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Universe Formation And Contraversies

Subhash K. Jadhav

Bsc (chem) 1970 University of poona (India)

Self Reasearcher since 1983 @ Haji Hassan Ready Mix Concrete Co. Bahrain

from 1997, concrete Technologist Specialities Construction Chemical factory, Kuwait (AG) upto 02/04/2012. SKJadhav 2012@gmail.com

Abstract: Universe formation one of the most sought biggest question of all time right from ancient period upto this data (CERN Laboratory Geneva Suizerland, where more than 6000 Top Scientist world and about 3000 Engineers are working doing “Big Bang” in High collidator below 150 meter underground and in 27 kilometer diameter and since done 300 explosion and out of that only 30 times found some particle having mass and all these scientist claiming they will soon find out how the universe got formed? Here in this case the most fundamental theory of science accept it is most impossible to create any mass out of nothing and at the same time matter (mass) can not destroyed (to take it is presence mass (matter) on this stand scientist observed such huge mass this whole universe consist and they have found out one fictions totally unscientific just pure imagination and assumed this whole equivalent of this whole universal mass was exist or was presence as primordial material and considered it is highly compressed hot burning gases (probably Hydrogen?) ^{1A, 1B, 1C.} Now the concept changed to about 80 to 85% Hydrogen gas about 15% Helium gas and some trace %ge heavy dust particle and then the Big Bang. The explosion formation nucleated of gas clouds spreading whole universe which is trillions and trillions and trillions light year across (very and very opposite to Gravity as per concept of Sir Isaac Newton but afterward Gravity start condensing and not only condensing but even solidification (frozen Ammonia, Frozen Methane and water i.e. snow, ice like many mega planet of our solar system ^2A,3A but still all the stars mega stars, Black Holes, Dark energy, matter (which consist about 96% of the whole mass is still remains the same original constituent after about 10 Billions of year which is considered age of our Universe? These are no of controversies are there in this Universe formation process, which still scientist has tried to give them a base of science theories and laws I have taken view of all these controversies in my this be get solved, with one theory THE ALMIGHTY GOD’S CREATION THEORY to fit in regular scientific theory I have given it NEW REVOLUTIONARY MODIFIED THEORY (NRMT) I have this theory present with me already computer print out form ore than 800 pages (but uncorrected spelling and language wise due to little unexperianced computer coperator but will get corrected with in 4 to 5 months by blessing of Almighty God AMEN.

[Subhash K. Jadhav. Universe Formation And Contraversies. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):1-5]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 1

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.01

Keywords Big Bang law of conservation of mass, mass neither created nor destroyed, in any chemical reaction.

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Breast Cancer Knowledge, Perception and Breast Self-Examination Practices in Aswan Women, Egypt

¹Nadia Abdalla Mohamed, ²Fauziya Ali, ³Salma Rattani and ¹Hanan Hussanien

¹Obstetrics and Gynecology nursing, South Valley University, ²Aga Khan University School of Nursing, ³Age Khan University –School of Nursing

Abstract: Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide. Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer among females in developed and developing countries. Early detection of breast cancer is of vital importance; as it's one of the major killer diseases of women all over the world. Breast self-examination (BSE) is the most important and effective way for the early detection of breast cancer. The study aims to focus on exploring perceptions about BSE among Egyptian women living in rural areas through Focus Group Discussion (FGD). In addition, this study is an attempt to explore whether or not Egyptian women have adequate knowledge about BSE and whether the middle-aged women practice BSE or not. This is because little is known about the BSE experience among these Egyptian rural women. The study design Focus Group Discussions with rural women; which consider as Qualitative descriptive-exploratory design. Data was collected from April 2011 to May 2011 in Aswan, Egypt. Audio tapes were used to record the interview, and notes were taken from observations made on things that might be relevant to the study, such as participants’ non-verbal communication (facial expressions and other body language). The overall finding revealed a lack of knowledge about breast cancer and breast self –examination in middle aged women living in rural areas in Upper Egypt. The majority of the interviewed women believes that the physician should perform BSE. In addition 33% of these women believe that breastfeeding and multiple pregnancies increase breast cancer. The practice of BSE is very low, and in some cases; not exist among women in Upper Egypt rural areas. More than imagined there is no practice of BSE; although it's the only coin that can protect them from such disease. BSE is a better way than screening by health care professionals, as women can practice it themselves and thus help in the early detection of breast cancer. So, it is hoped that education of women about BSE will help to reduce mortalities of breast cancer and early detection of breast cancer instead of detection in the advanced stages. BSE for women of all ages as a very important tool in early detection of breast cancer. They should know the importance of BSE and the number of examinations they should perform. But, first, it is necessary to understand their perceptions and their knowledge about breast cancer and BSE. In the Egyptian culture, women often feel shy and even humiliated when they are asked to get their breast examined by the physicians. In addition when they do notice an abnormality in their breast they avoid seeking help.

[Nadia Abdalla Mohamed, Fauziya Ali, Salma Rattani and Hanan Hussanien. Breast Cancer Knowledge, Perception and Breast Self-Examination Practices in Aswan Women, Egypt. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):6-20]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 2

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.02

Keyword: Breast cancer, Breast self-examination, Early Detection.

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Brown Rice as a Healthy Food and Lowering Blood Sugar in Rats

¹Fizah Mosaed Mohamad Al-Subhi and ²Maha A. Hejazi

¹Nutrition and Food Sci. Dept., Umm Al-Qura Univ., Saudi Arabia.

²Faculty of Home Economics - King Abd El-Aziz Univ., Saudi Arabia.

E-mail: baby1_248088@yahoo.com

Abstract: This investigation was carried out to evaluate and compared between brown and white rice high and low amylose. Chemical composition, total dietary fiber fractions, minerals content and total phenolic compounds were determined in brown and white rice. Biological experimental was determined in diabetic rats fed on brown and white rice high and low amylase for four weeks (30 days). Glucose blood level, total lipid, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) were evaluated after end of the biological experimental period four weeks. The results showed that the brown rice high and low amylose had contained the highest amount from crude protein, fat, ash and crude fiber content (8.85, 1.65, 1.9 and 1.25 % in high amylose and 8.42, 1.38, 1.83 and 1.24% in low amylose, respectively) compared with white rice. Brown rice contained a large amount of total dietary fiber soluble and insoluble dietary fiber. This is due to the fact that the whole grain contains all three components: bran, germ and endosperm. Minerals content (magnesium, potassium and calcium) and total phenolic compounds were significant increased in brown rice compared with white rice. The results after the end of biological experimental period showed that the rats fed on brown rice high and low amylose significantly decreased in serum glucose blood level (160.3 and 166.0 mg/dl), followed by rats fed on white rice high amylose (171.5 mg/dl). It is clear that feeding on rice high amylose reducing serum glucose level than white rice low amylose. The rats fed on brown rice high and low amylose significantly lowered in total cholesterol (150.0 and 160.0 mg/dl, respectively) than white rice high and low amylose (163.0 and 172.5 mg/dl, respectively). The results from HDL- cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, total lipids and triglycerides were paralleled for total cholesterol. From this study it could be recommended that the brown rice is reach in protein, fiber, minerals and phenolic compound and it is more beneficial food for lowering glucose blood level and lipid parameters than white rice. Therefore, the brown rice is a benefit healthy food and alternative for white rice.

[Fizah Mosaed Mohamad Al-Subhi and Maha A. Hejazi. Brown Rice as a Healthy Food and Lowering Blood Sugar in Rats. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):21-28]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 3

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.03

Key words: Brown rice, amylase, minerals, blood sugar.

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Hydroxyl Radical Mediated Degradation of Diuron in River Water

Emmanuel, F. Olasehinde^{1, 2}, Nahed Hasan³, Omogbehin, S. Adehuga⁴, Kondo Hiroaki¹, Hiroshi Sakugawa¹,

^1. Department of Environmental Dynamics and Management, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan

^2. Chemistry Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

^3. Pesticide Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Egypt

^4. Department of Science Laboratory and Technology, Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic, Birnin kebbi, Nigeria

folasemb2004@yahoo.com

Abstract: Hydroxyl radicals (•OH) mediated degradation of diuron in river water was evaluated by measuring the steady state concentrations of •OH in surface river water collected from the Kurose River, Japan. Photo-production rates of •OH in the river water samples ranged from 0.1×10^-10 Ms^-1 to 12 × 10^-10 Ms^-1 and scavenging rate constants were 0.47 × 10⁵ s^-1 to 21 × 10⁵ s^-1. The steady state concentrations of •OH in river water, which were calculated from the photo-production rates and scavenging rate constants were in the range 1.9 × 10^-16 M to 10.4 × 10^-16 M. In this study, the consumption of •OH by anions (Cl^-, NO₂^-, NO₃^-, and SO₄^2-) accounted for less than 30 %, suggesting that over 70 % of the photo-formed •OH reacts directly with other constituents of the river water including the dissolved organic matter. Besides, from the results of the filtered and unfiltered samples, particulate matters do not appear to be a major source or sink of OH radicals in river water. The reaction rate constant of hydroxyl radicals with diuron determined by competition kinetics was (9.45 ± 0.12) × 10⁹ M^-1s^-1). Using this rate constant and the •OH steady state concentrations determined in this study, half-lives of diuron due to the reaction with •OH in the river were in the range 0.82 – 4.47 days. Undoubtedly, the reaction of OH radical with diuron could be a significant pathway for its degradation and may be an important process for controlling the fate of diuron in Kurose River.

[Olasehinde EF, Hasan N, Omogbehin SA, Kondo H, Sakugawa H. Hydroxyl Radical Mediated Degradation of Diuron in River Water. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):29-34]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 4

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.04

Keywords: Hydroxyl radicals; competition kinetics; diuron; half-life; river water.

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The Traders and Merchants and the Implements for the Propagation of Islam in India subcontinent

Siavash Yari^{1, *}, Somaye Shakerami²

^1. Department of Theology, Faculty of Humanities, Ilam University, 69315-516, Banganjab, Ilam. Email: siavash839@gmail.com

^2. Department of Theology, Faculty of Humanities, Ilam University, 69315-516, Banganjab, Ilam.

Abstract: The Islands and Ports of southern India as major trading center were links between the western and eastern lands of the subcontinent Centuries before Islam, Inhabitants of the Persian Gulf coasts, whether those known as Persian or Iranian inhabiting the northern coast from the eastern shores of Tigris to Mokran and Baluchistan plains or those inhabiting the western shores of Tigris and southern seaside’s of the Persian Gulf as well as near the Arabian plateau known as Arabic, Ethiopian and Yemeni tribe use to send their business caravans to the farthest areas of China and India. By advent of Islam these businesses were continued and the Muslim traders became the heralds of propagating and promulgating of the Islamic Movement thoughts and teachings all over their tracks and by permanent or temporal inhabiting and by marrying to the aborigines, they could become famous and reputable among them. The main issue of the present research is (that) how the traders and merchants could be able to influence the rollers and people of India and how they could convert them into their own religion?

[Siavash Yari, Somaye Shakerami. The Traders and Merchants and the Implements for the Propagation of Islam in India subcontinent. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):35-40]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 5

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.05

Keywords: Islam, Indian subcontinent, Merchants, Arabian Peninsula, Iran.

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Determining a well-dispersed subset of non-dominated vectors of multi-objective integer linear programming problem

G. Tohidi

Department of Mathematics, Islamic Azad University, Center Branch, Tehran, Iran

ghatohidi@yahoo.com, gh_tohidi@iauctb.ac.ir

Abstract: Using the norm and the concept of the non-dominated vector, this paper presents a method to find a well-dispersed subset of non-dominated vectors of a multi-objective integer linear programming (MOILP) problem. In each iteration of the proposed algorithm only the right hand side of an integer linear programming problem is modified and then this problem is solved. With this approach, the optimal solutions of these single objective programming problems are the non-dominated vectors of the MOILP problem. The number of constraints and variables of these single objective problems are same, i.e. the iterations of the proposed algorithm do not increase the number of constraints and variables of these single objective problems, while the iterations of the previous approaches increase the number of the constraints and variables. Each iteration of the proposed algorithm finds at least one element of the well-dispersed subset of non-dominated vectors. The proposed algorithm is convergent and its applicability is illustrated by using a numerical example.

[G. Tohidi. Determining a well-dispersed subset of non-dominated vectors of multi-objective integer linear programming problem. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):41-46]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 6

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.06

Keywords: norm; Multi-objective integer linear programming problem; well-dispersed non-dominated vectors.

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Sensitivity of bacterial isolates from mastitic She-camel (Camelus dromedaries) to antibiotics

Alqurashi, A. M;¹ Alamin, M. A;^{1, 2} Elsheikh, A. S.¹and Yasin, T. E²

¹Department of Applied Medical Sciences, Community college, Najran University, Saudi Arabia

²Department of Preventive Medicine and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum

Mohamedeen5@Yahoo.com.

Abstract: This study was carried out to identify the causative bacterial agents of mastitis in she-camel and to determine the sensitivity of these bacterial causes to antibiotics. Milk samples were collected from 25 mastitic lactating she-camels. Bacterial cultures were prepared from milk samples according to a standard culture technique. The results of the bacterial culture showed that the most predominant cause of she-camel mastitis is Staphylococcus spp. (80.30%). The remaining causes were Bacillus ce­reus (9.09%), Pasteurella haemolytica (6.06%), Corynebacteria bovis (6.06%), and Streptococcus dysaglactiae (1.52). The Staphylococcus isolates were S. aureus (22.75%), S. epidermidus (12.12%), S. intermediatius (7.56%), S. haemolyticus (6.06%), S. simulans (6.06%), S. kloosii (4.55%), S. hyicus (3.03%), S. delphini (3.03%), S. lentus (3.03%), S. lugdunensis (3.03%), S. saprophyticus (3.03%), S. chromogenes (1.52%), S. sacchrolyticus (1.52%) and S. carnosus (1.52%). The sensitivity of these bacterial isolates to antibiotics was done using oxoid discs impregnated with ciprofloxacin (CIP), gentamycin (GN), ofloxacin (OFF), cephalexine (CFX), tetracycline (TE), co-trimoxazole (SXT), ampicillin (AM), cefotaxime (CTX), coloxacillin (CLX) and lincomycin (LN). The results of the sensitivity test showed that the sensitivity of Staphylococcus spp. to CIP was 96.6 3%, OFF 89.48%, GN 84.92%, CFX 76.79%, TE 66.87%, SXT 51.19%, AM 38.39%, CTX 22.02%, LN 14.4% and CLX 7.14%. The Streptococcus dysgalactiae sensitivity percent to CIP, OFF, GN, CFX, TE and SXT was 100% and it was resistant to AM, CTX, CLX, and LN. The sensitivity of Corynebaterium bovis to CFX, CIP, OFF and GN was 100%, whereas it was completely resistant to AM, SXT, CLX and LN. The Bacillus cereus was high sensitivity to CIP, GN (100%), followed by SXT, TE and OFF (80%) and it was resistant to the remaining antibiotics. Finally, Pasteurella haemolytica was high sensitivity to AM, TE, CIP, OFF and GN (100%). It is concluded that the most dominant cause of mastitis in she-camels of North Kordofan State of Sudan is Staphylococcus spp. and the most effective antibiotics against most of the isolated organisms are CIP, OFF, GN, CFX and TE.

[Alqurashi, A. M; Alamin, M. A; Elsheikh, A. S. and Yasin, T. E. Sensitivity of bacterial isolates from mastitic She-camel (Camelus dromedaries) to antibiotics. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):47-52]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 7

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.07

Keywords: she-camel; mastitis; causative agents, antibiotic sensitivity.

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Evaluation of Simvastatin and/or Ezetimibe Treatment on Some Diabetic Complications in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes in rats

Shebl R. Samaha, Saad M. Mohammed, Nageh M. Gabr and Ahraf M. Al-Gendy

Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Boys, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

Sheblsamaha@yahoo.com

Abstract: Statins are hypolipdemic agents that are prescribed extensively in hyperlipidemia and hyperlipidemia associated diseases. They are directly involved in restoring or improving endothelial function, attenuating vascular remodeling, inhibiting vascular inflammatory response and perhaps, stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques. Ezetimibe specifically blocks the intestinal absorption of cholesterol and other related phytosterols. Consequently, the present work was designed to evaluates the effects of simvastatin and/or ezetimibe treatment on some diabetic complications in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes in rats. To this end, fifty adult local strain male albino rats were divided into five equal groups; control, diabetic, diabetic plus simvastatin (SIM), diabetic plus ezetimibe (EZE) and diabetic plus SIM and EZE groups. Blood samples were obtained for determination of serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, creatinine and SOD levels. It was noted that Induction of diabetes mellitus was associated with metabolic and renal dysfunctions associated with significant reduction in serum SOD activity. Treatment with simvastatin or ezetimibe was found to be effective in ameliorating lipid profile, serum SOD activity and serum creatinine. Addition of ezetimibe to simvastatin enhanced or potentiated the ameliorative effect of simvastatin on metabolic and renal dysfunctions associated with STZ-induced diabetes in rats. In conclusion, these findings underscore the importance of ezetimibe to be added to simvastatin to ameliorate metabolic and renal dysfunction. However, further studies are required to clarify possible interactive mechanisms by which ezetimbe enhancing the metabolic ameliorative effects of statins.

[Shebl R. Samaha, Saad M. Mohammed, Nageh M. Gabr and Ahraf M. Al-Gendy. Evaluation of Simvastatin and/or Ezetimibe Treatment on Some Diabetic Complications in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes in rats. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):53-61]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 8

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.08

Key words: Diabetes, Streptozotocin, Simvastatin, Ezetimibe, superoside dismutase, renal functions.

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Identifying the effective factor on changes in Turkmen people customs (The subject: Iran and Tajikistan Turkmen People)

Khalil shabani (PhD in Cultural Anthropology)

Abstract: The main object of the study is to examine and identify the effective factor on changes in customs of different Iranian and Tajik Turkmen tribes. The study has been conducted by field-documentary method, also the participatory observing; in-depth interview techniques and questionnaire were used to gather data. The study has investigated the cause of changes in the tribes` customs from the anthropology cultural viewpoint and analyzes them via scientific methods. The results of the study showed that technology development, media, cultural, demographic, economic, ecologic, ethnic and tribal factors and their extension in all parts of Turkmen areas cause such transformation in social cultural structure such as type of livelihood, lifestyle, attitudes, beliefs and values in them. Therefore, addressing the effect of environmental, social and political factors on the customs of the folk can paved the way for planning to survive the customs and promoting the its strengths for people to live better. If the modern and traditional culture combine together that is proportionate to society cultural social structure, a new cultural assimilated texture can be obtained by Turkmen community by creating new cultural structure.

[Khalil shabani. Identifying the effective factor on changes in Turkmen people customs (The subject: Iran and Tajikistan Turkmen People). J Am Sci 2013;9(4):62-66]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 9

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.09

Keywords: Turkmen people, Iran, Tajikistan Turkmen People.

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Anxiety, Autonomic Control of the Heart, and Cardiac Dysrhythmogenesis in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome

Mohannad E. AbuRuz, PhD, RN

Nursing Education and Development Department. King Fahad Specialist Hospital-Dammam-KSA

mohannadeid@yahoo.com

Abstract: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the number one killer in the United States. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is the primary consequence of CHD. Anxiety is very common among ACS patients and has been shown to affect their outcomes. High anxiety levels are associated with more cardiac complications and poor quality of life. To date, the mechanisms by which anxiety enhances these complications are not clear. In this review, we will discuss: First, the basics of the cardiac conduction system and the effect of the autonomic nervous system on cardiac function; second a review of the relationship among anxiety, ACS, and cardiac dysrhythmias; third, an amplification of the mechanisms of cardiac dysrhythmias early after ACS; and forth a clarification of the relationship among anxiety, heart rate variability and dysrhythmias after ACS.

[Abu Ruz M. Anxiety, Autonomic Control of the Heart, and Cardiac Dysrhythmogenesis in Patients with Acute with Coronary Syndrome. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):67-76]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 10

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.10

Keywords: Cardiac conduction system, anxiety, acute coronary syndrome, and cardiac dysrhythmias.

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Conductivity behavior & reduction of TiO₂NTs filled with NiFe₂O₄ quantum dots

A.A. Farghali^1,*, M. Bahgat², A. F. Moustafa¹

¹Nano Science and Nanotechnology Unit, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Sueif University, Egypt

² Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI), Minerals Technology Department, Pyrometallurgy laboratory, Helwan, Egypt

d_farghali@yahoo.com

Abstract: TiO₂ nanotubes anatase phase (TiO₂NTs) were prepared by hydrothermal approaches followed by ion exchange and phase transformation process. The obtained TiO₂NTs were then filled with NiFe₂O₄ quantum dots (Q.Ds) under vacuum. The obtained nanomaterials were used to study the influence of the filling process on the conductivity behavior in a hydrogen flow (1 L/min) at different temperatures (500-700^oC). It was found that the electric conductivity increased by increasing the gas exposure time and the reduction temperature that illustrates the semiconductor behavior of the nanomaterials. Empty anatase phase TiO₂NTs achieved the highest values of conductivity at 550 and 600^oC, but at higher temperatures (650 and 700^oC) the conductivity decreases by increasing temperature due to the destruction of tubular form. The conductivity mechanism of TiO₂NTs towards H₂ gas was discussed. Further investigation for the reduction behavior by thermogravimetric technique was carried out. The activation energy values were calculated to determine the rate controlling mechanism.

[A.A. Farghali, M. Bahgat, A. F. Moustafa. Conductivity behavior & reduction of TiO₂NTs filled with NiFe₂O₄ quantum dots. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):77-86].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 11

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.11

Key Words: Reduction kinetics, electrical conductivity, anatase TiO₂NTs, filled TiO₂NTs and Quantum dots.

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Using of Nanotechnology to Reduce the Electrostatic Charges in Saudi men's Robe in Taif Governor

Faiza F. S. Ebrahim^{1, 2} & Olfat S. M. Mansour¹

¹Faculty of Science & Education, Taif University, Kingdom Saudi Arabia

²Academy of Specialized Studies, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt

f_wutext@yahoo.com

Abstract: Clothing should be comfortable during use beside to stability and durability. Synthetic fabrics are more stable than cotton fabrics, while the latter allow garments to fit closely and snugly also it is comfortable and safely concerning static electricity. Therefore, blended cotton with synthetic can increase comfort and stability. The changes in fabric characteristics after a specific treatment by using Nanotechnology for fabrics produced from cotton, polyester and their blends were studied. From which the effect of cotton addition on comfort and stability was detected. This was obtained by measuring the static charges built up on the surface, roughness, thickness, drapability and dimension stability of fabric. The fabrics characteristics were analyzed using multi regression analysis. The changes in fabric characteristics due to treatment were determined. The significant trends of these changes percentage in relation to the parameters were investigated in equations and their correlation analysis was also obtained. The tendency of electrostatic charge decreased as a result of treatment however it increased the fabric thickness, drapability and surface smoothness. The dimensional stability increased when increase percentage quantity of PES yarns in fabric composition. The characteristics of the fabrics due to treatment can be predicted.

[Faiza F. S. Ebrahim & Olfat S. M. Mansour. Using of Nanotechnology to Reduce the Electrostatic Charges in Saudi men's Robe in Taif Governor. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):87-94]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 12

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.12

Keywords: Nanotechnology;Nanoparticles;Cotton;Textile industry;Nanowhiskers;Nano-silver static electricity; fabrics characteristics; dimension stability of fabric.

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Puberty of crossbred male goat kids

Nasir Salim Ali Elhammali^{1, 2}; Abdulrahman Mohamed Alqurashi⁴, Mohamed Tajedin Ibrahim.² Adil Salim Elsheikh^{3, 4}

¹Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Sabah University Libya.

² Graduate College, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Sudan

³Department of Reproduction and Obstetrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O Box 32, Sudan

⁴Department of Applied Medical Sciences, Community college, Najran University, Saudi Arabia

adilelgarrai@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study aimed to determine the characteristics of puberty of crossbred goat male kids (Nubian × Saanen). The following puberty characteristics: weaning weight, growth rate, age at complete separation of prepuce from the penis, scrotal circumference at puberty, weight and age at puberty, volume of the first ejaculate, individual and mass motility percent of semen, abnormal morphology spermatozoa and the concentration of spermatozoa, were evaluated. Furthermore, the correlation between body weight at birth and body weight at puberty, ejaculation volume and scrotal circumference and the age of puberty and scrotal circumference were also studied. Eight single born male kids (Saanen × Nubian) were used in this experiment. Their mean weight at birth was 3.80 ± 0.14 kg. The puberty characteristics were as follow: the average of weaning weight was 14.4 ± 0.73 kg, growth rate 82.9 ± 0.83 gm/day, age at complete separation of prepuce from the penis 16.3 ± 0.33 week, puberty age 30 ± 0.30 week with a mean body weight of 22.38 ± 0.94 kg and an average scrotal circumference of 23.4 ± 0.83 cm. The ejaculate volume, mass motility, individual motility percentage, the percent of live sperms, sperm cell concentration and the percentage of sperms with abnormal morphology were 0.68 ± 0.05 ml, 3.60, 76.30 ± 3.41%, 87.30 ± 1.63%, 2.8 × 10⁹ and 5.7 ± 0.71%, respectively. The correlation between the weight at birth and the weight at puberty was weak (R=0.076) but the correlation between scrotal circumference and the ejaculate volume was significant (R=0.36). No correlation between the age at puberty and the scrotal circumference (R=0.009) was found. Considering all the reported results of pubertal characteristics of goat male kids, it is concluded that the crossbred goat male kids attain puberty earlier and their growth rate is higher. Furthermore, the volume of their first ejaculated semen is directly correlated to scrotal circumference.

[Nasir Salim Ali Elhammali; Abdulrahman Mohamed Alqurashi, Mohamed Tajedin Ibrahim, Adil Salim Elsheikh. Puberty of crossbred male goat kids. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):95-99]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 13

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.13

Key word: Crossbred, Nubian, goats, male kids, puberty.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles Colloids

W. A. Ghaly¹, H. T. Mohsen¹ and Sh. Labib²

¹ Accelerators & Ion Sources Department, Central Lab. for Elemental & Isotopic Analysis, NRC, Atomic Energy Authority, Post No. 13759, Cairo, Egypt.

Medical Physics Dept., Faculty of Medicine, Preparatory Year Deanship, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia

² Nuclear Chemistry Department, Hot Laboratories Center, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.

htalaat@yahoo.com

Abstract: Gold nanoparticles (Au Nps) were characterized by superior opto-electronic properties due to their unique interaction with incident light. In the presence of the oscillating electromagnetic field of light, the conduction band electrons of metal nanoparticles undergo collective oscillations in resonance with the frequency of light, which is called Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR). Gold nanoparticles colloids, prepared using citrate reduced method (Turkevich method), were exposed beside its original state to different external factors like ultrasonic dispersion, centrifugation and nylon membrane separation. The different resulted solutions were characterized using UV-VIS spectrophotometer for optical properties determination, scanning electron microscope (SEM) for microstructural investigation and atomic force microscope (AFM) for particle size and interparticle distance determination. Good correlation between UV-VIS spectroscopy, SEM and AFM was obtained that explained the parameters affecting particle size, state of dispersion and the stability of the prepared gold nanoparticles colloids.

[W. A. Ghaly, H. T. Mohsen and Sh. Labib. Synthesis and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles Colloids. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):100-104]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 14

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.14

Key Words: Gold nanoparticles colloids; Turkevich method; Synthesis of gold nanoparticle; stability.

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The impact of storytelling on social skills

Dr. Ghodsi Ahghar¹, Dr. Amineh Ahmadi², La’aya Ghanbari³

MA of education, Islamic Azad University of Tehran Center, Tehran, Iran

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of storytelling on increasing the social skills. The studying population consisted of all fifth grade boy students of primary schools in fifth region of Tehran in the educational year of 1391 – 1392. A population of 60 students has been selected via a simple random sampling among students who had social skills below the average level and 30 students were replaced in experimental group and the remainder of them went to control group. First, groups completed the surveys (social skilss of Gresham and Elliott (1990)), then in experimental group the independent variable (8 stories during eight 90 minutes sessions) was performed, but control group received no training. After the intervention on the post – test for both groups (experimealnt and control) the dependent variable (social skills of Gresham and Elliott (1990)) was executed and one mounth after the post – test stage in the tracing stage the dependent variable (social skills of Gresham and Elliott (1990)) was conducted only on experimental group. To test the hypothesis the covariance and repetitive mesurment test were used. While approving the hypothesis of the study, the results of this investigation showed that the storyteeling method not only increases the social skills of elementary school students in Tehran but these skills also have good stability over time.

[Ghodsi Ahghar, Amineh Ahmadi, La’aya Ghanbari. The impact of storytelling on social skills. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):105-112]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 15

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.15

Keywords: storytelling, social skills, students.

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Exploration of influencing the service quality on customer satisfaction by the innovation and creativity process approach (Karaj case)

Mohammad Nikbakht

Payam-e Nour University. Tehran, Iran.

nikbakht448@yahoo.com

Abstract: In today competitive world, the customers are in the focus of company’s attention and their loyalty is the main factor for reaching to competitive advantage in the organizations. The aim for conducting current research is to explore the relationship between customer loyalty and its key variables meaning service quality and confidence and satisfaction are also considered as intermediate variable and role of innovation and creativity in enhancement of customer satisfaction has been evaluated. The current research is descriptive and in order to measure the questionnaire with 7 points Likert scale has been used. The population is the non native tourists of Alborz province and sample volume are amounted 67 persons that for sample selection, the simple random sampling method has been used. The research findings imply a significant and positive relationship between service quality based on creativity and loyalty of customer. In order to be survived in such uncertain environment we need to novel thoughts and ideas. The tools that can be useful in this venue are creativity innovation and entrepreneurship. The creativity is to employ mental capability for creation of a thought or new conception, but innovation is the process for converting such thoughts to practice. The creativity is to employ mental capabilities for creation of a though or new concept thus findings of this research indicate that confidence and satisfaction variable play the intermediate role in the service quality and loyalty relationship along with innovation and creativity and influence on the loyalty positively and significantly. Generally this research show that there is a positive relationship between service quality with customer satisfaction

[Mohammad Nikbakht. Exploration of influencing the service quality on customer satisfaction by the innovation and creativity process approach (Karaj case). J Am Sci 2013;9(4):113-121]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 16

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.16

Keywords: customer satisfaction, service quality, behavioral loyalty, sentimental loyalty, intentional loyalty, creativity and innovation.

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Iran’s laws about immigration and immigrant transmission

Samira Mahmoodkalaee

MA in international law, Maraghe central branch, Islamic Azad University. Maraghe, Iran.

samiramahmoodkalaee@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study analyzes immigration and immigrant transmission laws and their effect on the quality of social development in Iran. This research analyzes the following factors: literacy, job, housing quality, migration, migration incentive and migration distance. This study is performed using documentary and survey research methods and also non-proportional and random sampling methods. Findings in the survey method show that: (1) There is a significant relationship between migration and literacy (r=-0.43), job (r=-0.33) and housing quality (r=-0.27)that are minor assumptions to measure dependent variable in this study. (2) There is a significant relationship between migration incentives (r=+0.19), that are minor assumptions to measure dependent variable in this study, and Iran’s social development. Calculation of correlation coefficient shows that there is no significant relationship between two variables of ‘distance’ and ‘social development’, therefore this assumption is not verified. (3) Major assumption of this research, relationship between ‘migration’ and ‘social development’, is verified by high significant level and correlation coefficient(r=+0.44) and determination coefficient in regression analysis of these two variables shows that r²=0.18.Therefore we can infer migration by 18.2% specify dependent (development) variable changes.

[Samira Mahmoodkalaee. Iran’s laws about immigration and immigrant transmission. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):122-129]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 17

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.17

Keywords: laws, immigration, immigrant transmission.

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Comparative study of "The Rule of law" in the international discipline and in the Nahj of Imam Ali (AS)

Hossein Ale Kajbaf ¹, Hassan Faraj Donyavi²

^1. Assistant professor, Payam-e Nour University.Tehran,Iran

^2. Ph.D. Student of international law, Payam-e Nour University, Tehran, Iran

donyavi_h59@yahoo.com

Abstract: Ruling of law in its real meaning and with broad concept means people should obey rules and it should be dominant on them. Referring to law concept as a tool to control power has been attractive from past times. The concept of Ruling of law in international level is still completing and has always been a debatable topic. The more important is that Ruling of law should be defined in the term of desired government and help completing and implementing other parameters of desired government. The practical and theoretical emphasize on law mainly Quran orders and prophet’s procedures indicates the theological aspect of Imam Ali’s government. Imam Ali accepted to be governor in order to implement fairness and equity as pronounced manifestation of law and to lead the society toward ideal, growth and maturity. At the present time, there is no global and comprehensive definition o Ruling of law in worldwide. It can be said the main reason is to consider the personal interests by the governors of the different nations, not people interests. But Imam Ali didn’t trade the humanistic values and principles in politic market and he scarified his life for it. No his friends and relatives and their numbers could affect on Ruling of law in his government. In this paper we aim at answering the question whether the concept of Ruling of law is known in international system? And whether it is comparable with concept of Ruling of law in Nahjolbalagheh or not?

[Hossein Ale Kajbaf, Hassan Faraj Donyavi. Comparative study of "The Rule of law" in the international discipline and in the Nahj of Imam Ali (AS). J Am Sci 2013;9(4):130-139]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 18

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.18

Key Words: Rule of law, Nahj, governing, international system, Imam Ali.

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The Effect of aqueous extract of Cassia senna (Caesalpinaceae) on hyperlipidemic rats

Widad M. Al-Bishri

Biochemistry Department, Sciences Faculty for Girls, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. wad.m2012@hotmail.com

Abstract: Diet is the most important element in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Hyperlipidemia is considered as a major risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). Wister Albino Rats (N=27), were divided into three groups (n=9), as following: Group 1: fed on a normal pellet diet (NPD) for 7 months, Group 2: rats fed on high fat diet (HFD) for 7 months and denoted. Group 3: HFD- fed rats for 7 months, followed by aqueous C. Senna extract (1mL/Kg/day), for 2 months along with HFD. Triacylglyserols (TAGs), total cholesterol, LDL- and, HDL-cholesterols, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid (UA) and creatinine were measured in the serum. Atherogenic index was calculated by LDL/HDL ratio. Livers and heart samples were collected for histopathological examination. This study revealed that aqueous C. Senna extract was effective in reducing body weight and serum lipid profiles as well as the increase in serum liver and kidney function biomarkers induced by HFD. The modulation in these biomarkers were coupled with improvement in histopathological pictures of liver and heart. aqueous C. Senna extract is potential hypolipidemic beside its therapeutic beneficial action against HFD induced liver and kidney dysfunction.

 [Widad M. AlBishri. The Effect of aqueous extract of Cassia senna (Caesalpinaceae) on hyperlipidemic rats. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):140-146]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 19

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.19

Key words: Antioxidants, cholesterol, kidney, lipids, liver, hyperlipidemia, Coronary heart diseases, flavonoids, high fat diet, casein.

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Using of Nanotechnology to Reduce the Electrostatic Charges in Saudi men's Robe in Taif Governor

Faiza F. S. Ebrahim^{1, 2} & Olfat S. M. Mansour¹

¹Faculty of Science & Education, Taif University, Kingdom Saudi Arabia

²Academy of Specialized Studies, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt

f_wutext@yahoo.com

Abstract: Clothing should be comfortable during use beside to stability and durability. Synthetic fabrics are more stable than cotton fabrics, while the latter allow garments to fit closely and snugly also it is comfortable and safely concerning static electricity. Therefore, blended cotton with synthetic can increase comfort and stability. The changes in fabric characteristics after a specific treatment by using Nanotechnology for fabrics produced from cotton, polyester and their blends were studied. From which the effect of cotton addition on comfort and stability was detected. This was obtained by measuring the static charges built up on the surface, roughness, thickness, drapability and dimension stability of fabric. The fabrics characteristics were analyzed using multi regression analysis. The changes in fabric characteristics due to treatment were determined. The significant trends of these changes percentage in relation to the parameters were investigated in equations and their correlation analysis was also obtained. The tendency of electrostatic charge decreased as a result of treatment however it increased the fabric thickness, drapability and surface smoothness. The dimensional stability increased when increase percentage quantity of PES yarns in fabric composition. The characteristics of the fabrics due to treatment can be predicted.

[Faiza F. S. Ebrahim & Olfat S. M. Mansour. Using of Nanotechnology to Reduce the Electrostatic Charges in Saudi men's Robe in Taif Governor. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):147-154]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 20

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.20

Keywords: Nanotechnology; Nanoparticles; Cotton; Textile industry; Nanowhiskers; Nano-silver static electricity; fabrics characteristics; dimension stability of fabric.

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Efficacy of Thymoquinone against Vaginal Candidiasis in Prednisolone-induced Immunosuppressed Mice

Ahmed Z. Abdel Azeiz^1*, Ahmed H. Saad² and Mohammed F. Darweesh³

¹College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, EGYPT

²Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt

 ³Pathology Dept., College of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt

alrahman3@hotmail.com

Abstract: Vaginal candidiasis is a disease that results from the over growth of Candida sp. Thymoquinone (TQ) is a major constitute of Nigella sativa oil shows wide spectrum antifungal activity. In the present study, the efficacy of TQ was tested against vaginal candidiasis in prednisolone-induced immunosuppressed mice. A cream containing different concentrations of TQ (from 1% to 10%) was used to treat the infected mice and the effectiveness was compared with that treated with miconazole nitrate (2%). The C. albicans cells disappeared from the mice treated with 10% TQ cream, while the miconazole treated mice showed heavy growth of both C. albicans. The histological analysis showed no difference between the mice that were treated with miconazole and TQ containing cream as compared with the normal mice. Through this study we strongly recommended the use of TQ as an active substance in the anti-candidiasis pharmaceutical formulas.

[Ahmed Abdel Azeiz, Ahmed H. Saad and Mohammed F. Darweesh Efficacy of Thymoquinone Against Vaginal Candidiasis In Prednisolone-induced Immunosuppressed Mice. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):155-159]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 21

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.21

Key words: Thymoquinone, candidiasis, miconazole.

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Anti-Mutated Citrullinated Vimentin Antibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis compared with anti-cyclic citrullinated peptides

Ismail Ashraf Khalifa¹, Abdel wahab Mohammed Lotfy², Mahmoud Afifi Elsayed² Abd Elhameed Abd Elfattah³ and Ashraf abdelmonem³

¹Rheumatology, ²Internal Medicine and ³Clinical Pathology Departments, Al-Azhar University.

a7b9d@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by synovial joint inflammation, which often leads to progressive joint destruction and disability. Several other auto-antibodies specific to RA have been found. Among them, antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptides (CCP) are useful for diagnosing RA. Antibodies to mutated citrullinated vimentin (MCV) were described recently in RA. The aims of this study were to evaluate the usefulness of anti-MCV for diagnosing and assessing severity of RA compared to anti-CCP. Patients and methods: We studied 50 RA patients (aged 18 - 60 years with 80% females) and 25 healthy controls, matched age and sex. Functional disability was evaluated using Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ). CBC and ESR for all subjects were done. Anti-CCP and anti-MCV levels were assayed using ElISA technique. IgM rheumatoid factor was determined by turbidimetry. Postero-anterior radiographs of hands, wrists, and forefeet were taken. Results: RA group was significantly higher than control group as regard ESR, CRP, RF, Anti-CCP, and Anti- MCV. Also, Anti-MCV had higher parameters than each of RF or anti-CCP as regard sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and odd ratio in diagnosing RA and prognostic assessment. A significant correlations of RF with Anti-CCP and Larsen score, Anti-MCV with disease duration, VAS, HAQ, DAS 28, ESR, Anti-CCP and Larsen score, and there were significant correlations of Anti-CCP with VAS, DAS 28, RF, Anti-MCV and Larsen score. Conclusion: Anti-MCV antibody is very useful in RA since higher sensitivity and specificities are obtained compared with the anti-CCP assay and RF.

[Ismail Ashraf Khalifa, Abdel wahab Mohammed Lotfy, Mahmoud Afifi Elsayed^, Abd Elhameed Abd Elfattah and Ashraf abdelmonem. Anti-Mutated Citrullinated Vimentin Antibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis compared with anti-cyclic citrullinated peptides. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):160-166]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 22

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.22

Key words: Mutated citrullinated vimentin. Anti-MCV, Anti-CCP, Rheumatoid arthritis.

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Innovative Perspective of Mulla Sadra's Philosophical Anthropology

Ali Piri¹, Prof. Dr. Farman Ismayilov², Zahra Hasani³, Gholamreza Mehri⁴

1. Ph.D Student in philosophy in Baku State University, Azerbaijan, A_piri2000@yahoo.com

2. Department of philosophy in Baku State University, Azerbaijan.

3. Departemant of Islamic Education, Astara branch, Islamic Azad University, Astara, Iran.

4. Ph.D Student in philosophy in Baku State University, Azerbaijan.

Abstract Discussion about reality of human existence have always been one of the most sophisticated and controversial issues among philosophers and intellectuals. The issue has had prestigious status in Islamic thought especially in Mulla Sadra's works. Since his thought on one hand profoundly pertains to his metaphysical perspective about human as microcosm who can be considered a brief sample of macrocosm and all universe and its hierarchical degrees. The reason is that human based on his attitude is the interface between nature, supernatural nature and the confluence of arcs of ascend and descend which make manifestation of higher universe possible in the territory of elements through the theory of trans – substantial motion and corporality of createdness of human soul. On the other hand Mulla Sadra believed that real knowledge in the transcendent philosophy is covered in self–knowledge which is merely perceptible via intuitive knowledge. He pointed out that one who just knows himself as manifestation of divine essence will be able to enjoy profound secrete of divine life which encompasses each part of globalization. Therefore in the present paper we are going to study and investigate Mulla Sadra's anthropology through innovative perspective regarding to totality, universality and completeness of the transcendent philosophy and his philosophical and intellectual policies and by exploiting all his works and methodology.

[Ali Piri, Farman Ismayilov, Zahra Hasani, Gholamreza Mehri. Innovative Perspective of Mulla Sadra's Philosophical Anthropology. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):167-172]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 23

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.23

Keywords: philosophical anthropology, the Trans–substantial motion, human perfection, presential knowledge.

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Prevalence of Enterobacteriacea in Wild Birds and Humans at Sharkia Province; With Special Reference to the Genetic Relationship between E. coli and Salmonella Isolates Determined bBy Protein Profile Analysis

Magda A. M. Amin, Mohamad N. M. Ali, Maysa A. I. Awadallah, Merwad, A. M. Amin, Ahmed, H. A., Rasha M. A. Gharieb, Rasha M. M. Abu-El-ezz, and Rehab E. Mohamad

Department of Zoonoses, Fac. Vet. Med., Zag. Univ. Egypt

magda_amin_2013@yahoo.com.

Abstract: The present study was carried out to evaluate the role of wild birds as a reservoir for some pathogenic bacteria of zoonotic importance that are pathogenic to man. The occurrence of some pathogenic bacteria in cloacal swabs of wild birds and stool samples of human live at the same region was also carried out. For this purpose, a total of 410 cloacal swabs were collected from different spp of wild birds that were shot at various locations in Sharkia Province, Egypt. The species included were cattle egrets (n=160), crows (n=100), wild ducks and little egrets (n=75, each). The samples were examined bacteriologically for the presence of Enterobacteriaceae. Identification of isolated microorganisms revealed the recovery of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter agglomerans, Enterobacter aerogens, Enterobacter hafnia, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter diversus, Klebsiella ozaenae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, and Proteus rettegri at different percentages from the examined wild bird spp. No Salmonella spp were isolated from human's stool or cloacal swabs of Ibis. However, 17 Salmonella isolates belonging to 5 serotypes were isolated from Crows, 2 isolates "2 serotypes" from great egret, and only one isolate identified as S. enteritidis from wild duck. On the other hand, E. coli were isolated from 15 human stool samples (15%), and from the cloacal swabs of 5 Ibis (3.125% ), 5 Crows (5%), 12 wild duck (16%), and 7 little egrets (9.33%). Serotypes O26:K69 were detected in six human's stool samples and 6 cloacal swabs of wild duck. On the other hand E. coli O111:K58 was recorded in 4 stool samples of human and 2 cloacal swabs of little egrets. Moreover, the enterotoxigenic E. coli O127:K63 (B8) was identified in the cloacal of 24 E. coli isolates recovered from examined sources at locality I swabs of 3 Ibis & 4 Wild ducks. Other serotypes identified in 5 human, 2 Ibis, 2 Wild ducks and 5 Great egrets were O55:K59, O114:K90, O119:K69, and O125:K70, respectively. The only serotype isolated from 5 crows was the enteropathogenic E. coli O86:K61. In addition, SDS-PAGE of whole cell protein profiling were carried out for six E. coli serotypes (2, O26:K60; 2, O111:K58 and 2, O127:K63) and for seven Salmonella isolates (2, S. typhimurium; 3, S. enteritidis; 1, S. anatum and 1, S. Virchow). For SDS-PAGE of protein profiles of E. coli isolates, a high degree of similarity was concentrated in region between 15-131KDa, while those profiles of Salmonella isolated produce patterns with molecular masses of 17-129KDa. This study emphasized that wild birds are reservoirs for some zoonotic bacteria within family of Enterobactericeae.

[Magda A. M. Amin, Mohamad N. M. Ali, Maysa A. I. Awadallah, Merwad, A. M. Amin, Ahmed, H. A., Rasha M. A. Gharieb, Rasha M. M. Abu-El-ezz, and Rehab E. MohamadPrevalence of Enterobacteriacea in Wild Birds and Humans at Sharkia Province; With Special Reference to the Genetic Relationship between E. coli and Salmonella Isolates Determined bBy Protein Profile Analysis. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):173-183]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 24

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.24

Key words: E. coli; wild birds, zoonoses

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Analysis of barriers to social and economic development of Zahak area (Sistan - Iran)

Shirko Ahmadi

 Master Student in Geography and Rural Planning,; University of Zabol; Iran

shirko61@gmail.com

Mortaza Tavakoli

PhD, Faculty Member; Department of Geography, University of Zabol, zabol, Iran

tavakoli@uoz.ac.ir or tavakoly52@gmail.com

Abstract: Zehak area still hadn’t any framework with regard to organic of planning and policy, however, this area includes four districts Zehak, Kamak, Khaja Ahmad and Jazynak which Zahak is the center of mentioned area (Zehak). The city of zahak is located in the most eastern part of Iran, It bordered by Afghanistan to the East. The city is between latitude 30/45 to 31 and east longitude 30 and 61 to 50 and 61, the average height above the sea level is about 480 meters. According to studies there are two ethnic groups, Baluch and Persian in mentioned city. However, there are a significant number of other groups entitled as Afghans immigrants. In total villages, 84 villages equivalent 46/7 percent are Persians, 51 of villages or 25/5 percent of them are Baluch 47 villages are mixture of both. The number of rural settlement increased between years 1967 to 1977 from 107 to 156 pieces and have varied in different year, 1987 was 158, in 1375 was 215 and year 2005 was 210. One of the special signs of this area is plurality of settlements. Based on existed reports from total economic activists, 55 percent were employed in agriculture, 24 % in industry section and 20 percent in services section. Among the crops, wheat has about 60 percent, grain has 45 percent and other crops have 30 percent of self-consumption index. It determines the rate fluctuation of rehabilitation in the economy of the region regarding to the common patterns (Priority of the Agriculture). For achieving an economic growth coefficient with this assumption that everything has been done has not associated with a specific orientation, projects are intended which will mention.

[Ahmadi Shirko; Tavakoli Mortaza; Analysis of barriers to social and economic development of Zahak area (Sistan-Iran). J Am Sci 2013;9(4):184-188]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 25

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.25

Keywords: area development, zahak area, barriers to social and economic; Iran.

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The Effects of Nutrition Education on Mental Health of the Hemodialysis Patients in Maragheh, East

Azerbaijan, Iran

Zahra Moshtagh¹, Dr. Kazem Naeeni², Malihe Hamzezade³, Ali Arasteh⁴

^1.Instructor, MSc of nursing, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

^2.Assistant Professor, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

^3.MSC of nursing Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

^4.Instructor, MSc Animal Science Department, IslamicAzad UniverSity, Bonab, Iran

Abstract: Background and Purpose: Due to the development of chronic diseases, including chronic renal failure, patients' quality of life and mental health is often below normal. Moreover, considering the importance of nutrition as an effective factor in quality of life and mental health of dialysis patients, nutrition education for these patients is of vital importance. This study was performed to develop a nutritional plan, training requirements in patients under hemodialysis and assessment of the effects of education on mental health of hemodialysis patients. Methods: The study is a quasi-experimental project based on purposive sampling. The experiment was conducted on 40 patients under hemodialysis admitted to hemodialysis unit of Sina Hospital of Maragheh in 2012. The data for the study were collected by general health questionnaire (GHQ). In this questionnaire, the first stage (before training) was completed by all patients. Thus, patients with low mental health (top score was 23) were selected as samples. The educational program was carried out during four two-hour sessions, twice a week and two months after completion of the training program the GHQs were again completed by selected samples. Data were analyzed by SPPS software version 16, using descriptive statistics and paired t test, Pearson correlation coefficient and ANOVA. Results: The mean mental health score of 5/38 was reached, before nutritional education (minimum 23 to maximum 67) to 67/23 (minimum 18 to maximum 46) after nutrition education. And before training standard deviation of 08/11 changed to 211/7 after the training. Paired t-test results also showed that mental health score after training decreased 15 scores compared to before training and so it had a significant difference. In other words, nutrition education had a significant effect on reducing mental health score (increased health) of hemodialysis patients. (t=17.11, p<0.01). Conclusion: The results suggest a positive impact of nutrition education on mental health of patients. So, the importance of a program based on the nutritional needs of these patients is necessary in terms of the direct impact of diet on physical- psychological reduction of symptoms

[Zahra Moshtagh, Kazem Naeeni, Malihe Hamzezade, Ali Arasteh. The Effects of Nutrition Education on Mental Health of the Hemodialysis Patients in Maragheh, East-Azerbaijan, Iran. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):189-192]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 26

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.26

 Keywords: nutrition education, mental health, dialysis.

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Challenges of Security in the Law of E-Commerce

Mohammad mohammadi

Kar Higher Education Institute, Tehran, Iran

mohammadi.juristic@gmail.cam

Abstract: As we know security is an important item in electronic commerce, which is a new commerce. Electronic commerce has a rapid growth in both domestic and international levels. In electronic commerce transaction of electronic documents is occurred. Documents may be important and secret legal contracts, financial transaction, or secret technologies and security has an essential part of such transaction and electronic commerce. This article will challenge the security in electronic commerce.

[Mohammad mohammadi. Challenges of Security in the Law of E-Commerce. Life Sci J 2012;9(4):193-196] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 27

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.27

Key words: Electronic Commerce, Security, Transaction, Law of E – Commerce

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Application of a Proposed Graphic Chart for pain as Fifth Vital Sign in Nursing Practice at Assiut University Hospital

Magda A. Mohamed, Amal M. Ahamed and Madiha A. Mahmoud

Adult Nursing Department - Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University, Egypt.

Abstract: Careful and regular assessment of pain improves the perception of nurses concerning the impact of pain on their patients' lives to enhance the quality of its management. Monitoring pain as the fifth vital sign is currently practiced in many developed countries. Therefore, the present study aimed to apply of a proposed graphic chart for pain as fifth vital sign in nursing practice in Assiut University Hospitals- Egypt. An exploratory descriptive research design was carried out in five units including (medical, surgical, burn, trauma & orthopedic units). The study subjects consisted of 60 nurses available at the time of the study. An interview questionnaire, nurses’ opinionnaire scale, nurses’ audit and proposed five vital signs graphic chart were used for data collection. Results revealed that nurse’s mean age ± SD was (27.85±7.82 years), mean years of experience was 7.40±3.94 years. The majority of nurses agreed upon chart feasibility (81.7%) & quality of pain care (83.3%). Overall 83.3% of the nurses agreed upon the proposed graphic chart. Auditing of patients files revealed full application of the new change by 93.3%, 63.3% of nurses for graphic part &70 % for pain assessment part. It is concluded that the majority of the nurses had full application of the proposed change & it is recommended to be implemented in nursing practice in different health settings. Nurses need to be accountable to improve their knowledge and skills in assessing pain, which necessitates implementing educational programs through in-service training and continuing nursing education. It is also necessary for hospitals to require nurses’ notes on their charts for pain assessment and management.

 [Magda A. Mohamed, Amal M. Ahamed and Madiha A. Mahmoud. Application of a Proposed Graphic Chart for pain as Fifth Vital Sign in Nursing Practice at Assiut University Hospital. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):197-204]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 28

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.28

Keywords: Vital sings: are objective guideposts that provide data to determine a person's state of health; Pain: is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage; Pain rating scale: it a scale used to assess the severity of pain.

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Evaluation of Seam Pucker of Woven cotton Fabrics Using Two Different Methods

Najwa Ali Abou Nassif

Fashion Design Department, Design and Art College, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, kingdom of Saudi

dr.ngaa@hotmail.com

Abstract : This study is aimed to determine the influence of sewing machine parameters on seam pucker. The paper provides an experimental investigation of the impact of sewing needle size, sewing thread tension, stitch density and sewing direction on the seam pucker of cotton woven fabrics. In this study, fabric samples were sewn at 0, 45, and 90 degrees. The zero degree signifies that the fabrics were sewn in the weft direction, whereas the 90 degree means the fabrics were sewn in the warp direction. The seam pucker of woven fabrics was evaluated objectively and subjectively using two different measuring techniques. The correlation between the two measuring methods was examined. One –Way ANOVA statistical analysis was used to examine the significance of the effects of independent variables on the seam pucker. The findings of this study revealed that most of sewing machine parameters have a significant influence on woven fabric in relation to seam pucker. The study also revealed that a good correlation between the subjective and objective measuring methods of seam pucker, especially in the case of the effects of needle size and sewing thread tension. This study also will aid the producers of ready made garment to minimize the seam pucker and improve the seam quality of their products.

[Najwa Ali Abou Nassif. Evaluation of Seam Pucker of Woven cotton Fabrics Using Two Different Methods. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):205-210]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 29

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.29

Key Words: Seam pucker, sewing machine, stitch density, needle count, sewing direction, sewing thread tension.

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Study of the Risk Factors for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Effect of Their Synergism

Ibrahim Baghdady¹, Nabil EI-Kaffrawy¹, Ehab Abd EI-Atti¹, Nasser Abd EI-Bary² and Mohamed Fathi Saber¹

¹Internal Medicine and ² Clinical Oncology departments, Faculty of Medicine - Menofiya University.

ehab_abdelatty@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background: Risk factors associated with HCC are well documented, but the synergism between these risk factors are not well examined. The aim of this study was to detect the effect of synergism of two or more risk factors on the development of HCC. Patients & methods: This is a retrospective study of the risk factors of HCC in 300 patients with HCC and 50 patients with chronic liver diseases without HCC as controls. All patients were interviewed about smoking, drinking and family history of HCC. They underwent laboratory investigations (HCVAb, HBsAg, Alpha-fetoprotein and HCV PCR), abdominal ultrasonography and Triphasic CT. Results: Prevalence rate of DM and smoking was significantly higher in HCC cases (59.3% and 69% respectively) than controls (38% and 50% respectively)(P=0.005 and 0.006 respectively). The prevalence of HBsAg and HCVAb was significantly higher in HCC cases (18% and 70% respectively) than controls (4% and 40% respectively)( P =0.02 and 0.0001 respectively). On multivariate analysis, the risk of HCC development in smokers with HBV or HCV was 4.90 and 8.47 respectively (OR) (P =0.0001). It was higher than in non-smokers with HBV or HCV (OR=2.48 and 4.44 respectively)( P =0.037 and 0.0001 respectively) and in smokers without HBV or HCV (OR=2.56 and 2.77 respectively) (P =0.01). The risk of HCC development in HBV or HCV positive patients with DM was 3.98 and 9.19 respectively (OR) (P =0.001 and 0.0001 respectively). It was higher than for HBV or HCV positive patients without DM (OR=2.80 and 4.65 respectively)( P =0.031 and 0.0001 respectively) and that for HBV or HCV negative patients with DM (OR=2.56 and 2.23 respectively)( P =0.011and 0.0001 respectively).Conclusion, HCV and HBV infections, diabetes and smoking are the main determinants of HCC development in Egypt. There is a synergistic effect of many risk factors. An active surveillance and secondary prevention programs for patients with chronic hepatitis are the most important steps to reduce the risk of HCC.

[Ibrahim Baghdady, Nabil EI-Kaffrawy, Ehab Abd EI-Atti, Nasser Abd EI-Bary and Mohamed Fathi Saber. Study of the Risk Factors for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Effect of Their Synergism. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):211-217]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 30

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.30

Key Words: HCC, HBV, HCV, DM, smoking.

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Localized Cross-Layer Algorithm to Minimize Transmission Delay in Wireless Ad-hoc Networks

Mohsen Farrokhi¹, Mohsen Shafieirad², Mohammad Emamimeybodi²

^1. Department of Computer, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran

mohsen_farrokhi@hotmail.com

^2. Department of Electrical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

{m.shafieirad, s.m.emami}@aut.ac.ir

Abstract: Ad-hoc wireless networks are networks formed by a collection of nodes through radio. In wireless networking environment, formidable challenges are presented such as transmission delay. In this paper, an optimal algorithm is presented which addresses the transmission delay in ad-hoc networks. We formulate the rate constraints, scheduling constraints and resource allocation. Since the transmission delay is considered, the resource allocation includes the utility and cost function, together in a maximization problem. The resource allocation is solved using dual decomposition method. This paper presents a detailed description of our approach that shows end to end delay in packet transmission is minimized considerably compared to other routing protocols in ad-hoc networks. Simulation results are included to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

[Farrokhi M, Shafieirad M, Emamimeybodi M. Localized Cross-Layer Algorithm for Congestion Control and Minimizing Transmission Delay in Wireless Ad-hoc Networks. J Am Sci 2013; 9(4):218-222]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 31

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.31

Keywords: Ad-hoc Wireless Networks, Transmission Delay, Cross-Layer Algorithm, Localized Algorithm.

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Comparative effects and side effects of short-term and long-term treatment of hyperthyroidism, with methymazol and propylthiouracil.

Doctor Mohammad Taghi Palizgir¹, Doctor Fereidon Azizi², Doctor Mehrabi³, Mr Mojarad⁴

Dr.palizgir@gmail.com

Abstract: Methods: Meta-Analysis of the methods used in this study and number of 35 Articles was found from Pubmed and Cochrain motor search. Results: The main finding of this study was: 1- euthyroid duration 2-the number of people who achieve euthyroid. 3-amont of TSH average euthyroid duration of long was 65/207 month, and in short was 18/273 months and ratio of euthyroid groups to the total cases in the long was 0/443 and in short was 0/623. TSH levels in long was: 1/83 IU and in short was 1/048 IU. Discussion: According to the results of the Meta-Analysis software, the long term has better effect than short term in increase length of euthyroid duration, but short term treatment is better than long term in number euthyroids and in decrease of TSH amount. So we can conclude that short term is more effective than long term.

[Doctor Mohammad Taghi Palizgir, Doctor Fereidon Azizi, Doctor Mehrabi, Mr Mojarad. Comparative effects and side effects of short-term and long-term treatment of hyperthyroidism, with methymazol and propylthiouracil. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):223-229]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 32

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.32

Key words: hyperthyroidism, methymazol, propytiouracil, long term, short term.

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Use of Physical Restraint in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) at Ain Shams University Hospitals, Cairo

Sonya M.S. Azab¹ ad Lobna Abu Negm²

Forensic medicine & Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt.

Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Ain Shams University, Egypt.

sonyaazab@gmail.com

Abstract: There is still great controversy about the potential benefits, side effects and ethical issues associated with physical restraint (PR) use in critical care settings. Nurses’ views and attitudes toward the use of PR in controlling patients’ behavior and ensuring patient safety may create conflicts with patients’ rights, including their autonomy in making decisions for their own care. This study aimed to assess ICU nurses' knowledge, attitude and practice regarding use of PR in the ICU settings at Ain Shams University Hospitals and factors influencing it. Method: A convenience sample of 131 nurses working in ICU settings in Ain Shams University Hospitals was selected for this study. A self administered structured questionnaire was used to determine ICU nurses' knowledge, attitude and practice regarding use of PR and factors influencing it. Results: The respondents in this study were 110 nurses. Their total scores ranged from 6 to 14 (median: 10) for knowledge, 17 to 30 (median: 23) for attitude and 18 to 39 (median: 28) for practice regarding use of PR. There was significant positive correlation between respondent nurses' practice score and both of knowledge and attitude scores. Frequency of use of PR by the respondent nurses showed positive correlation with both of patient/nurse ratios and period of experience in ICU while there was negative correlation between it and educational background of the participant nurses. Conclusions: Practice of the participant nurses regarding use of physical restraint is related to their knowledge and attitude towards it. Also, use of PR was found to be affected by patient/nurse ratio as well as nurses' qualifications and duration of clinical experience. Recommendations: Development of local policies for PR use and periodic in service – training of ICU nurses on best practice guidelines is essential to improve nurses' practice regarding use of PR.

[Sonya M.S. Azab ad Lobna Abu Negm. Use of Physical Restraint in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) at Ain Shams University Hospitals, Cairo. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):230-240]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 33

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.33

Key words: physical restraint, ICU, use, kowledge, practice, attitude.

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The Effect Of Low Level Laser Therapy On Osseointegration Of Immediate Implants In Maxillary Central Incisors

Mahmoud Sayed Hamed¹, Khairy A. Elmorsy^2, Gamal M. Moutamed ² and Ali M. Safaan³

¹ Postgraduate student, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

² Assistant Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Cairo University

³ Assistant professor of Dental Laser Application, Laser Institute, Cairo University

Corresponding Author: khairyelmorsy@ymail.com

Abstract: Marked qualitative and quantitative alterations occur in the alveolar ridge following the loss of teeth. Many tails for ridge preservation have been introduced to allow proper positioning of dental implants; one of which is immediate implantation. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the low level laser therapy on bone healing around immediate dental implantation of maxillary central incisors. Methods: Eleven patients were included in this study seeking replacement of their non-restorable maxillary central incisor tooth, and were randomly divided into two groups. Group A: laser group (six patients) and group B: control group (five patients). Each patient of both groups received immediate implant at the fresh extraction socket and covered with collagen membrane. Laser group subjected to a total of eight sessions of diode laser of wave length 980 nm and average power 500 mw scheduled in two sessions weekly started immediate postoperatively for five minutes per session. All patients were evaluated by periapical digital radiograph immediately, two weeks, one, three and six months postoperatively. Digora software was used to monitor the changes within bone density through those periods in both groups. Results: However, the results revealed that laser group showed increase in means of bone density compared to control group through all follow up intervals, it was statistically significant at 6 months. Conclusion: Low level laser has a positive effect on stimulation of bone healing around immediately inserted dental implants.

[Mahmoud Sayed Hamed, Khairy A. Elmorsy^, Gamal M. Moutamed and Ali M. Safaan. The Effect Of Low Level Laser Therapy On Osseointegration Of Immediate Implants In Maxillary Central Incisors. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):241-249]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 34

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.34

Keywords: Immediate implant, Low level laser.

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The Conceptual of Knowledge Absorptive Capacity and The New Paradigm of Entrepreneurial Antecedents

Nader Salehi*, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Rozeyta Bt Omar & Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kamariah Bt Ismail

Faculty of Management and Human Resource Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)

nader.salehi1970@gmail.com

Abstract: Today, enterprises in the world faced to prosperities but within threatened and opportunities. Many researchers described absorptive capacity as crucial capability. This capability enables enterprises to recognize, understand, absorb, convey and utilize new external knowledge. Therefore, enterprise with higher level of absorptive capacity takes advantage to access higher level of new external knowledge. This phenomenon could lead enterprise to innovation, performance, flexibility or competitive advantage by lead form different and variety antecedents. In past decades, many researchers studied about different aspects as determinants of absorptive capacity, but in this subject still insight is limited and there are gap between absorptive capacity and other areas, which may have positive or negative effect on this capability. This paper highlighted last research, domain, recognize and significance of this capability as necessity construction in enterprises.

[Nader Salehi, Rozeyta Bt Omar & Kamariah Bt Ismail. The Conceptual of Knowledge Absorptive Capacity: The New Paradigm of Entrepreneurial Antecedents. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):250-263]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 35

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.35

Keywords: Absorptive Capacity; Organizational Antecedents; Entrepreneurial Antecedents.

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Clinical & Biochemical assessment of arthrocentesis for cases of disc displacement without reduction. Is interleukin-6 a valid biomarker?

Mohammed Ahmed Elsholkamy1, Rehab Tarek Elsharkawy2, and Khaled M. Mohamed.3

¹ Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University.

2Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Oral & Dental Medicine, Cairo University.

3Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia.

dr.relsharkawy@hotmail.com

Abstract: Purpose: The aim of this clinical study was to measure the level of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the synovial fluid of temporomandibular joints (TMJ) suffering from disc displacement without reduction (DDwoR), before and after arthrocentesis, to evaluate the efficacy of the procedure, to evaluate the interleukin-6 validity as a biochemical monitor, and for clinical assessment of visco-supplementation after arthrocentesis. Material and methods: Twenty eight TMJs in twenty two patients with DDwoR were included in this study. They were complaining of pain and tenderness over the joint region besides severe limitation in mouth opening and jaw function. All patients included in the study were subjected to clinical examination including pain, tenderness, and maximal mouth opening. Radiographic examination and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the affected joint were also performed. Synovial fluid aspirates were obtained prior to arthrocentesis and after infusion of 300 ml into the superior joint compartment. The aspirates were used to measure the levels of interleukin-6 via immunoenzymometric assay. The patients were divided consecutively into two equal groups where group 1 underwent arthrocentesis followed by injection of 1 ml of sodium hyaluronate (SH) and group 2 did not receive any additional injections after arthrocentesis. The clinical criteria, visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores and maximal mouth opening (MMO), were recorded pretreatment and 1 day post-treatment then at 1, 3, and 6 months post-treatment. The clinical parameters recorded as well as the interleukin-6 levels were analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA. Results: The cases presented with 28 affected joints. The cases were 15 females and 7 males and the age ranged from 19- 47 years with a mean of 30.76 years. The pain scores decreased significantly after arthrocentesis in both groups. Group 1 showed significant decrease than group 2. The maximum mouth opening increased significantly also in both groups, however there was no statistical significant difference between the two groups. The interleukin-6 levels showed significant decrease after arthrocentesis. Conclusion: Arthrocentesis proved efficacy in improving the clinical parameters in cases of DDwoR, however SH injection after arthrocentesis was superior to arthrocentesis alone. The interleukin-6 proved validity as a monitoring biochemical marker.

[Mohammed Ahmed Elsholkamy, Rehab Tarek Elsharkawy and Khaled M. Mohamed. Clinical & Biochemical assessment of arthrocentesis for cases of disc displacement without reduction. Is interleukin- 6 a valid biomarker? J Am Sci 2013; 9 (4):264-270]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 36

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.36

Keywords: Disc displacement without reduction, Sodium hyaluronate, Arthrocentesis, Interlukin-6.

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Tacrolimus-Induced Gingival Enlargement: A Case Report

A.S. Alzahrani and N.K. Awad

Ibn Sina National College, Department of Periodontics, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

dr.ahmed81@hotmail.com

Abstract: Gingival enlargement poses functional as well as cosmetic problems. It affects the quality of life by interfering with mastication, speech, occlusion and maintaining optimal oral hygiene.Gingival enlargement induced by cyclosporine A has been well documented in the literature. Only few studies, however, have associated the occurrence of such condition with the use of tacrolimus. A case of 48 years old female patient presented with a generalized gingival enlargement is reported. A medical history revealed a hepatic transplantation and a current immunosuppressive therapy based on tacrolimus. In this case report, surgical excision of the enlarged gingival tissues was presented. The findings of the present case suggest that tacrolimus immunosuppressive therapy may induce gingival enlargement in some patients. Hence, obtaining a thorough medical history is critical to reach a definite diagnosis.

 [A.S. Alzahrani and N.K. Awad. Tacrolimus-Induced Gingival Enlargement: A Case Report. J Am Sci 2013;9 (4):271-274]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 37

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.37

Keywords: Cyclosporine A; gingival enlargement; tacrolimus.

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Outcomes of Hysteroscopic Resection of Uterine Septum in Ain Shams University Maternity Hospital – a retrospective analysis

Shalakani A., Hanafi S., Ali M. S.* and Abdelhafeez M. A.

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt

mohamed_ali906@yahoo.com

Abstract: Objective: The aim of the current work is to study the outcomes of hysteroscopic uterine septum resection at Early Cancer Detection Unit at Ain Shams University Maternity Hospital over a 12-year period between 1996 and 2007. Patients and Methods: The current study is a retrospective analysis of outcomes of hysteroscopic procedures for resection of uterine septum performed at Early Cancer Detection Unit at Ain Shams University Maternity Hospital over a 12-year period between 1996 and 2007. Data were retrieved from patients’ case records available at the Early Cancer Detection Unit. Operative procedure details and notes were obtained from patients’ case records. Patients were contacted directly, through mail and/or phone calls to complete follow-up data, procedure outcomes as well as missing data. Results: A total of 110 women, who underwent hysteroscopic septum resection during the period between 1996 and 2007, were included in the study. Of the included 110 women, 42 (38.18%) had primary infertility, 20 (18.18%) had secondary infertility and 48 (43.64%) had recurrent miscarriage. Uterine perforation occurred in 1 (0.91%) case. Excessive bleeding (> 500 ml estimated blood loss) occurred in 2 (1.82%) cases. No blood transfusion was needed. Of the included 110 women, only 35 (31.82%) were accessible for follow-up; of them 31 cases responded to phone calls while 4 responded to mail. Of the accessible 35 women, 9 (25.71%) had hysteroscopic septum resection performed for recurrent miscarriage. Of those 9 women, 4 (44.44%) had term deliveries, while 5 (55.56%) had persistent recurrent miscarriage. Of the accessible 35 women, 26 (74.29%) had hysteroscopic septum resection performed for infertility; of them 15 (57.69%) remained infertile, while 11 (42.31%) women got pregnant; of them, 2 (18.18%) had preterm deliveries while 9 (81.82%) had term deliveries. Conclusion: In conclusion, operative hysteroscopy is a safe and effective approach for resection of uterine septa. It should be the standard treatment for women with uterine septa presenting with recurrent miscarriage or infertility.

[Shalakani A., Hanafi S., Ali M. S. and Abdelhafeez M. A. Outcomes of Hysteroscopic Resection of Uterine Septum in Ain Shams University Maternity Hospital – a retrospective analysis. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):275-278]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 38

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.38

Key words: Operative hysteroscopy – hysteroscopic resection of uterine septum– metroplasty.

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Hepatoprotective Activity of Curcumin against Rifampicin-Induced Genotoxicity in Experimental Mice

Safaa I. Khater, Hussien I. El Belbasi and Mohamed F. Dowidar

Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig Egypt

safaa_khater83@yahoo.com

Abstract: Tuberculosis is a dangerous disease and its death toll is increasing year by year. Intake of rifampicin, the most common antitubercular drug, leads to fatal genotoxic effects on hepatocytes. We have studied the protective effect of curcumin supplementation against the genotoxic effects induced by administration of rifampicin (80mg/kg B.wt.) for four weeks orally in male mice. Curcumin(175mg/kg B.wt.) were administered orally 2 hours prior to rifampicin administration. We showed that the serum level of 8-hydroxy- 2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), A marker widely used for oxidative damage to DNA were significantly increased in mice treated with rifampicin also there was an elevation in the level of gene expression of 8-oxoguanine DNA-glycosylase 1(OGG1). administration of rifampicin caused an increase in DNA damage in liver of male mice indicated by the damaged nuclei (comet tail length and % of DNA damage). In addition, The liver tissue of male mice treated with rifampicin showed a decrease in the level of gene expression of anti oxidant enzymes (glutathion -s- transferase α2, glutathion -s-transferase mu2 and catalase ).The co-treatment with curcumin significantly attenuated rifampicin induced gene toxicity in hepatocytes indicated by the significant decrease in the serum level of 8-OHdG, decrease in damaged nuclei explained by comet assay (tail length and % of DNA damage), also Levels of gene expression of anti oxidant enzymes were also maintained to near normal level by curcumin co-administration. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that curcumin is beneficial against rifampicin-induced hepatic genotoxicity, also can used as a prophylactic measures.

[Safaa I. Khater, Hussien I. El Belbasi and Mohamed F. Dowidar. Hepatoprotective Activity of Curcumin against Rifampicin-Induced Genotoxicity in Experimental Mice. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):279-288]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 39

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.39

Keywords: Rifampicin, genotoxicity, curcumin, 8-OHdG, comet assay

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Curative Effect of Radiofrequency Ablation on Ineffective Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome after Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty

Yihan Dong, Peng Liu, Shi Liu, Hui Xu

Department of Otolaryngology, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163001, China

Corresponding author: Yihan Dong, dyh6883@163.com

Abstract: Objective: To investigate the curative effect of the plasma low-temperature radiofrequency ablation (RFA) on ineffective obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP). Method: 39 cases of OSAHS which were ineffective after UPPP were chosen to accept RFA. Preoperative apnea hypopnea index (AHI), lowest saturation of blood oxygen (LSaO₂), snoring scale and Epworth sleepiness scale were compared with those post-operatives to value the curative effect of RFA. Result: The effective ratio was 53.8%. In 8 weeks after treatment, epworth sleepiness scale decreased much significantly (<0.01), and there was no difference on snoring scale. In 6 months after operation, lowest saturation of blood oxygen(LSaO₂) improved significantly (Ｐ<0.05). In addition, apnea hypopnea index (AHI) decreased significantly (<0.05). Conclusion: RFA is an effective remediation treatment to ineffective OSAHS after UPPP.

[Dong Y, Liu P, Liu S, Xu H. Curative Effect of Radiofrequency Ablation on Ineffective Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome after Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):289-292]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 40

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.40

Key words: obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome; radiofrequency ablation

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The role of endoscopic gastric biopsy in assessment of patients with unexplained iron deficiency anemia

Gamal F. El Naggar⁽¹⁾, Mahmoud F. Selim⁽¹⁾, Mohamed A. Attia⁽²⁾,Wafaa Eltokhy⁽³

Departments of ⁽¹⁾ Internal Medicine, ⁽²⁾ Clinical Pathology and ⁽³⁾Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University.

Gamalelnagar_77@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Anemia is a world wide problem and iron deficiency is the most prevalent cause especially in developing countries. There is an increased importance of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) as a cause for Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) resulting from iron malabsorption due to gastric mucosal changes or iron loss via bleeding gastrointestinal tract lesions. Nowadays, there has been an increased attention towards gastric mucosa in iron malabsorption and IDA through atrophic gastritis and Helicobacter pylori related gastritis. Objective: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the diagnostic value of gastric biopsy in patients with IDA. Patients & Methods: twenty patients with IDA were included in our study, they were subdivided into two groups; Group I: 13 patients newly diagnosed as IDA with no obvious cause. Group II: 7 patients with probable cause for IDA refractory to oral iron supplementation therapy. Group III: ten patients without anemia, matching for age and sex as control group and have had upper GI endoscopy for any cause rather than anemia. All patients included in the study were subjected to full history taking, complete clinical assessment,laboratory investigations (complete blood count, complete iron study and occult blood in stool), abdominal and pelvic ultrasound and upper GI endoscopy with multiple fundal and antral gastric biopsies for histopathological evaluation of the biopsies as regard grading, topography and staging of gastritis,then detection of H.pylori infection by Giemsa and immunoperoxidase stain. Results: There was significant difference between group I and control group as regard hemoglobin level, serum iron, transferrin saturation and serum ferritin. Also, there was significant difference between group II and control group as regard the same parameters. While, in comparing group I and group II there was only significant difference as regard hemoglobin level. There was significant increase in percentage of H.pylori infection in anemic group than the control group with percentage ratio of (95.00%) versus (60.00%) respectively. Moreover, infection by H.pylori in anemic group was mainly in both corpus and antrum (65.00%) in comparison to the control group that had infection mainly in antrum (40.00%). There was no recorded cases in corpus alone in neither patient nor control group. There was an increased (but not significant) percentage of infection by H.pylori in group I than group II with percentage ratio of (100.00%) versus (85.72%) respectively. Also, as regard topography of infection there was insignificant difference between the two groups (P-value=0.520%). There was inverse relation between Hb level and grade of gastritis, and there was significant decrease of Hb level in cases of combined atrophy in both corpus and antrum (P-value<0.028*), the same was for H.pylori infection (P-value<0.001*). There was significant decrease in serum ferritin level in patients with grade IV gastritis (P-value= 0.033*). Conclusion: IDA was highly associated with severe grades of gastritis, atrophy of gastric mucosa and intestinal metaplasia that may be a cause for anemia even in patients with other probable cause. Also, H.pylori infection had been noticed to be more prevalent in patients with IDA than control.

[Gamal F. El Nagga⁾, Mahmoud F. Selim, Mohamed A. Attia^,Wafaa Eltokhy.^. The role of endoscopic gastric biopsy in assessment of patients with unexplained iron deficiency anemia. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):293-303]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 41

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.41

Keywords: iron deficiency anaemia (IDA), H.pylori, atrophic gastritis.

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Investigating the effects of monetary policies on the efficiency of the stocks of private banks admitted in stock market

Nasser Jafari Azarki¹ (Corresponding author), Esmaeel Ramazanpour², Nooraddin Parandin³

^1. Master of Business management, Finance Orientation, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Science and Research Branch- Iran

^2. Faculty member at University of Guilan-Iran

^3. Faculty Member at Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Science and Research Branch-Iran

Abstract: The present research aims to investigate the effect of utilizing monetary policy tools on the return of the stocks of private banks admitted in stock exchange with emphasis on the volume of liquidity, the interest rate, and the amount of partnership bonds. The three variables of exchange rate, company size, and oil revenues have been inserted into this model as control variables in addition to the dependent and independent variables, with an aim to investigate the concurrent effects of independent and control variables on dependent variables. Using panel data, testing the research hypotheses has been conducted through an analysis of multiple-regression; with generalized least squares method (GLS), as well as ordinary least squares (OLS). The statistical society of this research includes three private banks admitted in Tehran stock market and their seasonal return has been calculated from a six-year period from 2005 to 2011. In general, the results indicated that there was a weak meaningful correlation between volume of liquidity and the amount of published partnership bonds and the return of the stocks of private banks admitted in stock market; meanwhile, the interest rate at an assurance level of 95% had a negative and meaningful correlation with the return of the stocks of private banks admitted in stock exchange. The regression equation was generally meaningful.

[Nasser Jafari Azarki, Esmaeel Ramazanpour, Nooraddin Parandin. Investigating the effects of monetary policies on the efficiency of the stocks of private banks admitted in stock market. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):304-314]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 42

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.42

Keywords: Monetary policy, efficiency of stocks, liquidity scale, interest rate, multivariable regression

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The Cohesion of the Team and its Relation to the Sport Anxiety and the Motivation of Achievement for Sitting Volleyball Players in Intercontinental Cup & Africa Championship

Awatif Sobhy Mohamed Emara¹ and Mosaad Rashad Moustafa El-Aiuty² 

¹Department of Games- Faculty of Physical Education (Females)- Zagazig University

²Department of the Theories and Applications of the Team Sports and Racket Games, Faculty of Physical Education, Port Said University, Egypt.

awatefala@yahoo.com

Abstract::The cohesion of the team represents the basis for the continuity of the players in the membership of the team, as the cohesion is the thread that links between the members of the team and maintains the relations among its members. The cohesion has a number of characteristics and meanings such as the strong feeling of the players of their loyalty to the team. The cohesion of the sport team is also meant to be the feeling of each player of the team of the friendly feelings towards other members of the team and the sovereignty of love and among them and their heading towards a common goal. The cohesive team is the team whose players stand ready to take common responsibility for the team, and whose members are characterized by high morale and spirit. (15:20), (19:52) The anxiety of the sport competition is a special form of the anxiety as a result of the competitive situations, or it is the anxiety generated in the situations of the athletic competition. (7:180), (29:105). Achievement motivation is considered the final outcome of the relation between success drive and the drive to avoiding failure and the interaction between them, where the drives of success are these drives that direct the behavior of the individual to employ his abilities and capabilities in dealing positively and to achieve success, and it shows in adventure, facing difficulties, diversity of interests, self confidence, sense of ability, competition, and independence, as these drives represent drives of inclination of the athlete. (25:24), (28:201) Care for the disabled is one of the indicators by which the progress of countries is measured, out of their belief that the disabled person has rights on the society and that these rights make of him a positive and effective element, where the disabled persons are classified into four main categories: persons with physical disabilities, persons with intellectual disabilities, persons with sensorial disabilities, and persons with social disabilities. (24:40) The problem of the research also lies in the lack of the studies that dealt with the cohesion of the team and its relation with the anxiety of the sport competition and the achievement motivation of the sitting volleyball players or the normal. Therefore, the need is urgent to conduct such a study in the local environment. Therefore, the two researchers conducted this study which aimed at defining the relationship between the cohesion of the team and the dimensions of the anxiety of the sport competition (cognitive-physical-self confidence) and the athletic achievement motivation for the sitting volleyball players who are participating in the Intercontinental Cup and the Africa Championship, where it represents an important indicative value that contributes to the interpretation of the behavior of the sitting volleyball players during the athletic competitions at the championship level.

[Awatif Sobhy Mohamed Emara and Mosaad Rashad Moustafa El-Aiuty. The Cohesion of the Team and its Relation to the Sport Anxiety and the Motivation of Achievement for Sitting Volleyball Players in Intercontinental Cup & Africa Championship. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):315-321]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 43

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.43

Key word: Cohesion of the Team  Sport Anxiety  Motivation of Achievement Sitting Volleyball

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Promising Results for Tellurium Isotopes ¹²⁸Te and ¹³⁰Te

M. H. Sidky

Dept. of Eng. Math. And Physics Faculty of Engineering Cairo University Egypt

sidkym@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this work pn-QRPA, pn-RQRPA, full-RQRPA and SQRPA techniques with small and large basis of Hilbert space have been used to study the (2νββ) and (0νββ) decay modes for the isotopes ^128,130Te. It is found that: (1) The nuclear structure of tellurium isotopes can be described with a good accuracy by using pn-RQRPA, full-RQRPA with (0νββ) decay mode and SQRPA with (2νββ) decay mode. (2) the study of (0νββ) decay mode in ¹²⁸Te is more promising than ¹³⁰Te. (3) SQRPA technique improves the yield of the 0νββ decay mode for ¹²⁸Te significantly in comparison with in pn-RQRPA and full RQRPA techniques. (4) the use of small basis rater than large basis in Hilbert space increases the yield of the 0νββ decay mode for ¹²⁸Te. (5) the best experimental ratio between the total half lives of ¹³⁰Te and ¹²⁸Te is 2673.8. (6) pn-QRPA is better than pn-RQRPA, full-RQRPA and SQRPA techniques for determination of neutrino mass. (7) a new value of neutrino mass is determined to be 0.21945 ± 0.0036 eV which is more precise than previous experimental determinations.

[M. H. Sidky. Promising Results for Tellurium Isotopes ¹²⁸Te and ¹³⁰Te. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):322-]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 44

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.44

Keywords: Promising Results; Tellurium; Isotopes; ¹²⁸Te; ¹³⁰Te

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The Sanandaj city adolescents mental health in the academic year of 2012-13

Mohamad. Khaledian¹, Banafshe Hasanvand²

¹ Faculty of psychology department of Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395 - 3697, Tehran, I.R. of Iran

 2 Faculty of psychology department of Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395 - 3697, Tehran, I.R. of Iran

mohamad_khaledian22@yahoo.com

Abstract Regarding the increase in the number of the adolescents population in Iran, rapid recognition and appropriate planning are two most important factors to control these disorders. The objective of this study was to examine the high school student’s mental health. The sample included all the high school students (girls & boys) from Sanandaj city in the academic year of 2012- 2013.Therefore, 1517 students (1053 boys and 464girls) were tested using the classified random sampling. To collect data a 90-questions questionnaire SCL-90-Relationship and the researcher –based questionnaire were applied. To analyze data: frequency, percentage, average, t test and Khi-2 were used. Results showed that the prevalence of the disorders among students was 6/2. There is a significant difference among girls and boys in 9 scales. Also, there is a relationship between parent’s education level, father jobs and family dimensions with children mental health. There is no relationship between the residence and mental health.

[Mohamad. Khaledian, Banafshe Hasanvand. The Sanandaj city adolescents mental health in the academic year of 2012-13. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):330-338]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 45

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.45

Key Words: mental health, student, SCL - 90 – R.

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Barriers to Nemesis or Death Sentence in Iran’s Criminal Law

Mohammad Javad Pourhosseini.

PhD student in the field of Criminal Law and Criminology. Belarusian State University, Belarus

Abstract: Doubtless one of the heaviest penalties in legal system of every country is executionthat in the proven and executing stage there should be some conditions to consider it as nemesis in order to decree death penalty for the murder. Having all these conditions sometimes conditions arise that are considered as barrier to execution. According to the nature of these factors, they are divided into different types such as research and applying barriers or temporary and permanent barriers, and also conditions that depend on some conditions in killer and victim. One of the main purposes of criminal law is supplying order and security in the society that causes criminal and human justice. Criminal law should be written so that not to provide the conditions of misuse from criminal laws. Criminal laws represent the ability of government in establishing social order and security. Therefore, when an action is recognized as crime on the behalf of the legislator and penalty is considered thereof, it represent the fact that it is an action of violating social security and justice. The researcher in this study analyzed the most important barriers for nemesis in Iran’s criminal law. Iran’s criminal laws are derived from Shiite jurisprudence in regulating human right and social public goods, but unfortunately by appointing vague, abstract and incomplete laws, not only it fail to reach the target, but also using these laws it provide the possibility of misusing law for compurgation of killer from death sentence.

[Mohammad Javad Pourhosseini. Barriers to Nemesis or Death Sentence in Iran’s Criminal Law. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):339-346]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 46

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.46

Keywords: nemesis, execution, barriers, criminal law

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Impact of an Educational Program for Pediatric Nurses on Non-Pharmacological Pain Management in Hospitalized Children

Amal Ahmed Khalil Morsy

Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Port Said University

dr.amalkhalil@yahoo.com

Abstract: Hospitalized children suffer from a variety of types of pain which are not always adequately managed. The non-pharmacological methods may help relieving their pains. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of an educational intervention program in pain management on nurses' self-reported use of non-pharmacological methods for preschool and school age children's pain relief. This quasi-experimental study was implemented on 52 nurses working in the pediatric wards affiliated to Port-Said, Port-Fouad, El-Nasr, and El-Tadamon General Hospitals in Port-Said city. A self-administered questionnaire form was used to collect data regarding nurse's personal characteristics, knowledge regarding pain in children, and self-report of the use of non-pharmacological methods. An educational program was developed and to improve their related knowledge and practice. The evaluation of the effect of the program was done by comparing pre to 3-month post findings. The fieldwork was carried out from September 2011 to January 2012. The results demonstrated very low nurses' knowledge of non- pharmacological methods for pain management before the intervention, with statistically significant improvements after the intervention (p<0.001). Similarly, nurses' adequate practice improved in cognitive behavioral methods (p=0.006), and physical and emotional methods (p<0.001). Multivariate analysis identified the attendance of the intervention program as the only independent predictor of knowledge score improvement, while knowledge score was the only independent predictor of the improvement in practice score. The study concludes that training nurses in the use of non-pharmacological methods of pain management in hospitalized children has a positive impact on their related knowledge and practice. Hence, similar training programs should be implemented in similar settings. The issue should also be incorporated in nursing schools' curricula. Further confirmatory research is suggested using more objective methods such as direct observation.

[Amal Ahmed Khalil Morsy. Impact of an Educational Program for Pediatric Nurses on Non-Pharmacological Pain Management in Hospitalized Children. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):347-354]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 47

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.47

Keywords: pain management, non-pharmacological methods in children, nurse, education

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The association of CagA-positive Helicobacter pylori serotype and atherosclerosis in Najran area, Saudi Arabia

Abdulrahman M. Al-Qurashi and Tarek E. Hodhod

Department of Applied Medical Science, Community College, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia

dr.alqurashi@hotmail.com

Abstract: Infections with virulent CagA-bearing H. pylori strains has been contributed to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. There is abundant circumstantial evidence that chronic H. pylori infections induce immune responses and trigger the development of atherosclerosis. The present study evaluated the role of CagA positive H. pylori as a risk factor for atherosclerosis, in atherosclerotic male patients from Najran area, Saudi Arabia. A total of 130 male patients. They were divided into 2 groups: group I (GI) included 30 apparently healthy controls without a history or presence of definite or suspected vascular diseases; and 100 male patients with atherosclerosis, group II (GII). The studied individuals were subjected to complete clinical examination, history and detection of CRP seropositivity. Detection of anti-H. pylori and anti-H. pylori CagA seropositivity were done using ELISA. In addition, biochemical measurements including glucose, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides (TG) were measured. Results demonstrated that the prevalence of anti-H. pylori IgG antibodies in atherosclerotic patients were (68%) in (GII)and (56.7%) in (GI). The incidence of the anti-CagA seropositivity was significantly prevalent in GII (29%) than in GI (10%). The familial history including atherosclerosis (in one or more members of the family), obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes and smoking were significantly increased in GII compared to GI. The seropositivity of the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP) was significantly increased in GII (45%) compared GI (20%). In conclusion, this is the first work to show the relationship between atherosclerosis and CagA positive H. pylori in Najran, Saudi Arabia. However, the exact mechanisms need further study.

[Abdulrahman M. Al-Qurashi and Tarek E. Hodhod. The association of CagA-positive Helicobacter pylori serotype and atherosclerosis in Najran area, Saudi Arabia. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):355-361]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 48

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.48

Keywords: Atherosclerosis, H. pylori, CagA, Najran.

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Effect of Safety Insulin Administration Guidelines on Reducing Of Acute Complication For Diabetic Patients at Selected Hospital In Al-Taef city.

Enshrah R. Mohamed ¹, Huson A. Ghalya² and lobna M. Gamal Ali

^1. Medical and Surgical Nursing Dep. Faculty of Nursing- Minia University & Assistant professor of Medical and Surgical Nursing Faculty of Nursing-Umm-Alqura University

² Critical Care NursingDep., Faculty of Nursing- Umm-Alqura university.

³ Medical and Surgical Nursing Dep. Faculty of Nursing- Minia University& Assistant professor of Medical and Surgical Nursing Faculty of Nursing-King Faisal University.

sosomohamd19@yahoo.com

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic multisystem disease related to abnormal insulin production, utilization or both. Complications of diabetes mellitus can be classified into acute and chronic. Nursing responsibilities for the patient receiving insulin include proper administration, assess response to insulin therapy, and education of the patient regarding administration to prevent or reduce the occurrence of complications. Safety insulin guidelines are developed by American Diabetes Association to maintain safe insulin administration practices. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of using safety measures guidelines during insulin administration on reducing of acute complication for patient with diabetes. Subjects and methods. Subjects A convenient random sample composed of 40 female adult patients. Setting: The study was conducted at the medical ward and outpatient affiliated to selected hospital in Al-Taif. Three Tools were usedto collect the data for this study 1^st. Tool were usedto collect the datacovering biosocial and demographic data andassessment data related to patient's insulin; 2^nd. Tool included observational checklist assessment sheet to assess presence or not of any acute complications for diabetes among study group and 3^rd. Tool: involve formulated safety insulin guidelines practices was used during insulin administrations. Results there is significant differences between experimental and control groups after teaching and demonstrating of safety insulin guidelines practices. It is concluded that application of safety insulin guidelines practices have significant effect on the reduction of acute diabetes mellitus complication, the most affected acute complication reduced are a local skin reaction dawn phenomenon and somogyi phenomenon. It was recommended that Information must be always available whenever patient needs clarification about insulin administration through responsible nurse and available of educational materials.

[Enshrah R. Mohamed, Huson A. Ghalya and lobna M. Gamal Ali. Effect of Safety Insulin Administration Guidelines on Reducing Of Acute Complication For Diabetic Patients at Military Hospital In Al-Taef city. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):462-470]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 49

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.49

Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin, Safety guideline

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Nursing Practices for patients at risk to the pressure sores in Minia University Hospital

Inshrah Roshdy Mohamed ¹ and Esraa Esam-Eldin Mohamed ²

^1. Medical Surgical Nursing Dep., Faculty of Nursing- Minia University

^2. f Medical Surgical Nursing Dep., Faculty of Nursing- Ain Shams University

sosomohamd19@yahoo.com

Abstract: Aim of this study: Describe management practices for identifying patients at risk to the pressure sores in Minia University Hospital, assess level of nursing staff performance towards pressure ulcers (PU) prevention practices and investigate the relationship among management practices, and occurrence of pressure sores. A Prospective descriptive study design was carried out in the present study. This study was carried out at Minia University Hospitals in the following units (ICU, and Stroke). The study sample included 30 patients in critical care unite and 15 patients in stroke unit completed within the first 24 hours of admission and each 48 hours thereafter for a maximum of 12 weeks. (2010) in the selected units at Minia University Hospitals with total number (n=45). Tools of the study: it was classified into three parts as follows: 1^st part related to socio-demographic characteristics of the study sample (age, unit, sex status, and nursing staff education). 2^nd part to assess patient's physical status consisted of five variables and pressure sores assessment consisted of eight variables. 3^rd part observational checklist consisted of fifty one variables six related to pressure sores prevention domains which were patient's position in bed consisted of twelve variables, patient's position in wheelchair consisted of five variables, patient's skin care consisted of thirteen, use of bed sheet consisted of four variables, use of supportive device consisted of six variables, and observe sites of pressure sore consisted of eleven variables; The scoring system of this tool was done scored (1), and not done scored (2). Results: it were found that the Mean of the study was 44.51. Regarding to sex it was found that the highest percentages of the study samples were male (60.4%). It presented that nurses performance were used bed sheets and observe signs and symptoms of sores sites for most of patients as pressure ulcer prevention (constituted 100% & 62.5 % ). Recommendations: In the light of the present findings the researchers recommended that: Pressure ulcer prevention should be a priority for nurses in critical care settings for patient at risk to reduce complication. In-service training educational program for nursing staff about evidence based practices that limit prevalence of pressure ulcer.Eeducate the caregiver and patient's family about update risk assessment,prevention measures and treatment of pressure ulcers. Education regarding preventive care can be effective in reducing the incidence of PUs in the ICU setting.

[Inshrah Roshdy Mohamed and Esraa Esam-Eldin Mohamed. Hepatoprotective Activity of Curcumin against Rifampicin-Induced Genotoxicity in Experimental Mice. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):471-478]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 50

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.50

Keywords: PU: Pressure ulcer, pressure ulcer prevention domains

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51

Participation in Group Activities of Strategic Management and Productivity

Ali Bagherifar

Department of Management, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran

ABSTRACT: The Purpose of This Study I\is to Investigate the Participation of Top Managers and Experts of KHORASAN Regional Electricity Company in Group Activities Associated With Strategic Management and Productivity in 1390, Which has been Conducted in Survey Method With the Statistical Population of 40 People( all Middle Managers and top Experts). Findings Show That The Average of Respondents Was 44± 7/32 Years, and They Had 18±7/48 Years of Professional Experience. Regarding the Main Variables of the Study, Average Variables of Professional Skills is 3/9±./5, Personality Traits is 3/6±./7, Organizational Structure is 3/0± 0/9,Leadership Style is 3/2±./8, individual Order Was 3/5±./8, Marked Assignments is 2/9 ±./7 Encourage and Reward System is 2/9±./5, Performance of the Office Staff is 3/6±./4, Type of Office Activity is 3/5±./4, and Effectiveness of Activities is 3/5±./8. Priority of the Variables Based on the Degree to Which They Affect Participation in Strategic Management and Productivity Office Programs is as Follows: 1_Professional Skills, 2_Supervisor Performance 3_ Personality Traits 4_ Office Staff Performance 5_Individual Order 6_The Office Activity Type 7_effectiveness of Activities 8_ Leadership Style 9 Organizational Structure 10_ Encourage and Reward System 11_ Marked Assignments. Considering the Chi- Square Statistic Value, Friedman Test is Also Significant (p_ Value<0/05).

[Ali Bagherifar. Participation in Group Activities of Strategic Management and Productivity. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):479-487]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 51

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.51

Keywords: Group work, team Work, Participatory Management, Strategic Management and Productivity.

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Target Costing as a New Approach of Competitive Market

Iraj Gholami

PhD Student, Department of Accounting, Tajikistan Academy of Sciences

Employee of Iran National Oil Company

E-mail: irgholami@gmail.com

Abstract: The present paper explains the system formation factors and the process of target costing. It also illustrates the historical background of target costing in Japan. Along with the explanation of target cost system from different point of views, six key principles of target costing are presented. They are price-led costing, focus on the customers, focus on product design, cross functional involvement, value chain involvement, and a life-cycle orientation. In addition, the participating of enablers in the value chain is expressed, the survival triangle in this framework is illustrated, then the differences between traditional costing and target costing are determined as the advantages of target costing in market, and finally the profit of two companies is presented as two examples.

[Iraj Gholami. Target Costing as a New Approach of Competitive Market. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):488-492]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 52

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.52

Key words: Target costing, survival triangle, competitive market, value chain, customers

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Renal Artery Stenosis using different Doppler Parameters: A review study

Mustafa J Musa ^*1,2, Abdelmoneim Sulieman ^2,3, Alsafi Abdallah ², Bushra H Ahmed ⁴

^1. Radiology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia

^2. College of Medical Radiologic Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan

^3. Radiology and Imaging Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Salman bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia

^4. Radiology and Nuclear Medicine college, The National Ribat University, Khartoum, Sudan

musa30000@yahoo.com

Abstract: It is still a matter of debate as to which Doppler parameters should be used for non –invasive diagnosis of renovascular disease by renal Doppler sonography. The accuracy of renal Doppler sonography in detection of renal artery stenosis depends on the parameters which are used for this condition. The purpose of this article is to review the available literature regarding the use of Doppler ultrasound for detection of renal artery stenosis as well as to provide general overview of the best Doppler parameter which has high accuracy in detections of renal artery stenosis. Studies of Doppler ultrasound for detection of renal artery stenosis were identified from a search of the internet scientific databases. The literature was limited to journal articles that were written in English and published after 1990 to ensure that the literature being reviewed was recent and up to date. There were 25 studies were evaluated. The data analysis showed high sensitivity and specifity for all Doppler parameters.The findings of the study illustrate that the combined approach to the main renal artery and to the intrarenal artery seem to be the ideal technique.

[Musa M, Sulieman A, Abdallah A, Ahmed B. Renal Artery Stenosis using different Doppler Parameters: A review study. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):493-498]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 53

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.53

Keywords: Ultrasound; Doppler parameters; Renal artery; artery stenosis

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Possible Protective role of Calcium against Fluoride Induced Cardio Toxicities in Adult Male Albino Rats

Amal Al Shahat Ibrahim¹ and Amal Mohammad Abd EL-Khalek²

Departments of ¹Anatomy and ²Forensic and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine,,Zagazig University, Egypt. d.aiaahmad@yahoo.com

Abstract: Fluoride contamination in drinking water due to natural and anthropogenic activities has been recognized as one of the major problems worldwide imposing a serious threat to human health. Excessive exposure to fluoride appears to be serious and causes metabolic, functional and structural damages in many organs especially in the heart. Calcium is a chelating agent for fluoride and can reduce its toxicity. This study was conducted to investigate some of the toxic effects of sodium fluoride (NaF) on albino rats heart and the role of Ca administration on these toxic changes. Thirty adults' male albino rats were used in this study. The animals were divided into five groups (6 animals each); Group I (-ve control), given standard diet and tape water, Group II: (+ve control) received 0.1 mL distilled water/ day by oral gavage. Group III: received calcium chloride at a dose 20 mg/kg b.wt./day. Group IV: received sodium fluoride treatment (NaF) at a dose 20 mg/kg b.wt./day. Group V: animals given sodium fluoride (NaF) at a dose 20 mg/kg/day and calcium chloride given 4 hours after NaF treatment at a dose of 20 mg/kg/day. The duration of the study was 28 days. The rats then were anesthetized and blood was collected for estimation of troponin T, Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK). The hearts were saved for light and electron microscopic examinations. The results revealed that NaF induced cardio toxicity which reflected in significant increase in troponin T, LDH and CPK. Light microscopic examination of the heart of NaF treated rats showed marked distortion of the myocardial structure including rupture of the muscle fibers, widening of the intercellular space and massive inter-myofibrillar hemorrhage, appearance of cytoplasmic vacuoles, peripheral displacement of its nuclei. There was also dilatation and congestion of the blood capillaries and lymphocytic infiltration in the inter-myofibillar spaces. Electron microscopic examination revealed, irregularities of the nuclear membrane with increase of the heterochromatic patches. The cytoplasm showed swelling of the mitochondria, rupture of the cell membrane of some cardiomyocytes and extravasations of cell organelles in the intercellular space. There was also thinning of the myofibrils that appeared attenuated with marked discontinuity of the intercalated discs. The cytoplasm also contained many vacuoles. In rats treated with NaF and Ca significant decrease in troponin T, LDH and CPK were observed compared to those treated with NaF only. The myofibrils retained its arrangement with few fibers are still thinned with rounded and flat nuclei and areas of cellular distortion. There were also areas of lymphocytic infiltration. The nuclei showed enfolding of its nuclear membrane, thick patches of heterochromatin and numerous nucleoli. It was concluded that NaF is a cardio-toxic agent and these toxicities could be minimized by concomitant use of Ca. It was recommended that exposure to F should be regulated and Ca supplement is better to be received  to minimize its side effects. 

 [Amal Al Shahat Ibrahim and Amal Mohammad Abd EL-Khalek. Possible Protective role of Calcium against Fluoride Induced Cardio Toxicities in Adult Male Albino Rats. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):499-510]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 54

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.54

 Keywords: fluoride, calcium, cardiomy of iblla, rat

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A Novel Electro-Thermal Model for Carbon Nanotube Interconnects

Walid Soliman, Tarek M. Abdolkader, Mohammed M. El-Banna and Salah H. Gamal.

Engineering Physics and Mathematics Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. walidsol@yahoo.com

Abstract: The electro-thermal effects have an important role in the study of metallic Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs) for interconnect applications. Experimental data and careful modeling reveal that self-heating is considerably significant in short nanotubes (1 < L < 15µm) under high-bias. The low-bias resistance of micron scale SWCNTs is also found to be affected by optical phonon absorption (a scattering mechanism previously neglected) above 250 K. In this work, we explore the effect of the thermo-electric current (I_hc) caused by the temperature difference along the SWCNTs interconnects (thermo-electric properties). The thermo-electric current effect is studied at low and high lengths of SWCNTs and at different biases.

[Walid Soliman, Tarek M. Abdolkader, Mohammed M. El-Banna and Salah H. Gamal. A Novel Electro Thermal Model for Carbon Nanotube Interconnects. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):511-518]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 55

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.55

Key Words: Electro-thermal Effects / Metallic Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes / Thermo-electric Current Effect

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Ultrasonic Screening for the Incidence of Common Benign Breast Pathologies in Sudanese Women

Mustafa Z. Mahmoud ^1,2

^1. Salman bin Abdulaziz University, College of Applied Medical Science, Radiology and Medical Imaging Department, P. O. Box: 422, Al-Kharj- Saudi Arabia.

^2. Sudan University of Science and Technology, College of Medical Radiological Science, Fundamental Medical Radiologic Sciences Department, P. O. Box: 1908, Khartoum- Sudan.

zuhairmustafa4@hotmail.com

Abstract: This study was carried out to determine the incidence of common benign breast pathologies that usually develops in Sudanese women at Khartoum State by using ultrasound. 100 Sudanese women aged 15 - 80 years with positive sonographic criteria of benign breast mass were selected from the outflow of patients. Breasts were scanned using sonographic brightness mode (B-Mode) to determine the incidence of common benign breast pathologies. Findings of ultrasound were confirmed by biopsy in all positive cases. Statistics were estimated according to distribution of benign breast diseases. Fibroadenoma incidences along the spectrum of other diseases, found to be the most common type of benign breast pathologies that affected Sudanese women. Findings report that a breast ultrasound scanning is informative, noninvasive, and safe procedure to determine the incidence of common benign breast pathologies. Also it answers questions about the nature of breast mass which in turn can reduce unnecessary breast biopsy.

[Mahmoud MZ. Ultrasonic Screening for the Incidence of Common Benign Breast Pathologies in Sudanese Women. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):519-522]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 56

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.56

Keywords: Fibroadenoma; Fibrosis; Mastitis; Papilloma; Phylloid

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Kinetics of zinc adsorption on soil minerals in the absence and presence of humic acid

Said E. M. Heggy¹, Zanaty R. Komy², Ali M. Shaker² and Mohamed E. A. El-Sayed^1,*

¹ Soil, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Cairo, Egypt

² Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt

eid1592003@yahoo.com

Abstract: Kinetics of Zn²⁺ adsorption on soil minerals (kaolinite and hematite) in the absence and presence of humic acid has been investigated under various conditions. The influence of pH, ionic strength and solution cations on the rate of the adsorption has been studied. The rate and the amount of adsorbed Zn²⁺ on soil minerals in the absence and presence of humic acid increased with decreasing ionic strength, increasing pH and in the presence of the background electrolyte K⁺ rather than Ca²⁺. Humic acid enhanced the rate and the amount of adsorbed Zn²⁺ onto soil minerals. The adsorption equilibrium data showed that adsorption behavior of Zn²⁺ could be described more reasonably by Langmiur adsorption isotherm than Freundlich isotherm in the absence and presence of humic acid. Pseudo first and pseudo second order models were used to evaluate the kinetic data and the rate constants. The results indicated that the adsorption of Zn²⁺ on hematite and kaolinite in the absence and presence of humic acid is more conforming to pseudo second order kinetics.

[Said E. M. Heggy, Zanaty R. Komy, Ali M. Shaker and Mohamed E. A. El-Sayed. Kinetics of zinc adsorption on soil minerals in the absence and presence of humic acid. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):523-533]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 57

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.57

Keyword: Adsorption, zinc, humic acid, soil minerals, kinetics.

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Students’ views and recommendations toward teaching the clinical practice in undergraduate curricula

Samira Alsenany¹ and Amer Al Saif ²

¹Assistant Professor in Gerontology, Public Health Department, Faculty of Nursing, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Salsenany@kau.edu.sa

²Assistant Professor in Physical Therapy, Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Applied Medical sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Aalsaif@kau.edu.sa

Abstract: Nursing student's experiences of their clinical practice provide greater insight to develop an effective clinical teaching strategy in nursing education. Insights gained from exploring these perspectives would hopefully provide signposts for the teaching of in nursing schools. The aim of this study was to explore of students’ views and recommendations toward teaching the clinical nursing practice in undergraduate nursing curricula at nursing school in Saudi Arabia. Six focus groups were used to obtain students' opinion and experiences about their clinical practice. 60 baccalaureate nursing students at king Abdulaziz (Faculty of Nursing) were selected randomly from two hundred students and were arranged in six groups of 10 students. To analyze the data the method used to code and categories focus group data were adapted from approaches to qualitative data analysis. Four themes emerged from the focus group data, namely nursing clinical experience, teaching and learning experiences, teachers’ roles and bridging the gaps between theory and practice. The first theme identified some of the challenges faced in nursing schools and is labelled “clinical experience” with very sick patients. The second theme that was identified related to “Teaching and learning experience” such as teaching students about health promotion with patients to reduce “task oriented” teaching methods and focus on “relationship oriented”.The third theme to emerge from the focus group discussions concerned the “teachers' role”, with there being recognition that nursing students need role models such as nursing educators and staff nurses in their educational and practice settings. The final theme that the nurse student talked about focused on “bridging the gap between theory and practice” (curriculum), reflecting the need to apply and articulate theoretical knowledge within clinical practice settings. In conclusion, this study has highlighted a variety of issues that should be addressed by both nursing school and higher education, which may be able to contribute to increased recruitment of new graduates. Nursing students need some career counselling to direct them to a specialized area that the country needs. Furthermore, education and training in the clinical placement should be seriously considered at the undergraduate level. An important factor in improving students’ desire to work in nursing is providing them with an opportunity to acquire positive and pleasant clinical experiences in different settings.

[Samira Alsenany and Amer Al Saif. Students’ views and recommendations toward teaching the clinical practice in undergraduate curricula. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):534-542]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 58

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.58

Keywords: clinical practice; teaching and learning experience; clinical experience; nursing.

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Study the Impact of EDTA and Vitamin E Supplementation in Diet on Physiological, Biochemical and Histopathological Pictures of Broiler Chicks 

Mohammed A. Al-Gamal,¹ Abdelrahman, A. S², Gihan, H. Elsakkar, ³ Arafa, M. M, ² and Abdelrafea A. El-Shafei¹ 

¹ Animal Production Dept. Faculty of Agric. Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.

² Bioch. Dept. Anim. Health Res. Instit. Agric. Res. Center, Ministry of Agric., Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

³ Pathol. Dept, (Zagazig Branch), Anim. Health Res. Instit. Agric. Res. Center, Ministry of Agric., Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

dr_abdel-elshafei@hotmail.com, dr.algamal1978@yahoo.com

Abstract: A total number of 540 broiler chicks one week old were used in five weeks study to detect the effects of gradual levels of dietary EDTA disodium and vitamin E alone or in combination on performance, physiological, biochemical, histopatholgical, heavy metals and trace elements changes of broiler chicks. The basal broiler diet was supplemented with EDTA and vitamin E to compose 12 experimental diets, namely as follows: T1 (control), T2 (0.5g EDTA/kg feed), T3 (1.0g EDTA/kg feed), T4 (2.0g EDTA/kg feed), T5 (56mg Vit. E/kg feed), T6 (112mg Vit. E /kg feed), T7 (0.5g EDTA+ 56mg Vit. E/kg feed), T8 (0.5g EDTA+ 112mg Vit. E/kg feed), T9 (1g EDTA+ 56mg Vit. E /kg feed), T10 (1g EDTA+ 112mg Vit. E /kg feed), T11 (2g EDTA+ 56mg Vit. E /kg feed), T12 (2g EDTA+ 112mg Vit. E /kg feed). The obtained results indicated that addition of EDTA and Vit. E to broiler diets had no significantly effect on body weight and carcass characteristics. Results showed that groups (T9), (T2) and (T4) were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) improved feed conversion ratio compared with the control group. There are no clear effects of EDTA and Vit. E on thermoregulation parameters. Muscle crude protein % was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased while, either extract % was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased by increasing the levels of EDTA, Vit. E and their combination in broiler diets compared with the control group. Serum ALT and AST activities increased significantly (P≤ 0.05) as EDTA levels increased alone or by combined high level of EDTA (T11 and T12) with Vit. E in the diets. While, ALT and AST activities decreased significantly (P≤ 0.05) as Vit. E individual increased in the diet compared to the control group. AP activity showed significant (P≤ 0.05) a higher variation with the use of high level of EDTA alone (T3 and T4) or with high level of EDTA combined with Vit. E (T11 and T12) compared to the control group. Increase Vit. E level in broiler diet was significantly (P≤ 0.05) decreased the AP. Serum Chol and TG concentrations were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased with increasing EDTA and Vit. E levels either individual or in a combination in the broiler diets and both have synergistic effects to reduce the serum Chol and TG levels. Both of TP and Glob increased significantly as EDTA and Vit. E levels or their combinations increased in the broiler diet. Ca and P levels in breast muscles and serum were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased as EDTA levels increased in broiler diet or by integrated high level of EDTA with Vit. E. Na concentration in breast muscles was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased as EDTA levels increased in broiler diet or by combination of EDTA with Vit. E compared to the control group. However, K was significantly (P<0.05) decreased in breast muscles as EDTA level increased in the diets. This study showed that addition of EDTA and Vit. E individual or in a combination to diets of broiler chicks, reduced significantly (P ≤ 0.05) the Pb and Cd levels in both of breast muscles and serum, helped to eliminate heavy metals from the bird bodies as compared to non treated birds. But Cu concentrations in breast muscles was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased as EDTA, Vit. E and their combination levels increased in the broiler diet. Results of histopathological examination indicated that the examined organs appear normal in treated chicks with 1g EDTA in addition to 0.5 g EDTA either alone or with 56 mg and 112 mgVit. E. Whereas, the treated chicks with high level of EDTA (2g) either alone or combined with 56 or 112 mg Vit. showed variable degree of damage in examined tissues including hemorrhage, vacuolization, congestion, focal necrosis, cell infiltration, edema, atrophy of lymphoid follicles and depletion as shown in Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively.

[Mohammed A. Al-Gamal, Abdelrahman, A. S, Gihan, H. Elsakkar, Arafa, M. M, and Abdelrafea A. El-Shafei. Study the Impact of EDTA and Vitamin E Supplementation in Diet on Physiological, Biochemical and Histopathological Pictures of Broiler Chicks. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):543-562]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 59

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.59

Key words: Broiler chicks, biochemical, EDTA, heavy metals, histopathological, physiological, vitamin E.

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A Mass Gathering Experience at the 2009 Pilgrimage in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, During the 2009 Novel Influenza A (H1N1) Pandemic

Sherif R. Omar¹_, Raouf M. Afifi²

¹ Department of Tropical Health, High Institute of Public Health, University of Alexandria, Egypt / Preventive Medicine Department, Armed Forces Hospitals, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

² Preventive Medicine Department, Armed Forces Hospitals, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia / International Management Health Services, Indianapolis, State of Indiana, United States of America

sherif_omar67@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Saudi Arabia hosted 2.5 million pilgrims in 2009 amidst H₁N₁ pandemic. The Armed Forces Hospital in Mina caters for pilgrims during Hajj, annually. In the hospital, rigorous infection control precautions were taken to mitigate the transmission of the pandemic among the care seekers and the hospital’s health workers. Objective: To study the distribution of confirmed H₁N₁ infection among suspected H₁N₁ patients admitted to the hospital. Methods: Patients who met disease severity criteria were admitted to the H₁N₁ isolation ward, nasopharyngeal and throat swabs for H₁N₁ virus assay, using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique taken. Results: Out of 39 admissions, females significantly predominated [74.4% vs. 25.6%, X²(1) 9.26, p 0.002]. Eleven (29.7%, n=37) patients tested H₁N₁-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive. No health worker reported suspected H₁N₁ symptoms during the mission. Patients significantly differed in the rate of positive- and negative H₁N₁-PCR-test [29.7%, 70.3%, X²(1) 6.81, p 0.014]. Test positivity did not differ by nationality (Saudi vs. non-Saudi). Conclusion: Dealing with a pandemic in a mass gathering situation is a unique experience. This work provides that although the burden of H₁N₁ infection may well be enhanced by Hajj mass gathering, applying systematized infection control measures in a well-defined hospital setting could help mitigate the transmission of H₁N₁ within the facility environment.

[Sherif R. Omar and Raouf M. Afifi. A Mass Gathering Experience at the 2009 Pilgrimage in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, During the 2009 Novel Influenza A (H1N1) Pandemic. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):563-571]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 60

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.60

Keywords: Hajj, pandemic H₁N₁, Saudi Arabia.

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Reproductive health: knowledge and attitude among Sohag university students, Egypt.

Fouad M. A. Yousef*, Ahmed Fathy Hamed and Nour alhoda Mostafa Mohamed Raswan**

*Public Health and Community Medicine department, Sohag Faculty of Medicine.

** Obstatrac and Gyncological nursing Sohag University

fouad3s@yahoo.com

Abstract: Introduction: The area of reproductive health is under investigated in Egypt due to cultural sensitivities. The aim of this study is to explore the knowledge and attitude toward reproductive health of university students and to identify factors affecting these knowledge and attitude. Subjects and Methods: This is a cross sectional study. Well structured questionnaire was used to collect the data from students in Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA program. Results: This study included 863 students (55% males and 45% females). The knowledge score achieved was 56% with is no significant difference between males and females. The score was significantly affected by faculty and grade of study, residence, religions of students, parents’ educations and work, and health education. The attitude score achieved was 60.5%. It was significantly affected by faculty type, religions of students, parents’ educations and health education. Conclusion and recommendations: The level of knowledge about reproductive health is low. We recommend that inclusion of reproductive health in the curriculums will improve reproductive health of the students and will protect them from sexually transmitted disease.

[Fouad M. A. Yousef, Ahmed Fathy Hamed and Nour alhoda Mostafa Mohamed Raswan. Reproductive health: knowledge and attitude among Sohag university students, Egypt. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):572-579]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 61

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.61

Keywords: Reproductive health, knowledge, attitude, Egypt.

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Inhibition of Aluminum Corrosion in Hydrochloric Acid by Cellulose and Chitosan

M. Abdallah^{(1, 2)}, I. Zaafarany⁽¹⁾, A. Fawzy^(1,4), M. A. Radwan⁽³⁾ and E. Abdfattah⁽³⁾

⁽¹⁾Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia

⁽²⁾Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt

⁽³⁾Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo, Egypt

⁽⁴⁾Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt

metwally555@yahoo.com

Abstract: The inhibitive effects of the natural polymer namely, carboxy methyl chitosan (CMCH) and carboxy methyl Cellulose (CMC) for the corrosion of aluminum in 0.5 M HCl solution was investigated using weight loss measurements, galvanostatic, and potentiodynamic anodic polarization techniques. The results drawn from these techniques indicated that the inhibition efficiency increased with the concentration of inhibitor but decreased with temperature. Some activated thermodynamic parameters were computed. The inhibition efficiency of the CMCH is more than CMC depends on the chemical structure of the inhibitor.. Inhibition was explained in term of the adsorption of these compounds on the aluminum surface. The adsorption process is fitting a Temkin adsorption isotherm. Polarization data proves that these inhibitors are mixed inhibitors. It was found that CMCH and CMC compounds protect the aluminum surface from pitting attack in chloride containing solution by shifting the pitting corrosion potential to more noble direction.

[M. Abdallah, I. Zaafarany, A. Fawzy, M. A. Radwan and E. Abdfattah. Inhibition of Aluminum Corrosionin Hydrochloric Acid by Cellulose and Chitosan. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):580-586]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 62

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.62

Key words: Aluminum, cellulose, chitosan, corrosion inhibitors, adsorption

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Participation for Crime Prevention in the Communities of Shiraz, Iran

Ahmadreza Rezaei

Islamic Azad University Larestan Branch, Iran

Email: sci_2005@yahoo.com

Abstract: Participation of the community is important to complement and make more efficient any program of crime control by police authorities or any other law enforcement agency. Local communities must include places to promote community participation. As participation among residents increase, the residents become active defenders of the place against crime. Hence, the objective of this study is to assessing the level of participation for crime prevention in the local communities of Shiraz, Iran. This study also defines and discusses the concept of participation as a strategy for crime prevention and reduction. The findings through survey questionnaire indicated that the participation in the communities for crime prevention generally was low; however, each community of Shiraz has different level of participation for crime prevention. It is expected that the findings of this study could utilize by the leaders, police authorities or any other law enforcement agency for reassessments of crime prevention programs in the communities of Shiraz, Iran.

[Ahmadreza Rezaei. Community Participation for Crime Prevention in the Communities of Shiraz, Iran. J Am Sci 2013; 9(4):587-591]. (ISSN: 1545‐1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 63

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.63

Keywords: Participation, poverty, criminal justice, community, crime prevention

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Patients’ Pain Experience After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

Mohannad Eid AbuRuz¹. PhD., RN. Fawwaz Abdulqader Alaloul². PhD., RN.

¹Education Coordinator, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, KSA

²Assistant Professor, College of Nursing, Hashemite University, Zarka, Jordan

mohannadeid@yahoo.com

Abstract: Pain after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery (CABG) is very common and severe in the first 48 hours. Almost all patients post CABG will spend this time in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Therefore, it is difficult for the patients to report their pain due to different factors which include but not limited to: mechanical ventilation, altered levels of consciousness, and sedation administration. Patients use different terms to describe their pain, as aching, throbbing, pressure and pain due to the lack of sleep when they are able to communicate effectively. The purpose of this study was to describe the pain experience for patients undergoing CABG in the first 48 hours after surgery in ICU, and determine the factors that affect the pain level. A total of 150 patients who underwent CABG participated in this study from a major private center specialized in cardiac surgery in Amman, Jordan. These patients spent at least 48 hours in surgical ICU and had at least one chest tube. Data were collected by trained research assistants when patients were transferred to the surgical ward and they were hemodynmically stable. Most of the patients (n=60) described pain as throbbing and (n= 55) aching. Activities that increased pain were: Suctioning (n=55), lack of sleep (n= 50) the presence of chest tube (n=50), and dressing change (n=30). The most important factors that deceased pain were: Use of analgesia (n=120) and keeping immobile (n=30). In conclusion, pain is a very subjective experience that can be described in different ways by the patients. There are different nursing activities that affect patient’s pain level which can be modified to control that pain.

[AbuRuz, M, Alaloul F. Patients’ Pain Experience After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):592-595]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 64

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.64

Keywords: Pain, experience; CABG; Intensive Care Unit

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Common Parasitic Infestation among Rural Population in Sohag Governorate, Egypt

Ahmed Fathy Hamed¹, Fouad M. A. Yousef¹, Eman Khalaf Omran² and Amal Moustafa².

Departments of ¹Public Health and Community Medicine and ² Parasitology, Sohag Faculty of Medicine. fouad3s@yahoo.com

Abstract: Intestinal parasitic infestations are endemic worldwide especially in developing countries. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of common intestinal parasitic infestations in rural Sohag and factors affecting it. This cross sectional study has been conducted in Zewak Sharqia village, El-Monshaa district, Sohag Governorate, Egypt from August 2010 up to March 2011. A random sample of 516 persons was taken. Data was collected and stool samples were taken. Two hundred and eighty four (55%) of studied population were infested by intestinal parasites. The intestinal parasites that detected were Exuris (21.7%), Amoebiasis (13.2%), Giardiasis (9.9%), H. nana (9.9%), S. mansoni (0.2%), and Ascariasis (0.2%). Infection rates were significantly higher in children less than 12 years (63.31%), persons with low socioeconomic status (82.10%), using pumped water (79.82%), did not wash vegetable and fruits (90.44%), did not receive health education (88.32%), did not visit doctor regularly (76.92%) and who were underweight (100%). Higher infection rate was independently associated with age less than 12 years (odds ratio= 2.37 CI=1.17-4.79), low Socioeconomic status (odds ratio= 12.60, CI=5.66-28.08), not wash fruits and vegetables (odds ratio = 2.65, CI=1.19-5.91), not receiving health education (odds ratio =3.54, CI =1.56-8.04) and not visiting doctor regularly (odds ratio=7.78, CI = 3.21-18.85). Gender and source of water were not independently risk factors for higher infection.

[Ahmed Fathy Hamed, Fouad M. A. Yousef, Eman Khalaf Omran and Amal Moustafa. Common Parasitic Infestation among Rural Population in Sohag Governorate, Egypt. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):596-601]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 65

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.65

Keywords: Intestinal parasitic infections, prevalence, risk factors, and Egypt.

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Modification of the surface of silica nanoparticles; studying its structure and thermal properties in order to strengthen it in preparing Nano composites

Naser Gharehbash¹, Alireza Shakeri²

PhD Student, Academy sciences of Tajikistan¹

²Faculty of Chemistry, University College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

¹ Corresponding authors: E-mail: d.gha.5na@gmail.com

Abstract: The surface of silica nanoparticles was modified with acid derivations derived from silica; propyl trim ethyl Silone (C₆H₁₆O₃Si); vinyl tries; 2-metoxy; ethoxy Silane (C₁₁H₂₄O₆S) and δ-amino propyl trim ethyl Silone (C₆H₁₇O₃N). The purpose of the present study is to modify the surface of hydrophilic in silica nanoparticles by organo silanoli compounds of acid derivations derived frame silica so as to be consistent wit hydrophobic polyolefin and improve the properties of new Nano composite materials by using organosilanolic compounds of acid derivations derivate from silica; Silica nanoparticles were prepared by using mechanical crusher by 120 mesh size. Changes in the structure of silica nanoparticles after surface modification by the use of electron microscopy (TEM); x-ray diffraction (XRD); infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR); and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were investigated. Results show that the samples of the modified hydrophobic surface and water absorption capacity have been reduced. Reinforced silica nanoparticles (which retained their main structure) are ready to get linked to polymers like polyolefin including polypropylene in order to prepare Nano composite.

[Naser Gharehbash, Alireza Shakeri. Modification of the surface of silica nanoparticles; studying its structure and thermal properties in order to strengthen it in preparing Nano composites. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):602-606]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 66

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.66

Keywords: Nano silica; oregano Silanole; hydrophilic surface; polyolefin; Nano composite.

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Semen quality and reproductive hormones changes in men with severe obesity and after weight reduction

Mohamed Sherif Abd El Gawad ¹, Sahar AlSayed Mohamed ² and Ahmed Fathy Gibreal ³

¹ Internal Medicine Department, ² Clinical Pathology Departmentand ³ Obstetric & Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt.

drmabdelgawad@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Obesity has been associated with reduced semen quality and male subfecundity, but the mechanisms that explain these relations are not fully understood and the effects of weight loss are not well clarified. We examine semen quality and reproductive hormones among obese men and studied if it will be improved by weight reduction. Methods: This study was conducted on 35 obese males and 20 healthy non obese male subjects of matched age as a control group. Obese subjects were prescribed a hypocaloric dietary program and daily exercise, lasted approximately 20 weeks. Before and after weight loss program, the obese subjects had blood samples drawn, provided semen samples and had clinical examinations, while healthy control subjects were tested once. Semen samples were analyzed for conventional semen parameters. Serum levels of testosterone, estradiol (E2), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and inhibin-B (inh-B) were measured. Free androgenic index (FAI) was calculated. Results: Participants were from 22 to 51 years of age (median=37) with body mass index (BMI) ranging from33.5 to 52.0 kg/m². We found decreased levels of serum testosterone, SHBG, inh-B, and increased levels of E2, LH and FSH in obese subjects at base line compared to controls (P<0.001). Also, obese males have low values of total sperm count, sperm concentration, normal sperm morphology, and motile sperm compared to controls. In addition, we found strong inverse associations of BMI with serum levels of testosterone(r=-0.894), SHBG (r=-0.968), FAI (r=-0.887) and inh-B (r=-0.923) as well as sperm concentrations (r=-0.872), total sperm count (r=-0,826), sperm motility (r=-0.943), semen volume (r=-0.530) and a positive association with serum estradiol (r=0.914) (P=0.000). Weight loss was associated with an increase in total sperm count and sperm concentrations. Additionally, the weight loss was associated with an increase in testosterone, SHBG and inhibin-B. Weight loss also significantly decreases serum estradiol levels. Conclusion: This study found that obesity is associated with changes in reproductive hormone levels that negatively influence male reproductive potential as assessed by poor semen quality. Weight loss leads to improvement in reproductive hormonal profile and semen quality.

[Abd El Gawad MS, Mohamed SA and Gibreal AF. Semen quality and reproductive hormones changes in men with severe obesity and after weight reduction. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):607-614]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 67

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.67

Key words: Obesity, Body mass index, reproductive hormone, semen quality.

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The study of the protective effect of vitamin E against cypermethrin toxicity on testicular histology in mice

Turki M. Al-Shaikh

Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia. turkialsheika@hotmail.com

Abstract: Cypermethrin is pyrethroid insecticide that is used worldwide for pest control in agriculture and household use. Vitamin E is a potential antioxidant protecting cells from oxidative stress. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of vitamin E on cypermethrin-induced changes in mice testis. Forty adult male albino mice,were divided into four groups: group I: served as control given corn oil; group II: received cypermethrin (2.8 mg/kg b.wt.) in corn oil; group III: received vitamin E (100 mg/kg b.wt.); group IV:received both cypermethrin and vitamin E. All treatments were given for 14 days.Light and electron microscopic demonstrated that cypermethrin induced atrophic changes in Leydig cells, thickening of seminferous tubule basement membrane with increased electron density of spermatogonia nuclei and cytoplasm. Sertoli cells vacuolation and appearance of abnormal spermatids were demonstrated. In vitamin E treated group normal testicular parenchyma was observed. In contrast, vitamin E given with cypermethrin result in significant improvement in tubules and Leydig cells and amolerated cypermethrin toxicity. Conclusion: showed that administration of vit E can protect against.The results cypermethrin induced oxidative damage in mice testicular tissue.

[Turki M. Al-Shaikh. The study of the protective effect of vitamin E against cypermethrin toxicity on testicular histology in mice. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):615-621]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 68

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.68

Keywords: Vitamin E, Cypermethrin, Testis, Histological, Mice.

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Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Regarding Breast Self-Examination among Female Undergraduate Students in the Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences at Umm Al-Qura University

Hoda Abed El-Azim Mohamed^1,4, Nahed Saied El - Nagger ^2,4 and Hala Yehia Sayed^3,4

¹ Obstetric and Gynecological Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, El Minia University, El Minia, Egypt, ²Pediatric Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt and ³ Faculty of Nursing, Cairo University. Egypt. ⁴ Faculty of Nursing, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Al-Mukaramah, Saudi Arabia

hodaazim@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Breast cancer appears to be a major global health problem of both the developing and developed countries. Cancer is a Pan societal problem that affects two thirds of the world populations, whereas among them breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women. It is the second leading cause of death in women worldwide. The aim of this study was to assess the level of knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding breast self-examination (BSE) among female undergraduate students in the Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences at Umm Al-Qura University. Subjects and methods: A cross sectional survey was carried out in the Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences at Umm Al-Qura University. A convenient samples composed of 110 female students at fourth year were recruited in the study. A Self-Administrated Questionnaire that designed by the researchers and Breast Self-Examination Attitudes Assessment Sheet were used to collect the data. Results: The present study showed that laboratories medicine department students were the most informative students about breast cancer and breast self-examination, meanwhile regarding the students' practices, it was found that more than two thirds of the students reported or demonstrated that BSE is done by palpate the breast with the palm and tip of three middle fingers of the hand in clinical nutrition, health administration and laboratories medicine departments were 82%, 74% and 72% respectively. There were statistically significant differences among the students in the three departments in the total score regarding their attitudes where F.test = 3.315 and p- value =0.04. Meanwhile, students in nutrition department had highest scores on their attitudes compared with students in the other two departments. Conclusion: The level of students' awareness regarding breast cancer and breast self-examination was high among laboratories medicine students and the majority of students in health administration department frequently performed BSE but incorrect techniques. Positive students' attitudes toward BSE were appearing in clinical nutrition department compared to the other two departments. Recommendation: There is a need to create awareness about the importance of BSE among medical health students for improving their practices.

[Hoda Abed El-Azim Mohamed, Nahed Saied El - Nagger and Hala Yehia Sayed. Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Regarding Breast Self-Examination among Female Undergraduate Students in the Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences at Umm Al-Qura University. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):622-632]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 69

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.69

Key Words: Breast Cancer, Breast Self-Examination (BSE).

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Advanced Protocol of Shock Wave Therapy for Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Adel A. Nossair, Marwa M. Eid and Amr B. Salama

Department of Physical Therapy for Surgery, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. amrpt81@yahoo.com

Abstract: Foot ulceration is one of the most common and severe complications of diabetes mellitus causing hospitalization and amputation of lower limb. Delivery of shock wave therapy stimulates the early expression of angiogenesis- related growth factors so it results in new vessel in-growth that improves blood supply, increases cell proliferation and accelerates tissue regeneration and healing. Purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of shock wave therapy in enhancing diabetic wound healing. Material & methods Forty diabetic patients with stage (II or III) lower limb ulcers were randomly divided into two groups (shock wave group and control group). Shock wave group received 3 sessions of unfocused shock wave (500 pulses/cm² at 0.1 mJ/mm²) one session every week beside traditional wound care, the control group received traditional wound care. The methods of assessment were wound surface area and epithelialization rate. Results showed significant decrease in wound surface area and increase in the rate of epithelialization in shock wave group compared to the control group. Conclusions From the finding of the current study we concluded that shock wave with these parameters (500 pulses/cm² at 0.1 mJ/mm²) is an effective, safe, relatively inexpensive, simple and available modality in enhancing and accelerating diabetic wound healing.

[Adel A. Nossair, Marwa M. Eid and Amr B. Salama. Advanced Protocol of Shock Wave Therapy for Diabetic Foot Ulcer. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):633-638]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 70

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.70

Key Words: Diabetic Foot Ulcer, Shock Wave Therapy, Wound healing

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Prevalence and Predictors of Diabetic Retinopathy Among Elderly type II diabetics

Gaafar M. ¹ and Khattab A.²

¹ Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Minoufiya University, Egypt.; ² Ophthalmology Department, Mansourah University, Egypt.

moh_gaferwissam@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background and objectives: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most frequent microvascular complication of Diabetes Mellitus (DM), resulting in blindness for over 10,000 people with DM every year. This research is designed to study the prevalence DR in elderly type II diabetic patients (≥65 years) and the association between DR and some demographic, clinical and biochemical risk factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study including 800 patients aging ≥65 years. Signs of diabetic retinopathy were evaluated by ophthalmologist in Farwaniya ophthalmology clinic, Al-Farwaniya governorate, Kuwait, using direct/indirect ophthalmoscopy and/or slit-lamp fundus biomicroscopy. Medical examination and records were used to determine the duration of diabetes mellitus (DM), mode of treatment and the presence or absence of both hypertension and family history of DM. Fasting blood samples were taken to assess fasting blood glucose, lipid profile and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1_C). Results: 22.5% of the studied diabetic patients had DR. Most of DR patients (71.1%), suffered from non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), while advanced vision threatening proliferative diabetic retinopathy is low (2.2%). Univariate analysis revealed highly significant association between age, smoking, duration of diabetes, use of insulin for treatment, microalbuminuria, Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1_C) and the development of DR (p<0.05). Gender, level of education, BMI, hypertension, family history of DM, CH, TG, LDL, and HDL, had no significant association (p>0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed a risk to develop DR nearly four times more in patients suffered from DM for (10–<20 years) than reference group (newly diagnosed), OR=4.12 (95% CI=2.84-6.83), while the risk increased six times in the subgroup who had DM for twenty years or more, OR=6.43 (95% CI=3.45-9.26). Those who needed insulin treatment had seven times higher risk to develop DR than those on diet only, OR=7.24 (95% C1=5.78-9.52). (HbA1C) was found to be a strong predictor of DR, OR=8.36, (95% CI=5.75-11.67). The risk to develop DR is nearly eight times more in patients suffered from poor glycaemic control. Conclusion: All elderly diabetics particularly those with long history, who need insulin for treatment or with poor glycaemic control, should have regular follow up, through ophthalmic examination at regular intervals.

[Gaafar M. and Khattab A. Prevalence and Predictors of Diabetic Retinopathy Among Elderly type II diabetics. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):639-646]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 71

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.71

Key Words: Diabetic retinopathy, risk factors, elderly diabetics, type II Diabetes Mellitus.

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OV6, α-Fetoprotein, Hepatocyte Growth Factor and Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis, Cirrhosis and Hepato Cellular Carcinoma

Nawal El Badrawy¹, Olfat A. Hammam²*, Maged El Ghanam¹, Mahmoud Al Ansary¹, Moataz Hassan¹ Abdel Aziz Ali Saleem¹

¹Hepato-Gasteroenterology, ²Patholgy Departments, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt. mansary2@gmail.com

Abstract: The aim of this work is to study the relation of OV6 (oval cells), AFP and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1) to repopulation of the liver in patients with chronic hepatitis C, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Ninety patients with chronic liver disease and HCC were subjected to clinical examination, laboratory investigations for hepatitis C, liver function tests and abdominal ultrasonography. Liver biopsy was performed for histopathological examination. They were 3 groups; positive for hepatitis C: chronic hepatitis (35), liver cirrhosis (25) and HCC (30) and ten control patients with negative serological markers for hepatitis (C&B). Immunohistochemical staining for tissue α-fetoprotein (AFP), OV6, HGF and TGFB1 was done. In normal liver specimens, tissue AFP, OV6, HGF and TGFB1 showed no expression. In chronic hepatitis, tissue AFP was negative, OV6 showed insignificant increase while HGF and TGFB1 showed a significant increase compared to control group p<0.05, which may indicate repopulation of the liver by proliferation of hepatocytes rather than oval cells at this stage. In cirrhosis with disturbed liver architecture, fibrosis and impaired liver functions, there was an insignificant increase in OV6 and tissue AFP and a significant increase in HGF and TGFB1 relative to control (p<0.001), which may be related to the bi-potential property of oval cells differentiating into both hepatocytes and bile ductules, and to the anti proliferative effect of TGFB1on hepatocytes. In HCC there was significant increase in tissue expression of OV6, AFP and TGFB1 relative to control, to CH and to LC groups (p<0.001), while HGF was significantly increase (p<0.001) relative to control & CH. In conclusion, repopulation of the liver in chronic hepatitis may be more related to hepatocytes proliferation rather than to oval cells. In liver cirrhosis, the increase in oval cells is not significant to restore liver functions. In HCC; OV6, AFP, HGF and TGFB1were significantly increased. Further studies are needed in search for factors that may hinder differentiation of oval cells to functional hepatocytes in liver cirrhosis and may lead to malignant transformation.

[Nawal El Badrawy, Olfat A. Hammam, Maged El Ghanam, Mahmoud Al Ansary, Moataz Hassan Abdel Aziz Ai Saleem. OV6, α-Fetoprotein, Hepatocyte Growth Factor and Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis, Cirrhosis and Hepato Cellular Carcinoma. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):647-657]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 72

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.72

Key words: AFP, OV6, HGF, TGFB1, IHC, Hepatitis C, HCC

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Updating Nurses' knowledge about Preeclamptic Patients' Care by Using a Poster in Minia Maternal and Child University Hospital

Ola M. I. Mousa^1, Hala Abd El-Fttah Ali ², Ahmad Reda El Adawy³

^1,2 Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Minia University

³ Obstetrics and Gynecology Department,Faculty of Medicine, Minia University

dr.halafttah@yahoo.com

Abstract: Aim of the study: To up to date nurses knowledge about preeclamptic patients' care. Research design: Cross sectional design. Setting: This study was conducted at Maternal and Child Health Minia University Hospital in the period from September 2011 till December 2011. Subject and Methods: A structured pre and post test used questionnaire about preeclamptic patients’ care knowledge was used and included 17 basic knowledge questions. A total of 25 nursing staff participated in this study who works in Obstetrics and Gynecology Department at Minia University Hospital. Tools: Interviewing sheet was used for data collection which included, educational level, years of experience, number of training courses the nurse attended. Results: Data analysis revealed that a sizable proportion of the participants have incorrect, improper knowledge about preeclampsia (a basic knowledge about preeclampsia and how to care women) in pre test. Concerning knowledge of nurses in post test, significantly improved in their knowledge. Conclusion: Experience is an important source of knowledge but education is a neglected area that impact on how nurses update their knowledge. Recommendation: Only through adequate knowledge and hard-working follow through, we can move women to care earlier and thus improve the worst of the adverse outcomes, so the study results have indicated the following recommendation, more attention must be paid to health educational programs for nurses by the policy makers and health services.

[Ola M. I. Mousa, Hala Abd El-Fttah Ali, Ahmad Reda El Adawy. Updating Nurses' knowledge about Preeclamptic Patients' Care by Using a Poster in Minia Maternal and Child University Hospital. J Am Sci 2013;9(4):658-663]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 73

doi:10.7537/marsjas090413.73

Keywords: Preeclampsia, nurses' knowledge, preeclamptic patients' care.

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