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A Study on Semiotics of Reflection of Art Schools and New Technology in the Contemporary Caricature*

Kiyarash Zandi ¹, Ahmad Nadalian²

¹PhD student in art research, Shahed University, Arts faculty of Soore University, Iran (zandikiyarash@yahoo.com)

² Associate professor, Arts faculty of Shahed University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract: This paper studies the reflection of art schools in caricature from semiotics perspective. To enter into the general issues, some words have been explained. The theoretical approach to the image may help us to understand its features. So it has been considered from semiotics perspective. In the rapid globalization phenomenon, the contemporary art became pervasive. One of the important arts of our era is caricature. Caricature considers society, policy, and economy in its content and vision and selects the best option. Caricature has a close relation with the contemporary art, many artists draw caricature and many caricaturists have inclined towards other arts. Even sometimes in the contemporary arts, caricature is seriously taken into account and these two are sometimes very close to each other. Arts have had a great effect on each other in terms of subject, many serious political or even social issues have been driven towards cartoon for having greater effect or even sometimes inevitably. Modern cartoon is fluctuating between two social and political extremes. Multi media arts are a free combination of all categorized media of the art world. Caricature is a visual medium demonstrated through journals, newspapers, books, and sometimes television. Modern technologies have had great effects on the performance and subject of arts, particularly caricature.

[Kiyarash Zandi, Ahmad Nadalian. A Study on Semiotics of Reflection of Art Schools and New Technology in the Contemporary Caricature. J Am Sci 2014;10(2s):1-10]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 1

doi:10.7537/marsjas1002s14.01

Key words: caricature, contemporary art, new technology of art, semiotics

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[J Am Sci 2014;10(2s):11-19]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 2

doi:10.7537/marsjas1002s14.02

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Legality of Parentage in benefiting Artificial Insemination in accord with Islamic Law in Iran

1. Sayyed Ali Mir Ebrahimi (Ph .D), 2.Nazli Mahmoodian(M.A)

1. Department of Jurisprudence and Islamic law. Lahijan Branch. Islamic Azad University. Lahijan. Iran

 2. Department of Jurisprudence and Islamic law. Lahijan Branch. Islamic Azad University. Lahijan. Iran 

Corresponding Author: nazlimahmoodian@yahoo.com

Abstract: As human science progresses and new obtains appearance in empirical science realm, law and jurisprudent; complication subjects and matters are appeared and need their suitable solution ways. Artificial insemination is one of the newest matters, that human science progresses bring it to law and jurisprudent field artificial insemination or pregnancy without sexual intercourse can be discussed in two general types. The first type that it is called homogeneous, that the spouses own gametes are inseminated, it’s permission is possible in any way provided that religiously prohibited preparations are avoided since parentage, one of the most important matters in Islamic jurisprudent, is known. The second type that it is called heterogeneous in which except the spouses own gamete there are donor and surrogacy interference and because it sometimes causes doubt and uncertainty concerning the child’s parentage so there are different opinions about it. But, because the great leadership of Iran permits it and the constitution of Iran have been written according to Islamic laws, so artificial insemination is not a crime in Iran, and there is no law for supervision of this act. The resulting finding of the study reveals that the consanguine relation of children through these manners is entailed to the owners of sperm and ovum.

[Sayyed Ali Mir Ebrahimi, Nazli Mahmoodian. Legality of Parentage in benefiting Artificial Insemination in accord with Islamic Law in Iran. J Am Sci 2014;10(2s):20-22]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 3

doi:10.7537/marsjas1002s14.03

Key words: Artificial Insemination, Parentage, Sperm, Ovum

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Developing Roadway Traffic Noise Prediction Models for the City of Amman

Bassam Salameh¹, Rana Imam² (Corresponding Author)

^{1. 2.}Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan 11942

Email: r.imam@ju.edu.jo

Abstract: Traffic noise is one of the negative impacts of transportation systems. Other environmental impacts, such as air pollution, have been studied extensively and received enough academic attention. On the other hand, traffic noise has not received sufficient attention in developing countries; there is a need for in-depth research studies in this field to highlight this issue, spread awareness, and find solutions for this ever-increasing problem. This research aims to develop noise prediction models for Amman’s roadway network, using current levels of traffic noise measured at 20 locations, as well as past levels of traffic noise measured at these same locations measured back in 2005; as part of a previous study. The measurements were taken in the morning peak hour (07:30 – 08:30 am), and the evening peak hour (07:30 – 08:30 pm), in weekdays (Sunday to Thursday), during July and August of 2013.The results of field measurements showed high level of traffic noise exceeding the universal accepted level of 63 dB(A) adopted by the 2003 Environmental protection law in Jordan, in all 20 locations, which raised the flag for urgent mitigation actions and plans to be taken and adopted, as soon as possible. The developed model showed high confidence estimates of current and future levels of traffic noise. Thus the developed model could be applied to predict the traffic noise levels at other locations in Jordan, and elsewhere. Conclusions and recommendations are presented at the end of this research。

[Bassam Salameh, Rana Imam. Developing Roadway Traffic Noise Prediction Models for the City of Amman. J Am Sci 2014;10(2s):23-30]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 4

doi:10.7537/marsjas1002s14.04

Key Words: Traffic, Noise, Amman, Prediction Model.

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Integrated Use of Electrical Impedance Tomography Techniques in the Investigation of Dumpsite-Induced Groundwater Contamination

A.S. Ogungbe

Department of Physics, Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria

Email: ogungbea@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is an imaging technique which calculates the electrical conductivity distribution within a medium. It allows estimation of the spatial distribution of the electrical conductivity within a medium from voltage measurements at its boundary, using non-invasive imaging technique. In this study, electrical measurements were made on the medium surface using circular electrode configuration patterns. The Opposite (Polar) and Cross (Diagonal) methods of current injection patterns and voltage measurement sequences were employed with a view to investigating dumpsite-induced groundwater contamination within an unconfined dumpsite, located at Solous 2, in Lagos State, Southwestern Nigeria. The inversion of the data was accomplished using Electrical Impedance and Diffuse Optical Reconstruction Software toolkits for MATLAB to obtain three – dimensional electrical conductivity profiles. The toolkits utilise a finite element model for forward calculations and a regularised nonlinear solver to obtain a unique and stable inverse solution. The scheme utilised is a forward solution, solved using a mesh of 768 finite elements with 205 nodes and 256 boundaries. The results depicted low and high conductivity responses on the dumpsite, ranging from less than 100 mS/m to 1500 mS/m, thus, the subsurface of the dumpsite reveals varying extent of waste decomposition. The high conductivity response of 1000 mS/m to 1500 mS/m is interpreted as conductive leachate contaminants, which are from the decomposing waste materials and have accumulated at several discrete localities within the dumpsite. It has been found that, the contaminants have migrated to depths exceeding 40 m, well below the aquifer, and over 25 m offsite distance from the dumpsite. The study showed that EIT can be used effectively to map areas of active decomposition that are characterised by varying conductivities, hence, a very adaptive tool to realise a systematic survey in dumpsites investigations.

[A.S. Ogungbe. Integrated Use of Electrical Impedance Tomography Techniques in the Investigation of Dumpsite-Induced Groundwater Contamination. J Am Sci 2014;10(2s):31-42]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 5

doi:10.7537/marsjas1002s14.05

 Keywords: Electrical Impedance Tomography, Dumpsite, Groundwater, Leachate Contaminants, Electrical Conductivity, Aquifer

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A Study on Keshavarzi Bank Readiness for Process Re-Engineering (Case Study: Kurdistan Province)

Badieh Parvin *, Adel Salvati **

* Master of Business Administration, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran

** Faculty Member,Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran

Abstract: This paper seeks to study Keshavarzi Bank readiness for re-engineering in Kurdistan Province. It uses a descriptive survey research method and its statistical universe comprises all employees and managers of Keshavarzi Bank branches in this province. The number of employees is 354 and the number of statistical sample is estimated 185 based on Cochran formula and sample is selected by stratified random sampling method. The descriptive results indicate that 80% of the respondents are male and 84.2% are married. 58.7% of the respondents have Bachelor of Science degree, and 55.9% have an intermediate familiarity with re-engineering. Total average of bank readiness for re-engineering is 3.478 of 5, the maximum and minimum averages belong respectively to IT utilization and lack of resistance against change. The inferential data indicates that Keshavarzi Bank readiness for re-engineering in its six dimensions including equity-orientation in leadership and management, collaboration, top management commitment, change in management system, IT utilization, and lack of resistance against changes is not favorable. Data results reveal that according to the single sample t-test, there is a significant difference between the current situation and favorable situation in Keshavarzi Bank readiness for re-engineering. With regard to the high failure rate of projects, the optimal point has been considered 4 of 5. Also according to the results of Pearson test, there is a direct and positive correlation among most dimensions in terms of the Bank overall readiness for re-engineering.

[Badieh Parvin, Adel Salvati. A Study on Keshavarzi Bank Readiness for Process Re-Engineering (Case Study: Kurdistan Province). J Am Sci 2014;10(2s):43-49]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 6

doi:10.7537/marsjas1002s14.06

Key words : Re-engineering, process management, systems and methods

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Theoretical Views Of The National Economy

Hamidova Mehriban Yadulla

Doctor of Philosophy in Economics, Baku State University, Baku, AZ 1148 Z.Khalilov 23

narqiz@mail.ru

ABSTRACT: Purpose-study of theoretical views on the national economy, as the difficult economy, social, organizational, scientific and technological system and the rationale for the peculiar features. Methodology-systematic approach and methods of comparative analysis. Findings-identification of new scientific and theoretical justification in terms of theory development on the national economy. Research limitations-in terms of scientific and theoretical studies require more extensive research. Practical implications-ability to use as a research source in the development of new concepts of national economies. Originality/value- stands as a one of the new research studies related to the theory of national economy.

[Hamidova Mehriban Yadulla. Theoretical Views Of The National Economy. J Am Sci 2014;10(2s):50-54]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 7

doi:10.7537/marsjas1002s14.07

Key words : national economy, institutionalism, economic systems, peripherial economy

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The Age Of Criminal Responsibility

Hamed Mahtabi ¹, Vahab Karampoor ¹, Ghebad Naderi ²

^1. Islamic Azad University, Branch of Khoramabad, Khoramabad, Iran, Email: hameddmahtabi86.com

^2. Department of Payam Noor University,,Iran, Email: naderighobad@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study offers a comprehensive analysis of the minimum age of criminal responsibility (MACR) from an international children’s rights perspective. An international standard on the minimum age for criminal responsibility has yet to be established. The Convention on the Rights of the Child does not stipulate any specific minimum age to the signatory states on this issue but only states the obligation to designate such an age. The recent decision of the Appeals Chamber of the Special Court for Sierra Leone in Prosecutor v Samuel Hinga Normanmakes it clear that the recruitment or use of children under fifteen years of age to participate actively in hostilities is a crime under international law.

[Hamed Mahtabi, Vahab Karampoor, Ghebad Naderi. The Age Of Criminal Responsibility. J Am Sci 2014;10(2s):55-58]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 8

doi:10.7537/marsjas1002s14.08

Keywords: criminal, responsibility, children, Rights, official

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The roots a modern stats in the middle age

Morvarid Ahvary

morvarid_ahoury@yahoo.com

Abstract :One of the important but less recognized periods from mankind history is the Middle Ages. Thinkers who have studied this period often deal with to this by critical and reproachful view. One of the treatise purpose is elimination of this kind view to the Middle Ages. Another point of view that this written treat is view that encounter to history by epistemological dissociation. One the other hand, this view indicates that thoughts and theories and as a general thinking framework at every period belong to same period and by expiration of every period of history this formework is changed too and certainly possibility of knowledge dialogue and interaction between different periods is cut as a whole. This essay by criticism of this point of view, defends thought linear route and belive that every thinking and thought has root and extraction. In which could abtain by exact search and inrestigation. One of these concepts is modern State, that often is considered product of modern periods as a shole. This literature suppose that could search modern State roots in the Middle Age and obtain to that. At this essay medival prominent political thoughts is studied in details and then by comparative view to modern State components.

Is shown closeness of these thoughts with modern State components.

[Morvarid Ahvary. The roots a modern stats in the middle age. J Am Sci 2014;10(2s):59-65]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 9

doi:10.7537/marsjas1002s14.09

Keywords: The Middle Age – Modern State – Moderan State components – Holy Agustin – Tomas Akoinas – Marsilius Padoaei.

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Effect of Feeding Some Salt Tolerant Fodder Shrubs Mixture on Physiological Performance of Shami Goats in Southern Sinai, Egypt

Shaker, Y.M.¹, Ibrahim, N.H.¹, Younis, F. E.¹ and El Shaer, H.M.²

¹Animal and Poultry Physiology Department, Animal and Poultry Production Division, Desert Research Center, Mataria, Cairo, Egypt

² Animal and Poultry Nutrition Department, Animal and Poultry Production Division, Desert Research Center, Mataria, Cairo, Egypt

yousrimshaker@yahoo.com

Abstract: This research was performed to study the effect of feeding a mixture of sun- dried- chopped salt tolerant fodder shrubs (Prosopis juliflora, Acacia saligna and Leucaena Leucocephala) on live body weight, some blood biochemical, electrolytes and hormonal profile of Shami doe goats. The study was carried out at South Sinai Research Station, South Sinai Governorate, Egypt. A total number of fourteen Shami doe goats were randomly allocated into two groups. The first group was fed berseem hay (control group, G1) while the second group (G2) was fed a mixture of sun- dried Prosopis juliflora (50%), Acacia saligna (25%) and Leucaena Leucocephala (25%). Both groups were supplemented with concentrate feed mixture (CDM). Live body weight changes and daily gain were recorded biweekly. The level of total proteins (TP), albumin (A), glucose (GLU), total lipids (TL), cholesterol (CHO), alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea, creatinine were measured. Blood electrolytes of calcium (Ca), sodium (Na) and potassium (K) were analyzed. Values of globulin (G), and the ratios of albumin/ globulin (A/G), urea/ creatinine and sodium/ potassium (Na/ K) in addition to sodium potassium index (Na/ Na+ K) were calculated. Hormonal profiles of triiodothyronine (T₃), thyroxine (T₄) and aldosterone were also determined. The results revealed that animals fed salt tolerant fodder shrubs mixture (G2) had insignificant higher final body weight and average daily gain. The levels of total proteins, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio, T₃, T₄, AST, ALP, urea/ creatinine ratio, calcium, sodium, potassium, Na/K ratio and Na/ Na index in both groups were comparable with non-significant differences. Furthermore, the shrubs mixture group (G2) showed significant lower values of glucose (P< 0.01) in addition to total lipids, cholesterol, urea, creatinine (P<0.01) than those recorded for the control group. On the other hand, it had higher ALT (P<0.01) and Aldosterone (P< 0.05) levels in comparison with the control group. From abovementioned results, the obvious lack of adverse effects of feeding salt tolerant fodder shrubs mixture on physiological performance observed in Shami doe goats underlined the potential of Prosopis juliflora, Acacia saligna and Leucaena Leucocephala shrubs mixture as good quality feed materials to enhance livestock feed supply and ensure acceptable level of production under such desert conditions of Southern Sinai, Egypt.

[Shaker, Y.M., Ibrahim, N.H., Younis, F. E. and El Shaer, H.M. Effect of Feeding Some Salt Tolerant Fodder Shrubs Mixture on Physiological Performance of Shami Goats in Southern Sinai, Egypt J Am Sci 2014;10(2s):66-77]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 10

doi:10.7537/marsjas1002s14.10

Keywords: Shami goats, Prosopis juliflora, Acacia saligna, Leucaena Leucocephala, biochemical parameters, liver function, kidney function, blood electrolytes

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Live Body Weight Changes and Physiological Performance of Barki Sheep Fed Salt Tolerant Fodder Crops under the Arid Conditions of Southern Sinai, Egypt

Shaker, Y.M.

Animal and Poultry Physiology Department, Animal and Poultry Production Division, Desert Research Center, Mataria, Cairo, Egypt

yousrimshaker@yahoo.com

Abstract: This experiment was conducted at Ras Sudr Research Station belonging to Desert Research Center to elucidate the effect of feeding a mixture of salt tolerant fodder crops (Atriplex nummularia, Sorghum bicolor and Pearl millet) on their physiological performance under arid and salinity conditions of Southern Sinai, Egypt. Eighteen Barki sheep, 3- 3.5 years old with an average body weight 28.50±1.02 kg were randomly divided into two equal groups (9 each). The first group (G1) was fed berseem hay and served as control. The second group (G2) was fed a mixture of Atriplex nummularia, Sorghum bicolor and Pearl millet at percentage of 50, 25 and 25%, respectively. Both groups were supplemented with concentrate feed mixture (CDM).The mean values of total proteins (TP), albumin (AL), glucose (GLU), cholesterol (CH), total lipids (TL), triiodothyronine (T₃), thyroxine (T₄), insulin, aldosterone (AL), alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea, creatinine, sodium (Na) and potassium (K) were determined in plasma. The values of globulin (GL), albumin/ globulin (A/G) ratio, Na/ K ratio and Na index were calculated. Live body weight and average daily gain were recorded. The results revealed that animals fed salt tolerant plants mixture had a comparable live body weight and average daily gain with the control group. On the other hand, feeding salt tolerant plants elevated (P<0.05) ALT and creatinine levels in addition to Na, K and aldosterone concentrations (P<0.01). However, salt tolerant plants mixture group had lower (P< 0.01) levels of GLU, CH, TL, insulin, ALP, thyroid hormones and urea than control group. Moreover, there were not significant differences between the two experimental groups of total proteins, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio and aspartate amino transferase (AST) values. It could be concluded that feeding a mixture of salt tolerant plants (Atriplex nummularia, Sorghum bicolor and Pearl millet) without serious physiological hazards, would be an avenue to overcome the problem of feedstuff shortage prevailed under arid and salinity conditions of Sinai, Egypt.

[Shaker, Y.M. Live Body Weight Changes and Physiological Performance of Barki Sheep Fed Salt Tolerant Fodder Crops under the Arid Conditions of Southern Sinai, Egypt. J Am Sci 2014; 10(2s):78-88]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 11

doi:10.7537/marsjas1002s14.11

Key words: Barki sheep, Atriplex nummularia, Sorghum bicolor, Pearl millet, plasma biochemical parameters, liver function, kidney function, electrolytes

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Barriers and Facilitates of Research Utilization as Perceived By Nurses of Suez Canal University Hospital-Ismailia-Egypt

Mirella Youssef Tawfik⁽¹⁾, Naglaa Ibrahim Mohamed⁽²⁾, and Maha Moussa Mohamed Moussa ⁽³⁾

⁽¹⁾Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; ^(2,3)Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt.

mahamoussa2000@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: The goal of conducting healthcare related researches is to improve the delivery of healthcare services by implementing their evidences into practice. Our knowledge with regard to those factors that promote or discourage research utilization among nurses in clinical practice is limited. Aim: The focus of the study is the identification of barriers and facilitates of research utilization in nursing practice from the perspective of nurses in Suez Canal University Hospital. Subjects and methods: A cross sectional design is used. A questionnaire incorporated 29 structured barriers to research utilization was distributed to 68 nurses. Items' scores obtained were used for determining the questionnaire's internal consistency reliability (ICR) and construct validity, and to reflect the degree to which the item was perceived to be a barrier to research utilization. Results: Cronbach's coefficient α (CCα) for the whole scale was 0.86, items were found to be loaded by .47 or more on their predetermined theoretical factors and were significantly dependent on these factors (p<0.01). The greatest perceived barriers to research utilization were the inadequacy of facilities for implementation, the delay in publishing research reports, the unclear implications of research utilization for practice, the physicians' non-cooperation and the insufficient time to read researches. All necessary facilitators mentioned by the nurses were related to the organizational factors. Conclusion: The tool showed a high reliability and validity estimate. Most of the barriers and all the necessary facilitators were related to organizational factors.

[Mirella Youssef Tawfik, Naglaa Ibrahim Mohamed, and Maha Moussa Mohamed Moussa. Barriers and Facilitaties of Research Utilization as Perceived By Nurses of Suez Canal University Hospital-Ismailia-Egypt. J Am Sci 2014;10(2):89-96]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 12

doi:10.7537/marsjas1002s14.12

Key Words: barriers, facilitators, research utilization, nursing practice.

Abbreviations used in this paper: Internal consistency reliability, ICR; Cronbach's coefficient α, CCα; Confirmatory Factor Analysis, CFA.

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Nasty surprise of traumatic Diaphragmatic Rupture

Rifaat kamar¹, Emad Sarawy¹, Mohamed Ahmed Osman¹ and Reham M Khalil²

¹Cardiac Surgery department, National Heart Institute (NHI)

²Radiodiagnosis department, Ain Shams University

sarawy91@yahoo.com

Abstract: Diaphragmatic rupture is a serious complication of thoracoabdominal trauma. The resulting hernia may be initially small and easily missed, to enlarge later as more viscera are sucked into the thorax. Severity of trauma may not always be compatible with the patients’ clinical situation. Due to its rarity and difficulty in diagnosing, delayed detection of diaphragmatic injuries can occur. Delayed presentation is the single most important contributor to increased morbidity and mortality in patients with blunt diaphragmatic rupture. We prospectively studied 25 patients from January 2006 to October 2013. This study was performed in multiple centers. In 21 patients (84%) diaphragmatic injury was discovered during the acute phase of trauma, 4 patients presented late (16%). Surgical treatment consists of hernia reduction, pleural drainage and repair of diaphragmatic defect. The standard surgical approach was laparotomy or, less commonly, thoracotomy. The generally accepted protocol in the acute setting is laparotomy because the concomitant intra-abdominal injuries are more likely present than thoracic injuries. There is an increasing trend towards approaching long-standing hernias with a transthoracic or thoracoabdominal approach. We found that the most common cause of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia was road traffic accident (20 patients, 80%), then fall from a height (3 patients, 12%). Stab wound (1 patient, 4%) and gun shots (1 patient, 4%) We found that initial imaging work-up is crucial, good exposure of the defect is the corner stone of the repair, and Dacron mesh has a role in repairing large defects.

[Rifaat kamar, Emad Sarawy, Mohamed Ahmed Osman and Reham M Khali. Nasty surprise of traumatic Diaphragmatic Rupture. J Am Sci 2014;10(2s):97-103]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 13

doi:10.7537/marsjas1002s14.13

Keywords: Trauma, Hernia, Diaphragm, delayed

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