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The Effect of Teaching Vocabulary through the Diglot –Weave Technique and Attitude towards This Technique

* Dr Azadeh Nemati, ** Ensieh Maleki

* Department of English Language Teaching, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran. azadehnematiar@yahoo.com

** M.A. in TEFL, Guilan Payame- Nour University. maleki_ensieh@yahoo.com

Abstract Using a variety of techniques such as the diglot weave technique can reinforce the teaching points without boring the students. The present study aimed at investigating the effect of teaching vocabulary through the diglot weave technique. 60 numbers of students were chosen and were divided into two groups of 30. The control groups received traditional method of teaching vocabulary such as definition and synonyms, etc. and the experimental group was exposed to the diglot weave technique as a treatment. The treatment of the study took 5 sessions of 45 minutes. At the last session of the treatment a post test was administered to check how much students have improved. The result of ANCOVA revealed a statistically significant difference between the means of the two groups in both pretest and post test which implied that the application of the diglot weave technique can reinforce the subjects’ vocabulary learning.

[Azadeh Nemati, Ensieh Maleki. The Effect of Teaching Vocabulary through the Diglot –Weave Technique and Attitude towards This Technique. J Am Sci 2013;9(1s):1-6]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 1

doi:10.7537/marsjas0901s13.01

Keywords: Diglot weave technique; attitude; code switching; vocabulary

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Performance evaluation of curriculum development in learning disorders center of Urmia, Iran, according to 9 elements of curriculum development of Francis Klein

Elham Esmaili ¹, Mostafa Sheikhzadeh ²

^1. Department of education, Urmia branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran

^2. Department of education, Urmia branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran

 Corresponding author: E.Esmaili@gmail.com, Tel: 09102911161

Abstract: This research under the name "Performance evaluation of curriculum development in learning disorders center of Urmia, Iran, according to 9 elements of curriculum development of Francis Klein contains goal, content, time, space, teaching / learning activities, evaluation, grouping, teaching methods, teaching tools". Statistical population of this research contains all of teachers and students of learning disorder center and volume of students sample group contains 5 persons that are selected through Purposive sampling. Method of research is a qualitative one. Information collecting tools include observation, interview, analyzing of documents and records. Results of research shows that there is no codified educational content in center of learning disorder and it is presented according to kind of student's academic grade. Educational time at this center is about 45 minutes that some is used for resolving academic problems and remaining is used for resolving process problems (accuracy, attention and cognition).Minimum time of educating at this center is 3 months and maximum time is 3 years. At this center there are no teaching/learning activities and teaching/learning activities are defined through kind of student's disorder and according to content.

[Elham Esmaili, Mostafa Sheikhzadeh. Performance evaluation of curriculum development in learning disorders center of Urmia, Iran, according to 9 elements of curriculum development of Francis Klein. J Am Sci 2013;9(1s):7-11]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 2

doi:10.7537/marsjas0901s13.02

Keywords: curriculum development, learning disorders, qualitative research, Iran.

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Horticultural And Molecular Genetic Evaluation Of Some Peach Selected Strains Cultivated Under Kalubiah Governorate Conditions

Fathi, M.A.; SH. M. Hussein and S.Y. Mohamed

Horticulture. Research. Institute. Agriculture. Research. Center, Giza, Egypt

Abstract: The present investigation was carried out for two successive years (2010 and 2011) in Kalubia Governorate to evaluate the percentage of vegetative and floweral growth as well as fruit set, date of full bloom, petal fall, fruit set and harvesting time. At harvest time, number of fruits/tree were counted, also fruit yield/tree and /fedd. were estimated as well as fruit characters. Molecular genetic evaluation included protein, isozymes, RAPD and ISSR of ten selected peach strains viz: Early Sinai (C9)- Dakahlia (K3)- Mawy (K21)- Sultany1 (K25) – Sultany2 (K40) – Kulaby (K55) – Late Sinai1(L1) - Late Sinai2(2L) - Late Sinai3 (X2) and Late Sinai 4(X4), were studied also. The results revealed that, 2L, K55 and X2 peach strains produced the highest fruit yield/tree and /fedd. also X4, X2 and K55 strains have the highest number of fruits/tree. The strain Mawy (K21) was the earliest strain of flowering, fruit set and harvesting time. On the other hand, K3, K40 and L1 were the latest strains of flowering, fruit set and harvesting time while K55 was earlier of fruit set and harvesting time. Moreover K21 and K55 have trace peak, while C9, K25, L1,2L and X2 have medium peak as well as X2 and 2L strains which have larger fruits, the strains L1 and 2L have higher T.S.S. While, L1, X4 and X2 have lower acidity than others. The studied peach strains have white or creamy flesh, while (except L1 strain which has orange skin and flesh), the red color occupied 40-60% on the skin color of K3, K55 and L1. In this study we attempted to characterize molecular genetic markers between the ten peach selected strains and to detect the genetic relationship between the selected peach strains as scions and Okinawa rootstock. Peach selected strains and Okinawa discriminated by their leaves for protein, isozymes (Peroxidase and Poly Phenyl Oxidase) on biochemical level and RAPD and ISSR based on PCR techniques on molecular level. Protein banding patterns revealed a total number of bands 17 with 23.5% polymorphic bands. While, each of peroxidase and Poly Phenyl Oxidase exhibited present and absent of bands and differences in density of bands between peach strains and Okinawa Rootstock. Five 10-mer arbitrary primers of each RAPD and ISSR had successfully generated reproducible polymorphic products. The generated profiles revealed high levels of polymorphism among the studied strains. Data of these primers recorded a sum of 146 bands. These bands were identified as 53 polymorphic bands and 93 monomorphic ones in all strains under study. The polymorphic bands were scored as 25 unique bands. These unique bands were used to discriminate between the studied selected peach strains as scions and Okinawa rootstock. In addition, the results generated from Protein, Isozymes, RAPD and ISSR profiles were pooled together to elucidate the genetic relationships among the examined peach selected strains. The constructed dendrogram tree divided the studied strains into two major groups. The first main group included Dakahlia and Early Sinai, while the second main group divided into two subgroups, the first subgroup included each of Late Sinai3 and Late Snai1 Sinai4 only and the other subgroup included all other strains (Sultany1, Sultany2, Kulaby, Late Sinai1, Late Sina2 and Mawy). On the other hand, genetic relationship between Okinawa rootstock and peach selected strains from Protein, Isozymes, RAPD and ISSR profiles were pooled together to elucidate the genetic relationships represented the constructed dendrogram tree divide into two major groups. The first main group included Okinawa only, while the second main group divided them into two subgroups, the first subgroup included Early Sinai and Dakahlia only and the other subgroup included all other strains (Sultany1, Sultany2, Kulaby, Late Sinai1, Sina2, Mawy, Late Sinai3 and Late Sinai4). From the foregoing results, it can be recommended to spread these selected strains especially strains: Kulaby (K55), Late Sinai2(2L), Late Sinai3( X2), Mawy (K21) and Dakahlia(K3) in desert land conditions and more studies are very important to evaluate it from nematode resistance and it is ability to success under different environmental conditions.

[Fathi, M.A.; SH. M. Hussein and S.Y. Mohamed. Horticultural And Molecular Genetic Evaluation Of Some Peach Selected Strains Cultivated Under Kalubiah Governorate Conditions. J Am Sci 2013;9(1s):12-23]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 3

doi:10.7537/marsjas0901s13.03

Keywords: peach selected strains, Horticultural evaluation, protein, Isozymes, RAPD and ISSR.

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Alpha Effects of sustainability literature Hafez Ibrahim

 Javad Sadounzadeh ¹, Sohad jadari² , Morad Ali Valadbeigi ³ , Ebrahim Yaghoubi ⁴

Associate and Faculty member of Shahid Chamran University, Arabic literature Department, Ahvaz, Iran

Assistant and Faculty member of Islamic Azad University, Abadan Branch, Abadan, Iran

PhD student of Arabic literature, Science and Research of Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch, Iran

Professor of Islamic Azad University, Ilam and Bahktar Branch, Farhangian University, Ilam, Iran

dr.ye.1391@gmail.com

Abstract: This paper aims poet Hafez Ibrahim, from the invitations to the persistence and perseverance that is written among the known, and the role of poetry obligate reveal the land and its people. Accordingly, before beginning writing, political, social and cultural life of the poet Msrra, explored and then a fairly detailed description of the life of Abraham Hafiz, poetry and poetic intentions, he offers the reader their own political and social conditions of Egyptian poet and Mvzgyryhaysh the day, sit in judgment and evaluation. The History, Literature, and the stability or strength, it has been studied by previous experience of this kind of literature, the paper Qsayd and poems that the poet has tried over the determination and national fervor against foreign aggression stir, deep understanding and sincere feeling, emotion, friendly homeland's national poet and poetry and patriotic Neil, he is praised.

[Javad Sadounzadeh, Sohad jadari, Morad Ali Valadbeigi, Ebrahim Yaghoubi. Effects of sustainability literature Hafez Ibrahim. J Am Sci 2013;9(1s):24-35] (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 4

doi:10.7537/marsjas0901s13.04

Keywords: Hafiz Ibrahim, the Egyptian colonial struggle, sustainability

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A Historical Survey On Armenia

Yasin Jeyran, yasin_jeyran@yahoo.com

Atefeh Setayesh Mehr, setayesh 28692@yahoo.com

Abstract: The original Armenia is the country of high mountain lands and an interesting natural castle whose walls are located in the land beyond Caucasia field to Anatoly plateau and also from the Black sea to Mesopotamia desert. The natural and geographical location of Armenia has made it look like the natural castle causing that the capture of this region for foreign tribes to be hard and difficult in the cold and sever winter. This paper offers a historical survey on Armenia.

[Yasin Jeyran, Atefeh Setayesh Mehr. A Historical Survey On Armenia. J Am Sci 2013;9(1s):36-43] (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 5

doi:10.7537/marsjas0901s13.05

Keywords: Survey; Armenia.

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A Study of Accruals Quality on Risk Assessment of Securities

Fatemeh Sepehri; Mahdi Salehi; Mohammad Reza Shoorvarzy

Department of Accounting, Science and Research Branch,Islamic Azad University, Nyshabour, Iran

E-mail: f_sepehri149@yahoo.com

Assistant Professor of Accounting, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran

E-mail: salehimahdi_ir@yahoo.com

Assistant Professor of Accounting, Islamic Azad university of Neyshabur Branch

E-mail: m_r_shoorvarzy@yahoo.com

Abstract: In recent years, there has been increasingly debate about ­the impact of quality of accounting information on cost of capital or expected return of stock. The main focus of these discussions is the quality of accruals. In particular, two recent papers by Francis and et al (2004, 2005) were impressive articles in this Field. The two papers were shown the quality of accruals have an inverse relationship between the costs of capital, it means low quality of accruals lead to cost of capital or expected return of stock. However, Core and et al (2008) showed that accruals quality developed by Francis and his colleagues were not able to explain the volatility of stocks. Consequently, accrual quality as characteristics of accounting information can help predict future stock returns. Other similar studies, in this research relation between accrual quality and risk premium companies were investigated by data relating to 73 companies during 2009 and 2010. The results of the statistical analysis and hypotheses ­showed that the relationship was not exist between the quality of accruals and equity risk premium ­ and there is no significant accruals quality and equity risk premium.

[Fatemeh Sepehri; Mahdi Salehi; Mohammad Reza Shoorvarzy. A Study of Accruals Quality on Risk Assessment of Securities. J Am Sci 2013;9(1s):44-49] (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 6

doi:10.7537/marsjas0901s13.06

Keywords: Accruals Quality, Stock Risk Premium, Information Quality, Expected return of stock

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Descartes faith

S. Sajjad Sadati Zadeh^1*, Hassan Ghanbari², Shams Allah Safarlaki²

1. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, International Branch, Mashhad, Iran.

2. Department of Human Science, Ilam's University, Ilam, Iran

Abstract: This paper is about Descartes view of the interaction between faith and reason and faith checks theoretical and tries to make the argument to word the roots of his philosophical system. Descartes believed that the revelation of the realm of religious affairs is concerned with matters of faith and should be accepted as the certainty of God's revelation. Here we explain the interaction of faith and reason, faith and reason, as well as proof of God's existence from the point of view of the French philosopher explain.

[S. Sajjad Sadati Zadeh, Hassan Ghanbari, Shams Allah Safarlaki. Descartes faith. J Am Sci 2013;9(1s):50-54]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 7

doi:10.7537/marsjas0901s13.07

Key words: Faith, Reason, Certainty, Knowledge, Descartes.

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Investigate the relationships between Antecedent factors and product innovation

¹Hashem Nikoomaram, ²Farhad Ghaffari, ^3*Davood Gharakhani

¹ Professor, Department of Accounting, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

² Assistant Professor of Economics and Faculty Member School of Management and Economics Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

^3*Department of Industrial Management, Qazvin branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Qazvin, Iran

E-mail: nikomaram@sr.iau.ac.ir; Ghaffari@srbiau.ac.ir; ;Davoodgharakhany@yahoo.com

Davood Gharakhani (Corresponding author)

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of Antecedent factors on product innovation. In this study, Data were collected from 30 companies in Iran. The paper formulates four hypotheses from the literature review. The present study employs a questionnaire survey approach to collect data for testing the research hypotheses. In this study, relevant statistical analytical techniques including linear regression and correlation for analysis was used. The results indicate that all four factors of Antecedent (R&D strategy, Top management support, Customer focus and Organizational learning capability) have positive and significant effects on product innovation. The results of this study could be used by any managers of companies in Iran to improve successful innovation projects. Also the findings of the study are important for both practitioners and academics.

[Hashem Nikoomaram, Farhad Ghaffari, Davood Gharakhani. Investigate the relationships between Antecedent factors and product innovation. J Am Sci 2013;9(1s):55-64]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 8

doi:10.7537/marsjas0901s13.08

Keywords: R&D strategy, Top management support, Customer focus, Organizational learning capability, product innovation.

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Formation of Sustainable Urban Development Paradigm

Seyed Majid Mofidi Shemirani¹, Hamed Moztarzadeh²

1. Department of Art and Architecture, Science and Research branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

2. Corresponding Author, Department of Art and Architecture, Science and Research branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

Tel: 00987116263359-00989173138122; E-mail: hamedmoztarzadeh@yahoo.com

This paper has been achieved from the second author’s Ph.D. thesis, under supervision of Dr. Seyed Majid Mofidi Shemirani and consultancy of Dr. Farah Habib which is currently being undertaken in Science and Research branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, titled “Criteria Codification of Urban Sustainable Communities (emphasized on Iran hot and arid climate)”.

Abstract: Sustainability paradigm can be considered as the most common and most commonly used paradigm in the present century. This concept can be related to all matters of daily life – the fact which of course is proven by the introduction of its three dimensions in relation to the society, the economy and the environment. Many experts believe that the formation of this paradigm is relevant to the development of disturbed environmental conditions due to abnormal development, especially in economic areas. One area to which a great attention has been paid after the development of this paradigm and was known as sustainable urban development was related to cases of urban development, particularly in major cities and following the increase in population of cities. This paradigm sees the city as an ecosystem, and tries to provide solutions by which cities become better habitats with higher quality of life for all generations. In these cities, which can be called environmentally friendly cities, humans as well as other creatures will have their own settlements, and there will be minimal energy consumption and waste production and pollution as well. In addition, different indicators have been introduced for the sustainable city, which have been proposed by each expert according to their local conditions and geographical location. This paper is intended to prove the hypothesis that the evolution of environmental movements has led to the formation of sustainable urban development paradigm. To this end, valid internal and external sources have been explored and discussed; and to demonstrate the hypothesis, a closer and more sophisticated look was taken at Brundtland’s development paradigm - as one of the most famous definitions of sustainable development. Finally, a chart was developed, which showed the changing paradigm of the sustainable urban development.

[Mofid Shemirani, SM, Moztarzadeh, H. Formation of Sustainable Urban Development Paradigm. J Am Sci 2013;9(1s):65-72]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 9

doi:10.7537/marsjas0901s13.09

Keywords: Paradigm, sustainability, Brundtland, sustainable urban development.

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Empowerment through entrepreneurship in job environment

Reza shafiezadeh¹, Mohammad Omid², Behzad Shoghi³

¹Department of human science, Saveh branch; Islamic Azad University; Saveh ;Iran

²Ph.D Student of Management, Faculty of Economic and Demography Sciences; Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan

³Young Researchers Club, Saveh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran

rsg1189@yahoo.com, omidmafa@yahoo.com, Behzad.shoghi@gmail.com

Abstract: In modern world the entrepreneurship think and using it in organizations is inevitable matter. As birth and death of organizations is depended on sight, vision and abilities of their originators, however the growth and duration of these organizations is depended on factors such as ability, creativeness and innovation of their human source. If planners, decision makers and employees of an organization be entrepreneur they can understand economical opportunities better and they will more able to use available sources for innovation, thus they will grow faster and can be persistence in competition arena. From late of 1980’s the small financial institutions as one appropriate and effective solution for economical empowerment in development programs reached to special place in developing countries; so that during two last decades the number of these institutions rigorously increased. These programs due to making proper financial services and conveniences for poor groups in society and by redistributing the incomes and increasing the self occupation and thus by increasing the production, could provide income in reduced the unemployment. For empowering the susceptible people for being entrepreneur, it should promote the entrepreneurship activities, nurturing the entrepreneurship moral and finally an entrepreneurship environment should be dominated. This require to cognition, contrast and description the entrepreneurship sense and process for job through empowering the susceptible people that have minimum economical and financial resources. This article try to describe process entrepreneurship sense and also it want to offer a model for promote and nurturing this sense through empowerment in job environment.

[Shafiezadeh R, Omid M, Shoghi B. Empowerment through entrepreneurship in job environment. J Am Sci 2013;9(1s):73-85]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 10

doi:10.7537/marsjas0901s13.10

Keywords: entrepreneurship, job entrepreneurship, empowerment, job environment, self adequacy

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[J Am Sci 2013;9(1s):86-93]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 11

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Quality improvement of organization and organizational culture

^1*Davood Gharakhani, ²Amid Pourghafar Maghferati, ³ Sajjad Jalalifar

^1*Islamic Azad University, Fouman and Shaft Branch, Fouman, Iran E-mail: Davoodgharakhany@yahoo.com

²Islamic Azad University, Fouman and Shaft Branch, Fouman, Iran Email: a_pourghafar@yahoo.com

³Department of Industrial Management, Qazvin branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Qazvin, Iran

Davood Gharakhani (Corresponding author)

Abstract: Organizational culture is considered as an important and fundamental component in an organization. Although organizational culture is a set of universal and shared beliefs and values that affects on members’ thoughts and behaviours, but it must be noted that there are some differences between the fundamental values and beliefs of highlevel management and norms of downward member of organization. Effective organizations have strong cultures with a set of similar values. In this study, we consider the effect of organizational culture on Quality improvement of organization. Literature suggests that by developing strong organizational culture, firms can achieve effective Quality improvement.

[Davood Gharakhani, Amid Pourghafar Maghferati, Sajjad Jalalifar. Quality improvement of organization and organizational culture. J Am Sci 2013;9(1s):94-97]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 12

doi:10.7537/marsjas0901s13.12

Keywords: Quality improvement, organizational culture, Culture change, Organizational Effectiveness

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Investigation into Different Systems of Material Warehousing: A Proposed Optimum System

Farshad Hatami ¹, Farzad Hatami ²

^1. M.Sc. of Civil Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

^2. Assistant Professor; Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), 14667-137, IRAN

fhatami@aut.ac. ir

Abstract: Immediate layout and positioning equipment on construction sites to minimize transport distances between locations of equipment, and to improve site performance for usefulness and safety, although important, are complex issues. Traditional systems to optimize tools cannot provide adequate solutions. Given the importance of locating the site for the material warehousing in terms of reduction the cost of shipping materials and a reduction in the amount of storage space for materials, the importance of the research in this area seems clear. In an effort to improve the planning the construction sites location, this paper offers a flexible multi-unit approach for sites and equipment. Also, taking into account different systems of material warehousing, including the system for tools and equipment warehousing on irregular construction site plans, Nonstructural Fuzzy Decision Support System (NSFDSS), computer-supported site positioning systems, and potential application of GIS system for locating the construction equipment, are all touched upon duly. This paper tries, while going over each of these material warehousing systems, to come up with the optimum and proper method as the best alternative.

[Hatami Farshad, Hatami Farzad. Investigation into Different Systems of Material Warehousing: A Proposed Optimum System. J Am Sci 2013;9(1s):98-101]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 13

doi:10.7537/marsjas0901s13.13

Keywords: Material Warehousing System, Optimize, Geographic Information, Genetic Algorithms.

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The Effect of Family Structure on the Mental Health of Children in Shahid Bahonar University students

Mahmoud Zivari Rahman¹, Roohollah Cheraghpoor² and Solmaz Shokouhi Moqhaddam³

1. MsC, Senior Researcher, Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.

2. Islamic Azad University, kahnooj branch, kerman, iran.

3. MsC, Researcher in Medical Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical

Sciences. Kerman- Iran.

*Corresponding author: Solmaz Shokouhi, Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.

Address: Postal Code: 7619813159, Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, EbneSina Street, Jahad Blvd. Tel: 0341-2264180, Fax: 0341-2264198, Email: so_shokuhi@yahoo.com

Abstract: The aim of this study is to determine the effect of family structure (growing - chaotic) on mental health of Shahid Bahonar University students and the type of students' family structure and their mental health. The sample is 384 students (172 boys and 212 girls) which are chosen randomly. To collect the data, two questionnaires were used: the family structure measure by Touiserkani (with 36 articles) and the General Health from Goldenberg (GHQ 28). The posited model include the independent variable of family structure (self value, communication model, family rules and family system) and the dependent variable of mental health (somatic symptoms disorder, sleep disorder and anxiety, social function disorder and depression) and intervening variables such as parents' literacy, educational major, sex, age and martial statute. Fit of the above model to the data was done by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using Amos 18, and SPSS 18. The results of model indicate that family structure has a significant effect on the mental health of children. Also sex and martial statute of students have a significant effect on the mental health and parents' literacy has a significant effect on the family structure.

[Mahmoud Zivari Rahman, Roohollah Cheraghpoor and Solmaz Shokouhi Moqhaddam. The Effect of Family Structure on the Mental Health of Children in Shahid Bahonar University students. J Am Sci 2013;9(1s):102-108]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 14

doi:10.7537/marsjas0901s13.14

Keywords: Family Structure, Growing Family, Chaotic Family, Mental Health

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Evaluating effects of Antioxidant Turmeric and Ascorbic acid On Callus Forage Cactus (opuntia Ficus-indica) In vitro Condition

Saleh Amiri¹ , Shahnam Ashtari², Ali Imanzadeh³, Abdollah Hosin Babaiy⁴ and Taregh Ghanifathi⁴

1-Master of Science, Agricultural Biotechnology

2-Master of Science, Gardening

3-Master of Science Student, Agricultural Biotechnology University of Zanjan, Iran

4-Master of Science Plant Breeding, Member of Young Researchers Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran

Corresponding Author: salehamiriii@gmail.com

Abstract: Micrpropagation is wildly used for multiplication of plants which the conventional methods can not propagate them desirably. However, some problems exist during in vitro propagation of these plants. Browning of explants due to phenolic compounds oxidation during micropropagation is considered as one of the barriers to achieve propagation through tissue culture technique. To obviate this problem, the application of two different antioxidants including ascorbic acid and Turmeric, each at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 and 1% alone and in combination with each other, was studied on callus cultures of O. ficus-india. Application of the antioxidants affected the callus size, callus weight and shoot length significantly. The highest callus size was obtained in media containing both Turmeric and ascorbic acid at concentrations of 1% and 0.1%, respectively. While, the maximum callus weight was achieved at media including 1% Turmeric, the highest shoot length was observed in treatment containing ascorbic acid with the concentration of 0.5%.

[Saleh Amiri, Shahnam Ashtari, Ali Imanzadeh, Abdollah Hosin Babaiy and Taregh Ghanifathi. Evaluating effects of Antioxidant Turmeric and Ascorbic acid On Callus Forage Cactus (opuntia Ficus-indica) In vitro Condition. J Am Sci 2013;9(1s):109-112]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 15

doi:10.7537/marsjas0901s13.15

Key words: Antioxidant, Ascorbic Acid, Callus, Turmeric , In vitro

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Legal Investigation of Construction of Artificial Islands in Persian Gulf

Abbas Niazi, Rahim Alesheikh

Department of Law, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish Island, Iran

Abbas_niazi@ymail.com

Abstract: As a crucial and strategic waterway, Persian Gulf has a special status in the realm of international and regional developments of Middle East. Perpetual military, political, economical, social, and environmental changes in this region have led to different and continual transformations and developments which demand paying further attentions to legal dimensions of various upcoming activities and challenges. Construction of artificial islands in Persian Gulf is currently one of the newest and most significant challenges. Construction of artificial islands has not been prohibited in international laws but the conventions on laws of seas mainly focus on construction of artificial islands for research and exploratory purposes. Such islands would create no right and advantage for the owner and constructor country in terms of delineation of marine borders. However, it must be also noted that although construction of artificial islands cannot be essentially recognized as an illegal act but concept of security in the modern world is not limited merely to political and military scopes. Indeed, environmental damages and devastations are among the greatest human concerns which can presume this issue as one of the most important threats to the environment in Persian Gulf. Through reviewing laws of seas and Kuwait convention, it is attempted in the present research to investigate and analyze construction of these islands with a legal approach.

 [Niazi A, Alesheikh R. Legal Investigation of Construction of Artificial Islands in Persian Gulf. J Am Sci 2013;9(1s):113-119]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 16

doi:10.7537/marsjas0901s13.16

Key Words: Persian Gulf, Artificial Island, Legal Investigation, Conventions on Laws of Seas, Kuwait Convention

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[J Am Sci 2013;9(1s):120-123]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 17

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Entrepreneurship perceptions and the concept of world class manufacturing

¹Davood Gharakhani, ²Amid Pourghafar Maghferati, ³Rasol Nasiri, ⁴Arshad Farahmandian

 ¹Islamic Azad University, Fouman and Shaft Branch, Fouman, Iran E-mail: Davoodgharakhany@yahoo.com

²Islamic Azad University, Fouman and Shaft Branch, Fouman, Iran Email:a_pourghafar@yahoo.com

³Department of management, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran

⁴Department of management, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran

Email: farahmandyan@yahoo.com, Arshad Farahmandian (Corresponding author)

Abstract: Globalization and structural and strategic changes in organizations have created more turbulence in traditional waged work, suggesting that more and more people will be faced with redundancy, dismissal and unemployment during the course of their careers (Mallon, 1998). The high levels of unemployment have led policy makers to seek solutions, and one of the most promoted ones is entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial activities are substantially different depending on the type of organization and creativity involved. Entrepreneurship ranges in scale from solo projects (even involving the entrepreneur only part-time) to major undertakings creating many job opportunities. WCM is crucial to competition, because the techniques and resources it combines can create new opportunities.

[Davood Gharakhani, Amid Pourghafar Maghferati, Rasol Nasiri, Arshad Farahmandian. Entrepreneurship perceptions and the concept of world class manufacturing. J Am Sci 2013;9(1s):124-128]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 18

doi:10.7537/marsjas0901s13.18

Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Knowledge, world class manufacturing

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