrate, Superdisintegrants, Direct compression, Orodispersible tablets.

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Platelet Count/Spleen Diameter Ratio, as a Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Esophageal Varices in Egyptian Patients with Liver Cirrhosis

Khaled El-Mola¹, Hesham Alshabrawy³, Mohamed Salah² and Al sayed M. Rashed²

¹Tropical Medicine Department and²Internal Medicine Department Al-Azhar Faculty of Medicine and ³Hepatology Department Ahmad Maher Teaching Hospital

Heshamalshabrawy64@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding associated to esophageal varices is the most dramatic complication of cirrhosis. It is recommended screening every cirrhotic for esophageal varices with endoscopy. Aim of the work:-The objective of this study was to investigate the PC/SD ratio as a predictor of the presence and absence of esophageal varices in Egyptian patients with liver cirrhosis. Patients and methods:-One hundred and twenty five cirrhotic patients were included from the Hepatology department; Al-Azhar Faculty of Medicine and Ahmed Maher Hospital during the period from June 2011 till Feb. 2012. The diagnosis of hepatic cirrhosis by physical, biochemical, and imaging examinations, and confirmed by histological examination of Tru-cut needle-isolated liver biopsy. Once the patients were included in the study, a complete medical history was taken, medical examination was performed and biochemical parameters were measured. Results: - Comparison between cases with EV and those without EV was presented in table 2; and results showed that, age was significantly increased in cases with EV [50.32±5.26 vs. 44.51±4.38]. In addition, hepatic encephalopathy and ascites were significantly increased in cases with EV [25.6%, 47.7% vs. 7.7%, 28.2% respectively]. Cases with EV had higher grades of child Pugh scoring, low platelet count [117711.50±16529.65 vs. 205905.89±27809.35], high Pugh score [9.29±2.78 vs. 6.53±1.87], high spleen diameter [158.09±11.20 vs. 145.79±7.82], and low PC/SD ratio [751.71±138.30 vs. 1421.21±239.27]. Running ROC curve, it was found that, the test had a good diagnostic accuracy [AUC= 0.99]; the best cutoff value was 976.0 with sensitivity of 99.3% and specificity of 97.4%. Conclusion:-The PC/SD ratio is an accurate method for prediction of EV in cirrhotic patients and it can substitute it or at least can be used as a useful noninvasive method for identifying patients with esophageal varices and thereby may help reduce the number of unnecessary endoscopies

[Khaled El-Mola, Hesham Alshabrawy, Mohamed Salah and Al sayed M. Rashed. Platelet Count/Spleen Diameter Ratio, as a Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Esophageal Varices in Egyptian Patients with Liver Cirrhosis. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):230-234]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 32. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.32

Keywords:Platelet count, spleen diameter ratio,esophageal varices; liver cirrhosis and Egyptian patients

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Mechanisms of Resistance to Antibiotics in Escherichia Coli from Patients with Urinary Tract Infections in Egypt

Jakline Nelson*¹, Ahmed Abdlelaziz², Tarek Elbanna², Hassan Nagiub³, Sameh Abdel Ghani⁴

¹ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef, Egypt

² Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta- University, Egypt

⁴ Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt

⁵Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Egypt

jaklinenelson@yahoo.com

Abstract: Urinary tract infections considered as the most public Infectious diseases in the world. Escherichia coli are the most public Gram negative bacteria which causes of both community-acquired and nosocomial transmitted UTIs. Methodology: In present study, a total of one hundred and fifty of urine samples collected from children aged from one month to fourteen years old of urinary tract infection, and after the Positive cultures about fifty isolates were identified as E.coli. The mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics in E.coli isolates were evaluated by using the antibiotic susceptibility and the MIC which were determined through standard disk diffusion method and E-test strips; respectively. Results: The resulted antibiogram patterns of the isolates showed that many resistant strains possessed resistance to different group of antibiotics such as β-lactams, sulpha drugs, and quinolones. Genotypic determinations of the above resistance were done resulted in presence of TEM, SHV, CTX-M, Sul-1 and Gyr-A mediated genes. Conclusion: in this study concluded mandatory surveillance is recommended to be extended to include the community UTIs to allow gaining a better understanding of ESBL (Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases) producing E.coli. And the Monitoring of antimicrobial resistance is necessary to avoid treatment failure in patients with urinary tract infections.

[Jakline Nelson, Ahmed Abdlelaziz, Tarek Elbanna, Hassan Nagiub, Sameh Abdel Ghani. Mechanisms of Resistance to Antibiotics in Escherichia Coli from Patients with Urinary Tract Infections in Egypt. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):235-239]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 33. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.33

Key words: urinary tract infection, Escherichia coli, β-lactamase resistance, antibiotic susceptibility

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Implementation of Differential Chaos Shift Keying Communication System Using Matlab-Simulink

Mohammed N. Majeed

Department of Communication Engineering, Al-Mamon University, Baghdad 10001, Iraq

Abstract: Spread spectrum communications have increased interest due to their immunity to channel fading and low probability of intercept. One of the limitations of the traditional digital spread spectrum systems is the need for spreading code synchronization. Chaotic communication is the analogue alternative of digital spread spectrum systems beside some extra features like simple transceiver structures. Among the chaotic modulation schemes, the Differential Chaos Shift Keying (DCSK) is the most efficient one because its demodulator detects the data without the need to chaotic signal phase recovery, i.e uses noncoherent detection. In this paper, the design of a DCSK modulator and demodulator using the efficient design tool Matlab-Simulink provided from Math work Inc. is presented. The waveforms are obtained at different stages of modulator and demodulator to allow the reader to well understand the features of this modulation type. Performance curves of DCSK are given in terms of bit-error probability versus signal to noise ratio with spreading factor as a parameter. The simulation results showed that at 10^-3 bit error rate, 0.5 and 1 dB gains in SNR is obtained when the spreading factor is increased from 60 to 80 and 100 respectively.

[Majeed M. Implementation of Differential Chaos Shift Keying Communication System Using Matlab-Simulink. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):240-244]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 34. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.34

Keywords: Chaos; Differential shift keying; Noncoherent detection; Matlab-Simulink

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Effect of suit therapy on back geometry in spastic diaplegic children

Al Shimaa Ramadan azab¹, Somaia Ali Hamed²

^1.Lecturer at department of Physical Therapy for Growth and Development Disorders in Children and its Surgery, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo Uneversity, Egypt

^2.Lecturer at department of Disease, Faculty of Physical therapy, 6 October University, Egypt

dr_shimaa_azab@yahoo.com

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of suit therapy on back geometry in spastic diaplegic children. Subject: Thirty spastic diaplegic children ranging in age from 7 to 9 years from both sexes. They were classified randomly into two groups of equal numbers group (A) and group (B). group A received designed exercise therapy program, while group B received the same exercise program while wearing the therasuit. Methods: The patients posture was evaluated before and after the suggested treatment program by Formetric instrument system. The data were collected and analyzed using a paired and un-paired t-test to compare the difference between the results. Results: this study revealed that there were significant differences (p<0.05) of all of the measured variables (trunk imbalance, pelvic tilt, lateral rotation, surface rotation) between pre test and post test in the control and experimental groups. Conclusion: therasuit has got clear effect when added to treatment program in correcting the posture in spastic diaplegic children.

[Azab AR, Hamed SA. Effect of suit therapy on back geometry in spastic diaplegic children. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):245-251]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 35. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.35

Keywords: suit therapy, back geometry, spastic diaplegia

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Postantifungal Effect of Natural and Synthetic antimycotic drugs in treatment of recurrent vaginal candidiasis

Nehal E. Youse¹ and Amani A. Shaman²

¹ Department of Microbiology and ²Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabuk University, KSA. nelsayed@ut.edu.sa

Abstract: Twenty five isolates of vaginal Candida albicans were tested for Postantifungal effects (PAFE) of natural (latex sap) and synthetic antifungal agents (nystatin, amphotericin B, fluconazole, ketoconazole and 5- fluorocytosine). The natural latex sap antifungals exhibited the highest postantifungal effect (PAFE). A little or none postantifungal effect (PAFE was determined for fluconazole. A marginal PAFE postantifungal effect (PAFE) was observed for ketoconazole. The mean duration of PAFE of latex sap 1, latex sap 2, nystatin, amphotericin B, 5- fluorocytosine, ketoconazole and fluconazole were 3.5 h, 3.6 3, 3.2 h, 3.0 h, 2.8 h, 0.4 h and o.15 h respectively. The mean percentage reduction in adhesion of oral Candida albicans to vaginal epithelial cells during PAFE were 80%, 79%, 77%, 76%, 76%, 14% and 12% on exposure to latex sap 1, latex sap 2, nystatin, amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, ketoconazole and fluconazole respectively.

[Nehal E. Youse and Amani A. Shaman. Postantifungal Effect of Natural and Synthetic antimycotic drugs in treatment of recurrent vaginal candidiasis. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):252-258]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 36. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.36

Key words: Postantifungal Effect of Natural and Synthetic antimycotic drugs

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Changes in Pharyngeal Airway Dimensions, Hyoid position, and Head Posture after Rapid Palatal Expansion and Face Mask Therapy.

Amjad Al Taki ¹, Alya Thabit ²

^1. Associate Professor, Private Practice, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

^2. Dentistry resident, College of Dentistry, Ajman University of Science and Technology, Ajman, United Arab Emirates

al_taki@hotmail.com

Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of rapid palatal expansion (RPE) and facemask therapy on sagittal airway dimensions, hyoid position, and head posture in growing patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion. Fifteen cases (9 girls, 6 boys; mean age, 9.35 ± 1.53 years) treated with RPE and facemask therapy were included in this study. Pre-treatment, post-treatment cephalometric radiographs were obtained.  Linear and angular measurements were traced. Data were analyzed statistically by means of Paired T-test. Treatment changes revealed a significant increase in nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal airway dimensions. Significant increases also occurred in the sagittal growth of the maxilla, while a clockwise rotation and inhibition of sagittal growth were observed in the mandible. Significant change in head posture was observed while no significant positional change was noted in hyoid bone. Conclusion: Orthopedic treatment of Class III skeletal malocclusion with RPE and facemask therapy was able to produce a significant improvement in the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal airway dimensions and a significant change in the head posture.

[Al Taki A, Thabit A. Changes in Pharyngeal Airway Dimensions, Hyoid position, and Head Posture after Rapid Palatal Expansion and Face Mask Therapy. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):259-263]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 37. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.37

Keywords: Rapid palatal expansion; Facemask; Airway dimension; Hyoid; Head posture

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Effect of hunger and thirst stress on the fundic mucosa of the stomach of adult female albino rats (Histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical study)

Manar A. Bashandy ¹ and Hanan seleem²

Anatomy¹ and Histology² Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufiya University, Egypt

a_z491@yahoo.com

Abstract: Introduction: Long-term hunger is a problem that all living species in the nature has to cope with. Hunger has a great effect on the metabolism and structure of many body systems. Several studies reported variable effect of starvation on organs; stomach, liver, thyroid and intestine. Aim of the work: to throw more light on the effect of both hunger and thirst on the gastric fundus of female albino rats by using histological, histochemical and immuno-histochemical methods. Materials and Methods Thirty adult female albino rats were subjected to experiment for 6 days. The animals were divided into 5 groups, each of 6 rats as follow: Group I: (control group) were allowed free access to water and food ad libitum. Group II: subjected to starvation for 1 day. Group III: starvation for 2 days. Group IV: starvation for 4 days. Group IV: starvation for 6 days. Animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Specimens of the fundus of the stomach were excised, fixed in formol saline, processed to paraffin blocks and subjected to histological, histo-chemical and immune-histochemical studies. Results: Histologically and histochemically, congestion of some blood capillaries with extravasation of blood, shedding and desquamation of superficial epithelium were noticed after 1^st day of starvation. A glandular cystic dilatation with flattening of their epithelial lining, degeneration and loss of some superficial epithelium was observed in the 2^nd day of starvation. Some parietal showed vacuolated, pyknotic nuclei and distorted gland with gastric ulcer was noticed in fundic glands at 4^th day of starvation. Multiple gastric ulcers with loss of gastric mucosa, destruction of muscularis mucosa and submucosa was reported on 6^th day after starvation. Alcian blue stain showed strong reaction in mucus neck cells and faint reaction in the base of the gland which increased with increase hunger duration. Masson trichrome stain was expressed in collagen fibers in the lamina propria between the basal part of fundic gland which increased with more time of starvation. Immune-histochemical, all starvated group stained by caspas 3 showed positive immune reaction in the middle and basal part of the gland with increase intensity of reaction with increase hunger duration. Conclusion : Structural changes in the fundus of the stomach are in direct proportion with hunger duration.

[Manar A. Bashandy and Hanan Seleem. Effect of hunger and thirst stress on the fundic mucosa of the stomach of adult female albino rats (Histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical study). J Am Sci 2014;10(10):264-273]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 38. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.38

Keywords: Hunger – Thirst – Rat stomach – Fundic mucosa

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Treatment of the Advanced Prosthetic Cases

Nahid Mohmmed Noor Flimban

Restorative Consultant-BDS-MDS-Swedish Board Certificate In Restorative Dentistry-Head Of Prosthetic Department-Al-Noor Dental Center- Al-Noor Specialist Hospital-Makkah- Ministry Of Health

Nahiddentist@gmail.com

Abstract: All cases of partial and complete dentulous patient needs the a special treatment as edentulous maxilla is opposed by natural mandibular anterior teeth, including loss of bone from the anterior portion of the maxillary ridge, overgrowth of the tuberosities, papillary hyperplasia of the hard palatal mucosa, extrusion of mandibular anterior teeth and loss of alveolar bone and ridge height beneath the mandibular removable partial denture bases, treatment by retention of maxillary overdenture abutments. maxillary osseointegrated implants. and augumention of maxilla with resorbable hydroxyapatite in conjunction with a guided tissue regeneration technique and vestibuloplasty.

[Nahid Mohmmed Noor Flimban. Treatment of The Advanced Prosthetic Cases. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):274-278]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 39. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.39

Key Words: Prosthetic, Cases

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On Nonlinear Retarded Integral Inequalities of Gronwall Type with an Application

Zareen A. Khan

Department of Mathematics, Princess Noura Bint Abdul-Rehman University, Riyadh, KSA

dr.zareenkhan@ymail.com

Abstract: In this paper we establish some new nonlinear integral inequalities of Gronwall-Bellman type. These inequalities generalize some famous inequalities which provide explicit bounds on unknown functions. The inequalities given here can be used as handy tools to study the qualitative as well as quantitative properties of solutions of some nonlinear ordinary differential and integral equations.

[Zareen A. Khan. On Nonlinear Retarded Integral Inequalities of Gronwall Type with an Application. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):279-283]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 40. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.40

Keywords and phrases: Integral inequalities, nondecreasing, integral equations, ordinary differential equations.

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Synthesis,anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities of novel pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles and related fused ring derivatives.

Afaf Kamal El-Din El-Ansary^1, Azza Taher Taher^1*, Ahmed Abd El-Hamed El-Rahmany^2*, Sally El Awdan³

¹Cairo university, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Egypt

²Misr University for Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry Department, 6-October, Egypt.

³National Research Centre, Pharmacology Department, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.

azza_shalaby_2013@yahoo.com

Abstract. Objective; A series of some new pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole and pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities. The results showed that all compounds possessed promising anti-inflammatory activity. Compounds 6a, 6b, 8 and 9 have shown a potent anti-inflammatory activity more than Piroxicam reference drug. Whereas, compounds 4c, 7b, 7cand 10 exhibited good analgesic activity compared to Piroxicam and compounds 4b and 5c showed excellent antipyretic activity more than Piroxicam. None of the tested compounds showed ulcerogenic effect.

[Afaf Kamal El-Din El-Ansary, Azza Taher Taher, Ahmed Abd El-Hamed El-Rahmany, Sally El Awdan. Synthesis of anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities of novel pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles and related fused ring derivatives. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):284-294]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 41. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.41

 Key words: pyrano(2,3-c)pyrazole, pyrano(2,3-d)pyrimidine, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic.

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A histological study of the impact of drug Methyl Prednisolone on the testis and male albino rats treated extract natural musk

Amana Ali Sediq and Nafisa M Batarfi

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science for Girls, King Abdul Aziz University

dr.Nafisa1_m@hotmail.com

Abstract: Methyl Prednisolone is a steroid drug prevents leakage of materials? In the body that cause inflammation. This property is used to treat allergic disorders, skin diseases, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, psoriasis, or breathing disorders. In this study was to identify the side effects of the drug Methyl Prednisol one on the efficiency of the work of the test is and the formation of germ cell sand the production of sperm, also studied the effect oftheextractmuskanimaltoreducethesesideeffectsupdatedfortesticulartissueThe results showed no change in the now.

[Amana Ali Sediq and Nafisa M Batarfi. A histological study of the impact of drug Methyl Prednisolone on the testis and male albino rats treated extract natural musk. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):295-299]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 42. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.42

Keywords: Methyl Prednisolone, testicular, musk animal, sperm, germ cells

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Comparison of Dexmedetomidine and Midazolam for conscious sedation in pediatric dental patients: A Clinical Randomized Trial

Ghada M. Mahmoud¹ and Ismael Abd El-Fattah Haggag²

[1] Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry. 6^th October Modern Science and Arts University, 6^th October, Egypt

2Anesthesiology Department. Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

gmahmoud@msa.eun.eg

Abstract: Objectives: The aim of this was study to assess and compare the effectiveness of two different sedation drugs (Dexmedetomidine and Midazolam) in the management of uncooperative pediatric dental patients. Methods: The study was performed on 30 children ranging in age from 4-8 years. The subjects were divided into two groups. Group "A" were premedicated with 2.5µgm/kg oral dexmedetomidine, while group “B” received 0.5mg/kg oral Midazolam. Child sedation level, as well as, behavior rating were assessed during treatment. Pulse rate, systolic blood pressure and oxygen saturation were monitored throughout treatment time. Results: the quality of sedation was better but not significantly different in dexmedetomidine when compared with midazolam. There was significant decrease in both heart rate and systolic blood pressure with dexmedetomidine, in comparison to baseline and to midazolam.Conclusions: Oral dexmedetomidine is comparable to oral midazolam in sedating child dental patient, with significant decrease in heart rate and blood pressure, when compared to oral midazolam.

[Ghada M. Mahmoud and Ismael Abd El-Fattah Haggag. Comparison of Dexmedetomidine and Midazolam for conscious sedation in pediatric dental patients: A Clinical Randomized Trial. J Am Sci 2014;10(10):300-308]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 43. doi:10.7537/marsjas101014.43

Keywords: dexmedetomidine, sedation, midazolam

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