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Iron profile parameters and serum zinc & copper levels in children with febrile convulsions in Banha

Iman Abd El Rehim Mohamed Aly¹; Howyda Mohamed Kmal²; Doaa Refaey Soliman¹ and Mona Hassan Mohamed¹

¹Pediatric; ²Clinical and Chemical Pathology Departments, Faculty of Medicine-Benha University, Egypt.

Alysaied55555@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Febrile convulsions is a common disorder in childhood. There are different hypotheses about neurotransmitters and trace element changes in biological fluids which can have a role in pathogenesis of febrile convulsions. Objectives: We aimed to investigate level of zinc, copper and iron profile parameters in 40 children with simple febrile convulsions aged between 6 months and 3 years and compare them with 40 age-matched controls with febrile illness without seizures in Banha city in Egypt. Methods: After informed consent, detailed history was taken and clinical examination was performed for both cases and controls, blood lab to measure serum ferritin by ELISA, iron, zinc and copper levels by Colometric method were performed for all studied children. Results: The median serum ferritin levels in cases and controls were 10 and 46.5 µg/dl, respectively, the difference was statistically highly significant (P = 0.00) and the median serum zinc levels in cases and controls were 53 and 95 µg/dl, this difference was statistically highly significant (P = 0.00). Also the median serum copper level in cases and controls were 120 and 93 µg/dl, the difference was statistically not significant (P >0.05). We found positive correlations between occurance of febrile convulsions and positive family history of febrile convulsions, malnutrition. Low serum levels of hemoglobin, iron, ferritin and zinc. Conclusion: Serum ferritin and zinc deficiency are risk factors for simple febrile convulsions while serum copper show no significant changes in cases of febrile convulsions. Recommendation: Providing adequate iron and zinc supplementation in early childhood may lead to significant decreases in febrile convulsions incidence in young children.

[Iman Abd El Rehim Mohamed Aly; Howyda Mohamed Kmal; Doaa Refaey Soliman and Mona Hassan Mohamed. Iron profile parameters and serum zinc & copper levels in children with febrile convulsions in Banha. J Am Sci 2014;10(7):1-5]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 1. doi:10.7537/marsjas100714.01

Key words: Febrile convulsion, Serum iron, zinc, copper, trace element.

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Analytical Expressions of the Jacobi Constants  for  the Planar Restricted Three –Body Problem

M.A.  Sharaf¹, Z.A.Mominkhan²

¹Department of Astronomy, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Sharaf_adel@hotmail.com

²Department of Mathematics, College of  Science for Girls King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Zammomin @hotmail.com

Abstract: In this paper, analytical power series expressions of the Jacobi constants  at the collinear Lagrangian equilibrium points for the planar restricted three – body problem will be established for any desired power of the mass parameter.

[Sharaf MA, Mominkhan ZA. Analytical Expressions of the Jacobi Constants  for the Planar Restricted Three –Body Problem. J Am Sci 2014;10(7):6-9]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 2. doi:10.7537/marsjas100714.02

Keywords: Three body problem, collinear Lagrangian equilibrium points, expansion theory.

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Features an average life expectancy of the population in the South Kazakhstan region

Myrzatai Abildaevich Buleshov¹, Aidarbek Askarbekovich Yessaliyev², Alma Muratovna Talgatbek³, Asylbek Userikovich Emberdiev⁴, Gulzat Janabaevna Sarsenbaeva⁵

^1,4,5South Kazakhstan State Pharmaceutical Academy, Kazakhstan,160019, Schymkent, area Al-Farabi, 1

²South Kazakhstan Humanitarian Institute named after M. Saparbayev, Kazakhstan, 160016, Schymkent, microdistrict Sever, 59-28

³Hoca Ahmet Yesevi Uluslararası Türk-Kazak Üniversitesi, Kazakhstan, 161200, Turkestan, str. Baitursynov, 1

aidar.esali@mail.ru

Abstract: In this scientific article the author investigates the middle rate of life expectancy as an integrated indicator of estimates and demographic situations. The studies have shown that one of the major factors influencing life expectancy are the negative and positive aspects of the socio-economic situation. Thereby improving the socio-economic situation in the South Kazakhstan region has led to a decrease in age-specific mortality rates and to an increase of life expectancy of the population.

[Myrzatai Abildaevich Buleshov, Aidarbek Askarbekovich Yessaliyev, Alma Muratovna Talgatbek, Asylbek Userikovich Emberdiev, Gulzat Janabaevna Sarsenbaeva. Features an average life expectancy of the population in the South Kazakhstan region. J Am Sci 2014;10(7):10-13]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 3. doi:10.7537/marsjas100714.03

Keywords: life expectancy, population viability, mortality.

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Effects of Wool Fiber Diameter and Bulk on Fabric Bursting Strength

Helal, A¹; Al-Betar, E.M¹; El-Gamal², M and Hasan, Ghada, A.

¹ Animal & Poultry Production Division, Desert Research Center, Egypt.

² Faculty of Applied Arts, Helwan university, Egypt.

ahelal_drc@yahoo.com

Abstract: In the present study the Egyptian Barki wool fibers were graded into five groups: coarse fibers with high bulk (G1), coarse fibers with low bulk (G2), fine fibers with high bulk (G3), fine fibers with low bulk (G4) and (G5) non-graded fibers (control). Results in the present paper indicate that G3 had the highest bursting strength among all groups, while G2was the lowest one. Previous result could be explained by the ability of fine fibers to stretch rather than being break because of crimps in addition to the springy behavior which makes these fibers more able to stretch under tension rather than cut. For that, bursting strength had a highly significant and positive correlation with bulk (r = 0.53), resilience (r = 0.67), crimp (r = 0.69) and staple strength (r = 0.77). Bursting strength had a negative with highly significant correlation with fiber diameter (r = - 0.69) and medullated fiber percentage (r = - 0.69). Also bursting strength had a negative and highly significant correlation with all irregularity measurements (r = - 0.68 with thin places, r = - 0.95 with thick places and r = - 0.60 with neps). Bursting strength also increased with increasing whiteness (r = 0.43), while decreased with increasing yellowness (r = -0.62). A highly significant positive correlation found between bursting and Tog (r = 0.83).

[Helal, A.; Al-Betar, E.M.; El-Gamal, M  and Hasan, Ghada, A. Effects of Wool Fiber Diameter and Bulk on Fabric Bursting Strength. J Am Sci 2014;10(7):14-18]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 4. doi:10.7537/marsjas100714.04

Keywords: bulk, fineness, Barki wool, thermoregulation, CLO, fiber diameter, neps and TOG.

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Control Strategy for Optimum Utilization of Self-Excited Induction Generator Connected to a Public Network

Saeed A. Al-Ghamdi

Electric Eng. Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Albaha University, Al-Baha, KSA

Emails: sasg2000@gmail.com

Abstract: This paper investigates a new control strategy of a wind energy driven by a variable speed wind turbine self-excited induction generator (SEIG) connected to a public network. Also, the steady state analysis of the SEIG is introduces taking the saturation effects into consideration. The proposed system consists of a three-phase induction generator feeds its stator electrical output power into an infinite bus-bar via a static power conditioner. The power conditioner used here consists of a diode bridge rectifier and an inverter bridge thyristor tied together through a d.c. link reactor of high inductance. The SEIG in this work driven by a variable speed wind turbine is proposed with a fixed pitch angle to reduce the  system cost and easy to run.At higher generator speeds, the generated voltage as well as the stator current exceeds its rated values resulting in generator thermal overheating. At low wind speeds the SEIG operates at constant generated voltage, increasing the wind speed increases the generated power which results increasing of the stator current.  In order to protect the generator against this thermal overheating, the generator should be controlled via the power conditioner to maintain rated stator current. So, it becomes necessary to add two loops in order to automatically control and protect the generator. The first loop operates in the speed range under the rated stator current to keep the generator voltage constant at rated value. As soon as the stator current attains its rated value, the second control loop automatically controls the system to run at constant rated stator current to obtain optimum generator utilization without overheating. The obtained theoretical and experimental steady state characteristics demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed strategy.

[Saeed A. Al-Ghamdi. Control Strategy for Optimum Utilization of Self-Excited Induction Generator Connected to a Public Network. J Am Sci 2014;10(7):19-28]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 5. doi:10.7537/marsjas100714.05

Key Words: Wind turbine, Induction generator, Static power conditioner, Public network, Voltage control, Current control, Interface circuit, and Toggle switch.

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Assessing the Influence of Physical Factors on Spatial Soil Erosion Risk in Northern Jordan

Yahya Farhan¹, Dalal Zregat ¹and Samer Nawaiseh ²

¹ Department of Geography, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan

²Department of Geography. Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan

yahyafarhan2100@yahoo.com

Abstract: The influence of physical factors on spatial soil erosion risk was assessed for Wadi Kufranja watershed (126.3km²), north Jordan highlands. Such research is significant for monitoring future land use/cover changes, including agricultural expansion and deterioration of forest resources. The spatial relationships between soil erosion risk / intensity map and the environmental factors affecting soil erosion were investigated. The results indicate that soil erosion is highly correlated to specific terrain units, slope categories, elevation zones, land use/cover type, and aspect over the catchment. 67.7% of minimal to low soil loss area occurred on slope categories 0-6º and 6-15º, and 23.5% of moderate to severe soil erosion occurred on terrain characterized with the same slope categories, while, 6.45% of areas are exposed to severe soil loss, and this occurred on 15-25º slope category. 33.22% of soil erosion was distributed on southern slopes, while 62.8% of soil erosion occurred in areas of elevation ranging between 500 and 1100 m a.s.l. 46.87% of soil erosion was found in mixed agricultural land, 22.3 in forest areas, and 17.31% in open rangeland and bare soils. By contrast, five terrain units display an area of 55.06% of soil erosion, while, the alluvial fan areas exhibit the lowest soil erosion loss. The reported results provided viable information essential to control soil erosion, reduce soil loss, and achieve sustainable agricultural development.

[Yahya Farhan, Dalal Zregat and Samer Nawaiseh. Assessing the Influence of Physical Factors on Spatial Soil Erosion Risk in Northern Jordan. J Am Sci 2014;10(7):29-39]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 6. doi:10.7537/marsjas100714.06

Keywords: Physical Factors, RUSLE, Terrain Units, Soil Erosion Risk,Wadi Kufranja.

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Separation, Preconcentration and Determination of Total Mercury in Aqueous and Biological Samples by cold vapour Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Mohammed M. El-Defrawy ¹*, Weam M. Abo El-Maaty¹, Reem K. Shah² and Nermeen M. Arman

¹Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Egypt

²Department of Chemistry Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia

*mmeldefrawy@hotmail.com

Abstract A simple method has been developed for the preconcentration of mercury based on the adsorption of its ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDTC) complex on amberlite IR-120 column. The influence of complexing agent, pH, amount of resin, eluting agents and flow rate has been investigated in detail. The effects of matrix ions on the retentions of the analyte were also examined .The adsorbed complex could be eluted using 1M HNO₃/ acetone and the concentration of mercury was determined by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS).The recoveries of the analyte were generally more than 95% with a low RSD. The proposed method has been successfully applied for the metal content evaluation in samples including water, wastewater, cow milk, dry milk, rice, fish and canned tuna.

[Mohammed M. El-Defrawy, Weam M. Abo El-Maaty, Reem K. Shah and Nermeen M. Arman. Separation, Preconcentration and Determination of Total Mercury in Aqueous and Biological Samples by cold vapour Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. J Am Sci 2014;10(7):40-48]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 7. doi:10.7537/marsjas100714.07

Key words: Mercury, preconcentration, APDTC, Amberlite IR-120, CVAAS, environmental samples.

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Jeddah Soil Resistivity and Grounding Resistance

A. H. Almasoud, Mosallam Al-Solami

Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept., King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

amasoud@kau.edu.sa

Abstract: The use of electricity brings with it an electric shock hazard for humans and animals, particularly in the case of defective electrical apparatus. In electricity supply systems, it is therefore a common practice to connect the system to ground at suitable points. Thus in the event of a fault, sufficient current will flow through and operate the protective system, which rapidly isolates the faulty circuit. Therefore, the connection to ground is required to be of sufficient low resistance. Because the topography of Jeddah city includes coastal, sandy, and rocky areas, the soil resistivity will differ across city locations, thus affecting the efficiency of the grounding circuit. To design an efficient grounding circuit, we conducted experiments to measure the soil resistivity for each soil type at different locations, taking into account factors such as salt, moisture, and density. The results of these experiments are preliminary measures for designing grounding grid systems for different topographical areas.

[Almasoud AH, Al-Solami M. Jeddah Soil Resistivity and Grounding Resistance. J Am Sci 2014;10(7):49-55]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 8. doi:10.7537/marsjas100714.08

Keywords: Jeddah; grounding; soil; resistivity; earthing; moisture; density; rod; electricity; salt; impedance.

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Laparoscopic Management of Ovarian Torsion in Children and Adolescent

Hanaa El-Ebeissy¹, Rafik Shalaby² and Ahmed Abd El Ghafar Helal.²

¹Obstetrics and Gynaecology and ²Paediatric Surgery Departments, Faculty of Medicine Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

hanaaebesy@yahoo.com

Abstract: Backgrounds: Ovarian torsion accounts for approximately 3% of cases of acute abdominal pain in pediatric population. The treatment of ovarian torsion is often delayed because of diagnostic uncertainty and dependence on radiologic confirmation. More urgent intervention for ovarian torsion should be considered in girls with lower abdominal pain. The purpose of this study is to present our experience with laparoscopic management for ovarian torsion in children and adolescent with a focus on the procedures of adnexal conservation surgery. Patients and methods: This is a retrospective study of 39 consecutive girls with ovarian torsion underwent laparoscopic management in the period from April 2010 to September 2012. Records of patients that have been subjected to laparoscopy for ovarian torsion were reviewed and evaluated. All patients were subjected to laparoscopic management of ovarian torsion. The main outcome measurements of this study included; feasibility, accuracy of laparoscopic management of ovarian torsion, operative time and intra and post-operative complications.  Results: In this study 39 children with ovarian torsion were operated upon laparoscopically. Their mean age was 6.54± 1.82 years (range = 4 – 14 years). All procedures were completed laparoscopically without any conversion. In 32 (82.05%) cases the ovary can be saved with de-torsion and fixation, while in 7 (17.95%) cases, the ovary was gangrenous and removed. Associated ovarian cyst was present in 4 cases of ovarian torsion Mean operating time was 36±2.3 minutes for unilateral and 45±1.7 minutes for bilateral twisted ovary. All patients achieved full recovery without intra or postoperative complications and were discharged on the same day of admission.  Conclusion: Laparoscopic management of children and adolescents presenting with adnexal torsion is feasible, safe and accurate method. It is a good alternative option to open methods in the management of adnexal lesions. Laparoscopic treatment of adnexal torsion in children and adolescent is as an emergency procedure and should be more conservative as possible to preserve the subsequent fertility.

[Hanaa El-Ebeissy, Rafik Shalaby and Ahmed Abd El Ghafar Helal. Laparoscopic Management of Ovarian Torsion in Children and Adolescent. J Am Sci 2014;10(7):56-61]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 9. doi:10.7537/marsjas100714.09

Keywords: Laparoscopy, Children and adolescent, Ovarian torsion, Ovarian preservation.

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Optimization of protease production by Ps. aeruginosa PAO1 and Physico-chemical characterization of the enzyme

Shaymaa Hassan Mohamed Abdel-Rhman; Areej Mostafa El- Mahdy and Eman Salama Ahmed Abdelmegeed*

Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

emansalama1977@yahoo.com

Abstract: Microbial proteases represent one of the commonly used industrial enzymes. Ps. aeruginosa PAO1 was used in the present study for the production of protease. Maximum protease production was observed in 10 g/l tryptone basal medium with 5 g/l glucose at pH 7.0 when inoculated with 4% of 24h broth culture and incubated at 37 ºC for 48h with agitation speed of 150 rpm. Removal of Na⁺ or K⁺ or Mg⁺⁺ or Ca⁺⁺ or PO₄^--- from fermentation medium has an inhibitory effect on protease production. The enzyme was characterized biochemically; it has maximum activity at pH 8 and 40-50ºC in crude extract after 60 minutes of incubation. The enzyme was stable in the presence of K⁺ or Ca⁺⁺, Na⁺ and Ba⁺⁺ slightly enhanced its proteolytic activity whereas Mg⁺⁺ and EDTA reduced the activity of protease. The activity of protease enzyme increased in B-mercaptoethanol (BME) and Triton X-100 in all concentrations tested. The protease enzymatic activity was measured in the presence of detergents, Cortex^®, Arial^®, Persil^® and Elnabolsi^® retained residual activity more than 60% after 60 min incubation while in Feba^® 10% of its activity was retained. Also, the enzyme is stable in the presence of 1g/l SDS, which is the common ingredient in modern bleach-based detergent formulations, while its activity decreased with increasing the concentration of SDS. Based on these findings Ps. aeruginosa PAO1 protease shows a good potential for application in detergents.

[Shaymaa Hassan Mohamed Abdel-Rhman; Areej Mostafa El- Mahdy and Eman Salama Ahmed Abdelmegeed. Optimization of protease production by Ps. aeruginosa PAO1 and Physico-chemical characterization of the enzyme. J Am Sci 2014;10(7):62-72]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 10. doi:10.7537/marsjas100714.10

Keywords: Protease, Ps. aeruginosa PAO1, characterization, detergents, Triton X-100.

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Evaluation Of Ten Alfalfa Populations For Forage Yield, Protein Content, Susceptibility To Seedling Damping-off Disease And Associated Biochemical Markers With Levels Of Resistance

Abd El-Naby Zeinab M ¹, Clara R. Azzam² and Saieda S. Abd El-Rahman ³

¹Forage Res. Dept., Field Crop Res. Inst., Agric. Res. Center, Giza, Egypt

²Cell Res. Dept., Field Crop Res. Inst., Agric. Res. Center, Giza, Egypt

³Legume and Forage diseases Res. Dept., Plant Pathology Research Inst., Agric. Res. Center, Giza, Egypt

Corresponding author E. Mail: zeina.bree@yahoo.com

Abstract: Greenhouse and field experiments were carried out at Giza research station to evaluate ten alfalfa genotypes against three fungi causing seedling damping-off disease (Fusarium oxysporum, Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani). Examined genotypes included two exotic varieties (Cuf-101 and Salt America), seven local populations (Balady, Fixed-N, New valley-1, New valley-2, Siwa, Esmaelia-1 and Esmaelia-94) and New salt population (Sinai 1). R. solani was the most causal pathogen reducing significantly fresh and dry shoot yield followed by M. phaseolina and F. oxysporum, respectively. The local populations Siwa and Ismaelia-1 expressed the best performance for yield superiority and agronomical traits in comparison with the exotic populations. New Salt pop., Salt America and Siwa populations ranked as the highly resistant against seedlings damping-off disease. Selection between and within alfalfa populations for high yielding ability and resistance degree to seedling damping-off disease produce a promising population can be used in the future breeding program. SDS-protein banding patterns of the ten alfalfa populations grown under normal (non-stressed) and fungal stress conditions were found to be useful in developing biochemical markers associated with resistance to damping-off pathogens. The obtained results revealed unique fingerprint characterized for each studied population under non-stress conditions. Similarity indices and consensus tree were developed on the basis of the protein banding patterns of the ten alfalfa populations using protein banding patterns under non-stress conditions. Consensus tree was developed on the basis of the bulked protein banding patterns of the ten alfalfa populations grown in infested soil with the three tested fungi caused seedling damping-off disease. The Dendrogram was gathered the resistant populations in one main cluster and almost all highly susceptible populations together in the same group.

[Zeinab, M. Abd El-Naby, Clara R. Azzam and Saieda S. Abd El-Rahman. Evaluation of Ten Alfalfa Populations For Forage Yield, Protein Content, Susceptibility To Seedling Damping-off Disease And Associated Biochemical Markers With Levels Of Resistance. J Am Sci 2014;10(7):73-85]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 11. doi:10.7537/marsjas100714.11

Key words: Medicago sativa, populations, agronomical traits, seedling damping-off disease, Fusarium oxysporum, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani, fingerprinting, biochemical markers and consensus Tree.

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The effect of the resistance exercises of using the elastic cords on neuromuscular coordination and some of the physiological variables to enhance the level of the skilful performance of uneven parallel Bars

Rabab Atia Wahba Bakre

Department of Exercise and Gymnastics and modern Rhythmic Gymnastic, Faculty of Physical Education for Girls, Zagazig University.

Abstract: This research aims at designing a program using the elastic cords and knowing its effect on the neuromuscular coordination and some of the physiological variables represented in (pulse and vital capacity) and improving the level the skillful performance of uneven parallel Bars.. The female researcher applied the experimental method to two groups, one is the experimental group and the other one is the control group. The research was applied to a sample which consisted of (24) students in the fourth grade, Department of Dymnastic, whose ages ranged between (21 - 20) years old, in the university year 2012 /2013, One of the instruments of collecting data is physical and physiological measurements. The results indicated that the elastic cords have a positive impact on the neuromuscular coordination and some of the physiological variables and this was reflected in the level of the skillful performance of the uneven parallel Bars. The female researcher recommends that it is necessary to use the elastic cords in different performance forms in the other sports activities.

[Rabab Atia Wahba Bakre. The effect of the resistance exercises of using the elastic cords on neuromuscular coordination and some of the physiological variables to enhance the level of the skilful performance of uneven parallel Bars. J Am Sci 2014;10(7):86-90]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 12. doi:10.7537/marsjas100714.12

Keywords: The elastic cords - the neuromuscular coordination – pulse – the vital capacity

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PPP Procurement Methods in Malaysian Construction Industry

Ismail Abdul Rahman, Aftab Hameed Memon

Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

aftabm78@hotmail.com

Abstract: Public Private Partnership PPP procurement method is being popularized worldwide. It is very useful for handling very large public projects through a joint venture arrangement between government and private sector. This paper is a review paper focusing on understanding of PPP mechanism and its modes of application. It also explores various contractual arrangement being adopted in Malaysian construction industry.

[Rahman IA, Memon AH. PPP Procurement Method in Malaysian Construction Industry. J Am Sci 2014;10(7):91-97]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 13. doi:10.7537/marsjas100714.13

Keywords: Private finance initiative, Public Private Partnership, Malaysian Construction

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On the preparation and thermal transport properties of a quaternary thallium dichalcogenides Tl₂GaInTe₄ compounds

Jazi Abdullah Mohammed Abdulwahed

Physics Department, Umm Al-Qura University College in Qunfudah-Female-KSA

Jazi1430@windowslive.com

Abstract: In the present study high quality single crystal of Tl₂GaInTe₄ were grown by a modified Bridgman method. Measurements of thermoelectric power (TEP) were performed in the range (190-590K). From these measurements the conductivity of the crystals was p-type. From the obtained experimental data several physical parameters such as diffusion coefficient, diffusion lengths, effective masses, relaxation time of both free charge carriers were estimated. In addition to these pronounced parameters, the efficiency of the thermoelectric element (figure of merit) was evaluated which leads to better application especially in the field of energy conversation technique.

[Jazi Abdullah Mohammed Abdulwahed. On the preparation and thermal transport properties of a quaternary thallium dichalcogenides Tl₂GaInTe₄ compounds. J Am Sci 2014;10(7):98-102]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 14. doi:10.7537/marsjas100714.14

Key words:Crystal growth, Tl₂InGaTe₄ thermoelectric power, effective mass, diffusion coefficient, relaxation time

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Descending Necrotizing Mediastinitis. A Nine-Year Experience of Multidisciplinary Approach

Nabil El-Sadeck¹; Yosef Fahim²; Khaled Saeed Karam²; Amr Ahmed Mostafa² and Ahmad M. A. Fotouh Al-Daly²

¹Department Cardiothoracic Surgery, Zagazing University, Zagazing, Egypt

²Radiology Department, Faculty of Medicine Al-Azhar University Cairo, Egypt

amrmostafa01@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Descending necrotizing mediastinitis is the most lethal form of mediastinitis. It occurs as a complication of oropharyngeal or cervicofascial infections that spread along deep cervical fascial planes into the mediastinum causing widespread cellulitis, necrosis, abscess formation and sepsis. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to determine the clinical usefulness of percutaneous catheter drainage compared with surgical drainage for descending necrotizing mediastinitis. Patients and Methods: Thirty-nine patients with clinically and radiographically diagnosed DNM were included. Retrospective chart review was performed. The mean age was 28.5+ 2.6 years. DNM occurred as a complication of peritonsillar abscess in eleven patients, retropharyngeal abscess in fifteen patients and dental abscess in thirteen patients. Immediately after the diagnosis of DNM, broad-spectrum antibiotics were administered empirically for all patients. Trans-cervical drainage was performed in all cases. Residual mediastinal collection was found in twenty eight patients. Fifteen of them were successfully drained percutaneously (C group), while right thoracotomy was necessary for the remaining thirteen patients (S group). Results: No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups in sex (male to female ratio), age, time from the appearance of symptoms to diagnosis, duration of mediastinal drainage, duration of antibiotic therapy, mortality or complications. ICU stay was significantly longer for S-group patients than C-group patients. Also S-group patients were in need for analgesics and blood transfusion more than C-group patients Conclusions: Cervical approach may be enough for mediastinal drainage. PCD is the option of choice for cases with residual post-operative mediastinal abscesses and thoracotomy should be kept for cases that cannot be treated by PCD.

Nabil El-Sadeck; Yosef Fahim; Khaled Saeed Karam; Amr Ahmed Mostafa and Ahmad M. A. Fotouh Al-Daly. Descending Necrotizing Mediastinitis. A Nine-Year Experience of Multidisciplinary Approach. J Am Sci 2014;10(7):103-109]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 15. doi:10.7537/marsjas100714.15

Keywords: Descending necrotizing mediastinitis, mediastinal abscesses. drainage mediastinal abscess, and Trans-cervical drainage.

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A Review of Location Technologies for Wireless Mobile Location-Based Services

Muhammad Zubair Asghar¹, Shakeel Ahmad¹, Muhammad Ramzan Yasin¹, Maria Qasim¹ 

Institute of Computing and Information Technology, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, (Pakistan)

zubair@gu.edu.pk

Abstract: The demand of mobile data services has been increased dramatically with the improvement in wireless mobile technologies from past few years. Wireless mobile network operator provide many different kind of applications to gain attention of their valuable users, some of these are, downloading of ring tone, songs, wallpapers, transmitting of short and multimedia messages and video clips etc. The information about the location of the user is used for the purpose of providing the better kind of services to the user of the wireless mobile network. This type of applications which uses the location of user of the wireless mobile network is termed as Wireless-Location-Bases-Services (WLBS) by the service provider, which will increase the revenue for the wireless mobile network operator and very useful for the customer of these services in near future. But providing these services the wireless mobile network operator must addresses the different issues involved, comprising the development in technology used for, approval of user privacy, standardization and the accessibility of smart services. Various Wireless-Location-Based-Services (WLBS) engage the variety of factors for revenue generated smart services. This paper provides a review of current development and prerequisites for the purpose of providing Wireless-Location-Based-Services (WLBS) and its installation on UMTS, GPRS and GSM wireless mobile networks.

[Muhammad Zubair Asghar, Shakeel Ahmad, Muhammad Ramzan Yasin, Maria Qasim. A Review of Location Technologies for Wireless Mobile Location-Based Services. J Am Sci 2014;10(7):110-118]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 16. doi:10.7537/marsjas100714.16

Keywords: mobile data; wireless; network; operator; multimedia; Various Wireless-Location-Based-Services (WLBS)

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Prevalence of bronchial asthma and its impact on the cognitive functions and academic achievement among preparatory school children in Damietta Governorate, Egypt

Ali E. Mansour¹, Yasser A. Yasein¹, Ahmed Ghandour¹, Omar Zaidan¹, Mohamed M. Abo El-Abaas²

⁽¹⁾ Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Egypt.

⁽²⁾ Psychiatry Department, Damietta Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Egypt.

dryasser1975@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: Asthma is a major public health problem worldwide with wide differences in prevalence and severity throughout the world. Asthma is by far the most common of all chronic diseases of childhood. Objectives: to determine the prevalence of bronchial asthma and to investigate its impact on the cognitive functions and academic achievement among preparatory school children in Damietta Governorate. Methods: This work was done in two steps: (1) Determination of the prevalence of asthma for this purpose, a cross-sectional study was conducted during the academic year 2012-2013. Total number of students included in the study was 1426 (758 from urban and 668 from rural regions) with mean age 14.3±0.7 years. The questionnaire was filled by the participants themselves. (2) Assessment of impact of asthma on the cognitive function and academic achievement, for this purpose, Case control study was used to compare the asthmatic cases with control group. Results: The prevalence of asthma was 9.1%. The asthma was more prevalent among males (11.5%), than females (7.1%). There was no statistically significant difference between asthma and residence, parent's education and parent's occupation (P ˃ 0.05 ). The asthma was more prevalent among students living in the lowest economic levels and those with high crowding index. The consanguinity among parents (OR=2.44; 95% CI: 1.62–3.66), positive family history of asthma (OR=3.79; 95% CI: 2.55–5.64), passive smoking (OR=2.74; 95% CI: 1.84–4.07), presence of other allergies (OR=2.37; 95% CI: 1.62–3.48), contact with birds (OR = 1.96; 95% CI: 1.34–2.87), contact with animals (OR=1.49; 95% CI: 1.02–2.17), presence of cockroaches (OR=1.73; 95% CI: 1.17–2.57), and frequent chest infection early in life (OR=2.05; 95% CI: 1.39–3.02) were risk factors which were significantly associated with asthma. There was a significant diminution of IQ total scale and classification scores among asthmatics. The mean free recall scores for asthmatics was (8.91 ± 3.74), compared to (11.54± 2.73) for control. There was statistically significant difference between asthmatics and controls regarding midyear Mathematic and Arabic scores (P < 0.05 ). Conclusion: The bronchial asthma is a significant health problem among school children in Egypt, and the following are recommended: Further in-depth study are in need to be conducted to explore the social, psychological and economic impacts of bronchial asthma on children, and to highlight the best prevention and control strategies for asthma in Egypt. Intensifying health education campaign to raise public awareness about the risk factors of asthma and its impact on school performance among school children. Establishment of a hotline to deal with public inquiries and all questions about asthma.

[Ali E. Mansour, Yasser A. Yasein, Ahmed Ghandour, Omar Zaidan, Mohamed M. Abo El-Abaas. Prevalence of bronchial asthma and its impact on the cognitive functions and academic achievement among preparatory school children in Damietta Governorate, Egypt. J Am Sci 2014;10(7):119-127]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 17. doi:10.7537/marsjas100714.17

Keywords: Prevalence of asthma, preparatory school children, cognitive functions, academic achievement Damietta Governorate.

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Applying the Digital Image Processing to Understand the Role of Compaction in the behavior of Concrete Mixes

Ragab M. Abd El-Naby, Emad A. M. El-Dardiry and Naji A. Abo Azzom

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra, Benha University, Egypt

e_eldardiry@yahoo.co.uk, emad.eldardiry@feng.bu.edu.eg

Abstract: Concrete structures are still suffering from different types of distress such as cracking and deformation. At present, the characterization of the concrete structures is implemented using two different concepts. The first concept is based on performing laboratory-testing methods on prepared concrete specimens. In fact this concept should be taken with great care and cautious. The second concept is based on conducting large scale testing programs implemented directly on the structures. The main disadvantages of this concept are related to its failure to measure the specified characteristics directly and they need back calculation to predict the required properties. Secondly, they are large and expensive equipment. However, both concepts are not beneficial in predicting or describing the mode of failure because they are macro-structural analysis based evaluation. Recently attempts were made to use the Digital Image Analysis technique DIA to evaluate the aggregate gradation of concrete mixes. It is believed that the application of the DIA technique should be extended to evaluate the microstructure characteristics. The experimental program and DIA were carried out on 96 specimens. The compression and tension test were carried out on 72 concrete cylinders made with three different mixes which contained gravel or dolomite as coarse aggregate, and compacted either manually or mechanically. The DIA was implemented on 6 vertical sections and 18 horizontal sections. The results showed that the DIA is an effective technique to evaluate the performance, quality and uniformity of concrete mixes. The results of the compression and tension were in a good agreement with the results of the DIA.

[Ragab M. Abd El-Naby, Emad A. M. El-Dardiry and Naji A. Abo Azzom. Applying the Digital Image Processing to Understand the Role of Compaction in the behavior of Concrete Mixes. J Am Sci 2014;10(7):128-139]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 18. doi:10.7537/marsjas100714.18

Keywords: Digital Image Analysis DIA, Orientation angle, Major axis length, Minor axis length, Ferret diameter FD.

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Barriers to Sustainable Development in Iran (political, social, economic, cultural)

Mahmoud Payandan

PhD student in political geography, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract: This paper tried to test independence or dependence of sustainable development by evaluating the relationship or lack of significant relationship between the considered independent variables. Another objective of this paper is to determine and rank barriers to sustainable development. In both cases, this paper finds its target. Kolmogorov Smirnov test showed that according to the amount of significance of variables, the assumption for sample normal distribution is not rejected. Pearson correlation coefficient test showed that the absolute value of correlation coefficient of subsidiary hypotheses are respectively 0.158695, 0.088511, 0.126509, 0.097899, 0.127403, 0.03755, 0.173447, 0.105498, 0.084488, and the Sig statistic for all variables equals to or is smaller than 0.003. These calculations indicate that there is a significant direct relationship between defined independent variables in this study and meta-cognitive strategies and the Sig statistics for all variables in the studied statistical population equals to or is smaller than 0.003. Analysis and study of the computational results of the new and advanced methods of partial least squares for structural equation (VPLS) showed that the t-student estimated for each of the model coefficients was more than 95% and it can be concluded that the research hypotheses with calculated coefficients are confirmed. Also the coefficient of determination was calculated as (R = 0.892), which indicates that approximately 89%, variations of the dependent variable (sustainable development) are explained and described with objectives of progress and efficacy in this study. This paper also showed that per one unit increase in the barriers, how much sustainable development reduces.

 [Mahmoud Payandan. Barriers to Sustainable Development in Iran (political, social, economic, cultural). J Am Sci 2014;10(7):140-147]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 19. doi:10.7537/marsjas100714.19

Keywords: Sustainable development, development patterns, barriers to development, the ranking models

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Listeria monocytogenes in Food Outlets: Prevalence and Spread During the Purchasing Process

Mohammed Abdullah Alqumber

Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Saudi Arabia

dr.alqumber@gmail.com

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in food outlets in Saudi Arabia and study its cross-contamination of surfaces and antibiotic susceptibilities. Overall, 933 samples were surveyed, comprising 96 cutting boards, 90 conveyer belts, 216 handheld baskets and 531 plastic bags. The analysis revealed that 98/933 (10.5%) and 47/933 (5.9%) samples were positive for Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes, respectively. In addition, the prevalence of L. monocytogenes was the highest on cutting boards, followed by handheld shoppers’ baskets and conveyer belts. The results indicated that L. monocytogenes cross-contamination of items not known to be primary sources of L. monocytogenes, such as plastic bags, is commonplace during the purchasing process. Plastic bags from leaving shoppers were found contaminated with the offensive pathogen at a rate of 2.5%, 6% and 7% in small grocery shops, supermarkets and butcheries, respectively. Handheld baskets were contaminated with L. monocytogenes at a rate of 3.6% and 7.5% in small grocery shops and supermarkets, respectively. Handheld baskets were contaminated with L. monocytogenes at a rate of 3.6% and 7.5% in small grocery shops and supermarkets, respectively. The survival rate of L. monocytogenes on studied fomites was also experimentally determined for all tested surfaces and found to be the highest on cutting boards. These findings confirm the need to regularly disinfect cutting boards, conveyer belts and handheld baskets. The most contaminated surfaces, cutting boards in particular, may require regular disinfection protocols. In addition, shoppers must be made aware that their plastic bags could be contaminated with L. monocytogenes. Antibiotic susceptibility testing, performed on 108 L. monocytogenes isolates, indicated that resistance was common against augmentin, erythromycin and cloxacillin and that amoxicillin, gentamicin and chloramphenicol were the most effective antibiotics.

[Alqumber M. A. Listeria monocytogenes in food outlets: Prevalence and Spread During the Purchasing Process. J Am Sci 2014;10(7):148-155] (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 20. doi:10.7537/marsjas100714.20

Keywords: Listeria monocytogenes; food retail contamination; plastic bags; handheld baskets; conveyor belts.

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Adoption of Information Communication Technology tools Among Fishermen

Barkatullah Qureshi¹ Mubina Pathan¹ Farman Ali Chandio¹ Ayaz Keerio², Riaz Ali Buriro¹ and Abdul Razaque Chhachhar³

Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan ¹

University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan ²

³Department of Communication Faculty of Modern Languages and Communication, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia

Email: archhachhar@gmail.com

Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to identify the adoption of communication technologies tools among fishermen for getting information about weather, market, price fluctuation of price and communicating the with family, friends and customers for selling their produce by using mobile phones. Furthermore, it was try to find out that how the fishermen use of GPS system for obtaining the information of location and sonar for see the school of fish at sea. However, it was also explored that how the fishermen community watch the television and listen radio and what kind of the programs they prefer to watch on television and listen on the radio. Finally it was attempted to indicate that what kind of ICT tool fishermen prefer to use in their working places and face the problems in use mobile Phones GPS, sonar, radio and television among fishermen community.

[Barkatullah Qureshi Mubina Pathan Farman Ali Chandio Ayaz Keerio, Riaz Ali Buriro and Abdul Razaque Chhachhar. Adoption of Information Communication Technology tools Among Fishermen. J Am Sci 2014;10(7):155-161]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 21. doi:10.7537/marsjas100714.21

Keyword Mobile phone, GPS, Sonar, Radio Television and problems in ICT

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Susceptibility of Male Testis Pathogenic Bacteria-a Probable Cause of Primary Infertility amongMen in Egypt to Antibacterial Activityof Streptomyces minutiscleroticus, Strain Al-AK-6

Mohamed Helal El-Sayed¹, Zeinab Khaled Abd El-Aziz², Aziza Mansour Aly³, Wael Refaat Hablus⁴ and Eman Abdullah Elhusseiny³

¹Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

²Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

³Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, International Islamic Center for Population Studies and Research (IICPSR), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

⁴Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

m_helal2007rm@yahoo.com

Abstract: Infertility has been known to cause serious social and emotional problems worldwide, especially in developing countries like Egypt and there is no certainty as to the probable cause hence this research work. In this study a total of 100 samples, comprising 50 Seminal fluidand 50 testicular biopsy samples were collected from one hundred infertile men patients, attending the fertility clinic at the International Islamic Center for Population Studies and Research (IICPSR), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. A variety of six pathogenic bacterial species; Enterobacter cloacae Es-1, Escherichia coli Es-2, Staphylococcus haemolyticus Es-3, Staphylococcus aureus Es-4, Bacillus cereus Es-5 and Kocuriarhizophila Es-6 were isolated. The obtained bacterial species were subjected for antibacterial activity of different actinomycete cultures isolated from different localities at Egypt, it was found that an actinomycete culture Al-AK-6 isolated from a water sample collected from Abo Keer city, Alexandria governorate, Egyptwas found to be the most active against the isolated bacterial pathogens. Identification of this isolate was performed according to spore morphology and cell wall chemo-type, which suggested that this strain is a streptomycete. Further cultural, physiological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene indicated that this strain is identical to Streptomyces minutiscleroticus(accession number JX905302.1) and then designated Streptomycesminutiscleroticus, strain Al-AK-6. In its culture supernatant, this organism could produce one major bioactive compound belonging to macrolide antibiotics groupexhibited strong antibacterial activity against the isolated testis-pathogens.

[Mohamed Helal El-Sayed, Zeinab Khaled Abd El-Aziz, Aziza Mansour Aly; Wael Refaat Hablus and Eman Abdullah Elhusseiny Susceptibility of Male Testis Pathogenic Bacteria-a Probable Cause of Primary Infertility among Men in Egypt to Antibacterial Activity of Streptomyces minutiscleroticus, Strain Al-AK-6. J Am Sci 2014;10(7):162-170]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 22. doi:10.7537/marsjas100714.22

Keywords: Primary infertility, men, Streptomyces minutiscleroticusstrain Al-AK-6, antibacterial, phenotypic and phylogenetic identification.

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First occurrence of Nerocila bivittata: parasitic Isopods (skin shedders) on Lithognathus mormyrus (Osteichthyes, Sparidae) from Abu Qir Bay, Alexandria, Egypt

Alaa Abdel-Aziz M. Samn¹, Karima M. Metwally², Amr F. zeina³, Hassan M. M. Khalaf Allah³

¹ Zoology Department, Faculty of Science (boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

² Zoology Department, Faculty of Science (girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

³ Marine Biology and Ichthyology Section, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

prof2000bio@gmail.com

Abstract: The present study deals with the infestation of Lithognathus mormyrus by Nerocila bivittata from Abu Qir Bay, Alexandria, Egypt. The market-sized of hosted fish were infested in approximately 10.26% of N. bivittata during summer season. The lateral side of the fish towards the end of trunk and begging of tail was the site most intensively infested by this parasite. At the site of attachment, the skin host was recognized by batches of clear brownish in colour with have external abnormalities such as skin ulcers, scale less and discoloration. The cymothoid isopod, N. bivittata damaged the epidermis, dermis and muscular tissue of L. mormyrus at the area of attachment by dactyls. These dactyls of the pereopods penetrated into the skin and anchored the isopod to the fish host. The parasite tore the epidermis layer of the fish host using their mouth parts and fed on the blood stream beneath. The infested fish were similar in length and lighter in weight and fecundity compared to the uninfested fish. The correlation coefficient “r” in relation between standard length and fecundity was significant for uninfested and infested fish.

[Alaa Abdel-Aziz M. Samn, Karima M. Metwally, Amr F. zeina, Hassan M. M. Khalaf Allah. First occurrence of Nerocila bivittata: parasitic Isopods (skin shedders) on Lithognathus mormyrus (Osteichthyes, Sparidae) from Abu Qir Bay, Alexandria, Egypt. J Am Sci 2014;10(7):171-179]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 23. doi:10.7537/marsjas100714.23

Key words: Nerocila bivittata; parasitic Isopods; Lithognathus mormyrus.

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Effects of Whole Body Vibration on Ankle’s Muscle Performance in Elderly

Ibtissam M. Saab

Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Egypt.

Ibtissam.Saab@bau.edu.lb

Abstract: Background: Impairment of muscle power of the lower extremities is a major risk factor for fall in older population. Whole body vibration can be used to improve the muscle performance and prevent fall injuries. Purpose: the purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of whole body vibration on ankle’s muscle performance in elderly. Material and methods: Thirty randomly healthy older males and females ranging between 64 and 75 years of age participated in this study. They were randomly divided into two equal groups, each contains fifteen participants. The first control group (A) adopted a squat position with frequency 0 Hz, the second experimental group (B) in addition to the squat position, received a vibration frequency 50 Hz, the amplitude was from 5 – 8 mm; the training period was for 2 months, 3 times per week and the vibration protocol was 5 minutes (1 min vibration, 1 minute rest for 5 minutes); Right ankle planter flexors power was measured using the Biodex Isokinetic Dynamometer. Results: There was a statistical significance difference in the ANOVA test for (group A) pre and post treatment as the F value was 3.91 and P value was 0.01, as well as for (group B), there was a statistical significance difference in the ANOVA test pre and post treatment as the F value was 77.41 and the P value was 0.0001. Conclusion: There was a significant effect of whole body vibration on ankle’s muscle performance in elderly.

[Ibtissam M. Saab. Effects of Whole Body Vibration on Ankle’s Muscle Performance in Elderly. J Am Sci 2014;10(7):180-184]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 24. doi:10.7537/marsjas100714.24

Keywords: Whole body vibration; muscle performance

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Role of Chest Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Acute Pulmonary Edema

Tamer Abudalla Helmy ¹, Mamdouh Zidan ² and Mohamed Khamis ¹

^1. Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt

^2. Department of Radiodiagnosis, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt

dr.mohamedkhamis1985@gmail.com

Abstract: In this study we assessed the diagnostic performance of chest ultrasonography in pulmonary edema. Differential diagnosis between acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema (APE) and acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) may often be difficult. We evaluated the ability of chest sonography in the identification of characteristic pleuropulmonary signs useful in the diagnosis of ALI/ARDS and APE. Material and methods:97 patients with provisional diagnosis of pulmonary edema were included in this study,portable CXR, bedside U/S and CT chest were done to all cases.we used CT chest findings as a gold standard for diagnosing pulmonary edema and detecting its type(etiology). Results: US in CPE: sensitivity was 93.4%, specificity: 93.3%, PPV: 98.6%, NPV: 73.7%, accuracy:87.6%. US in NCPE: sensitivity was 86.7%, specificity: 93.4%%, PPV: 72.2%, NPV: 97.5%, accuracy: 86.6%. CXR in CPE: sensitivity was 41.6%,s pecificity: 90.0%, PPV: 97.0%, NPV: 16.7%, accuracy: 42.3%. CXR in NCPE: was 60.0%, specificity: 90.0%, PPV 46.2%, NPV: 94.6%, accuracy: 78.4%. Conclusion: chest U/S is a valuable tool for diagnosis of pulmonary edema and in detecting its etiology,portable CXR is poorly sensitive tool in diagnosis of pulmonary edema and in detection of its etiology.

[Tamer Abudalla Helmy, Mamdouh Zidan and Mohamed Khamis. Role of Chest Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Acute Pulmonary Edema. J Am Sci 2014;10(7):185-190]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 25. doi:10.7537/marsjas100714.25

Keywords: ALI: acute lung injury, ARDS: adult respiratory distress syndrome, APE: acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema, NCPE: non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, U/S: ultrasonography, CXR: chest x-ray, CT: computed tomography

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