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Hyundai customer satisfaction Measurement in field of sales and after sales service refer to Marketing mix factors in Iran

Mostafa Jafari¹, Mohammad mahdavi mazde2, Amir Ahmadi³

^1. Faculty member and Assistant Professor of Department of Industrial Engineering,

Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, 1684613114, Iran, Tel : +98 21 77240540-50

iust.ac.ir @jafari

^2. Faculty member and Assistant Professor of Department of Industrial Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran,1684613114, Iran, Tel : +98 21 77240540-50

iust.ac.ir @mazdeh

^3. Iran University of Science and Technology Graduate Student of EMBA, Shariati, Tehran, 1933673174, Iran, Tel: +989125256558, amir871357@yahoo.com

Abstract: In current age, realization of market’s competitive construction is a survival key and important factor for organizations success. Achieving this concept depends on management’s awareness of customers comment and needs, assessment and utilization of marketing mix in order to achieve greater market share. Also firms know that, the after sales service has a great impact on customer’s loyalty and purchase repeat. Therefore the services should have their satisfaction. This research is done by questionnaire and randomized sampling related to measuring customer’s satisfaction of marketing mix factors in the terms of Asan Motor (Hyundai distributor) sales and after sales service. The researcher is eager to study and identify the marketing mix factors mix that have the greatest impact on attracting and retaining Hyundai customers, to identify, prioritize them and assist management in the field of marketing decisions. Therefore, in this research, sales and after sales services of Marketing mix factors are based on the 4p approach: Price, promotion, product (service) and place are determined. Sale Statistical test results show that the importance of price is greater than other factors and Product factor is more important than place and promotion. In the field of after sales service, product (service quality), has the greatest impact however the Price factor, has the least impact.

[Mostafa Jafari, Mohammad mahdavi mazde, Amir Ahmadi. Hyundai customer satisfaction Measurement in field of sales and after sales service refer to Marketing mix factors in Iran. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):1-8]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 1

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.01

Keywords: Marketing mix, price, promotion, distribution, product, customer

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PRIME NUMBER COORDINATES AND CALCULUS

(“Chan” function of Prime numbers) (Preparatory to an upcoming major manuscript “The primordial 1:3 constant”, as the basis of mathematics)

Vinoo Cameron MD (Primary author), Theo Den otter

Hope Research, 704 Pine Street, Athens, Wisconsin, 54411. E Mail:Hope9900@frontier.com

Abstract: As shown in our manuscript before in this journal, Prime numbers are totally predictable, and follow two chains that are arranged in curves at the divergence of . These curves and possibly spiral expansion of the two chains as shown are precise, and most likely define the universe. This is a minor key preparatory expose and a mathematical entrée to mathematicians as this basic calculus/equation has been (solved) by the author, and will be presented as part of a major Manuscript on the “Primordial 1:3 constant in Mathematics” to be submitted to the Journal of mathematical research (Canada) as a Diaspora of this new mathematics. As a preparatory exercise, this equation defines much of the non- linear expansion of space, modulated by fixed Prime numbers.

[Vinoo Cameron, Theo Den otter. PRIME NUMBER COORDINATES AND CALCULUS. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):9-10]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 2

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.02

Key Words: Half Line numbers, “Chan” value for Prime number 6491

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The Impact of Computer Games on Children's Personality Characteristics

Mahmood Shahsavari

Department of Educational Sciences, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran

mahmoudshahsavary@yahoo.com

Abstract: The computer games have opened their place among children rapidly due to the attractiveness of varied images, high graphics, much excitement and ease of use. Many children around the world have turned to computer games, and parents without worried about the destructive effects of this product "commercial-thriller" are accustomed to behavior of their children, and passively meet this condition. Although the computer games can have positive effects such as: development of personality and behavior, nurturing talent, creativity, focus and precision, increasing IQ, expanding worldviews, enhanced artistry, learning complex concepts, transmission of culture, but it is much more the harmful effects such as weakening the spirit of collectivism, loosening of family ties, impatience, irritability and aggression in children and adolescents. Computer games can increase aggressive behavior in children; also these games can be effective in causing anti-social behavior and conflict. In addition computer games have effects on anxiety, depression, and academic failure. A child that the long hours of your day sits on the computer lags behind from the other activities necessary for the growth, such as academic activities, and social communication.

[Shahsavari M. The impact of computer games on children's personality characteristics. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):11-14]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 3

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.03

Keywords: Children, computer games, personality, creativity

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Effect of Vitamin E on Sperm Parameters, Chromatin Quality and Testosterone Hormone in Mice

Pourentezari M ¹ M.Sc, Talebi AR^{1, 2} Ph.D, Anvari M*^{1, 2} Ph.D, Khalili MA^{1, 2} ph.D, Mangoli E¹ M.Sc,

Address: Department of Biology & Anatomy¹, Research & Clinical Center for Infertility², Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran

*Corresponding author: moanvari@yahoo.com

Abstract: The present study is carried out to investigate the protective effect of vitamin E (vit.E) on chromatin quality and sperm parameters (count, motility, viability and morphology) in mice. Antioxidants are the main defense factors against oxidative stress induced by free radicals. Vitamin E is believed to be the primary component of the antioxidant system of the spermatozoa and is one of the major membrane protectants against ROS and LPO attack. There is a relationship between activity of these antioxidant and function of sperm. Vitamins E and C which are belong to non-enzymatic antioxidant are used as a supplemented drug to improve sperm quality in male infertility. Material and methods: 16 adult male mice were divided equally into two groups each containing 8 mice. Mice of group 1 served as control fed on basal diet, group 2 received basal diet and vitamin E (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) for 35 days. Blood was taken for the determination of serum testosterone. Finally, right tail of epididymis was cut in Ham’s F10. Released sperm were used to analyze number, motility, morphology (Pap-staining) and viability (Eosin-Y staining) of the sperm and DNA integrity and chromatin condensation assessments were ready by standard cytochemical techniques including. (AOT): Acridine orange is a metachromatic fluorescence explore for the dimension of sperm nuclear DNA susceptibility to in situ acid-induced denaturation by distinctive between double-stranded DNA and single-stranded DNA. (AB): Aniline blue selectively stains lysine-rich histones and has been used for the purpose of those sperm chromatin condensation anomalies that are related to residual histones. (TB): Toluidine blue is a metachromatic dye which determines both the quality and the quantity of sperm nuclear chromatin. Result: In vitamin E mice, a significant increase was found in sperm number, sperm motility, sperm viability and sperm morphology compared to control group. A significant increase was also found in sperm AB+ (Mature sperm), TB- (normal) and Ao+ (double-stranded DNA) in vitamin E group compared to control group. The results suggest an increase in concentration testosterone in vitamin E mice compared to control mice, Conclusion: It was concluded, Vit.E not only is able to improvement the sperm parameters but also increases sperm chromatin quality in mice. Also vitamin E increases the level of testosterone hormone in mice.

[Pourentezari M M.Sc, Talebi, AR Anvari M, Khalili MA, Mangoli E, M.Sc. Effect of Vitamin E on Sperm Parameters, Chromatin Quality and Testosterone Hormone in Mice J Am Sci 2012;8(10):15-21]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 4

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.04

Key words: Mice, Vitamin E, DNA integrity, Sperm parameters, Testosterone.

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Oxidation of Polyphenol Trihydroxybenzene Using Environment Friendly Catalyst Copper (II) Complex of 4-Methoxyphenyl Benzopyran

Ahmed I. Hanafy*¹, Ali M. Hassan¹, Naglaa M. Abd El-Rahman² and Mohamed M. M. Al-Sayed¹

*Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia

1 Chemistry Department Faculty of Science Al-Azhar University, Cairo Egypt

² Department of Green Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt

ahmedih@yahoo.com

Abstract: The copper (II) of complex 4-methoxyphenyl benzopyran has been synthesized using microwave irradiation and characterized by different tools such as IR, electronic spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermal analysis, and ESR spectroscopy. The mode of metal binding shows that the copper binds with the ligand through the nitrogen atoms of the amino and cyanide groups. The copper complex [Cu L (AC)₂.2H₂O] has been used in the homogenous oxidation of polyphenol 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene in presence of H₂O₂ as a green oxidant to produce a first-order rate constant k_cat = 3.45× 10^-3s^-1 and dissociation constant K′ = 32.0 mM. The catalysis shows 1.4× 10³ times rate enhancement in terms of the first-order rate constant compared to the uncatalyzed reaction under the same reaction conditions. The oxidation reaction is inhibited by kojic acid with IC₅₀ = 220 µM.

[Ahmed I. Hanafy, Ali M. Hassan, Naglaa M. Abd El-Rahman and Mohamed M. M. Al-Sayed. Oxidation of Polyphenol Trihydroxybenzene Using Environment Friendly Catalyst Copper (II) Complex of 4-Methoxyphenyl Benzopyran. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):22-27]. (ISSN:1545-1003) http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 5

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.05

Key words; Benzopyran derivative; microwave; oxidation; trihydroxybenzene; inhibition

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The relationship between climate parameters "temperature and precipitation" and its effects on function of insurance paying in Gilan province,Iran

Bahman Ramezani*¹, Kobra Farahbod²

¹Associate prof. of Geography Dept., Rasht branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran

² M.S of Geography, Rasht branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran

bahman@iaurasht.ac.ir

Abstract: Insurance companies in the incident of financial and criminal damages that appears for their insurers will pay the losses. And as given that Gilan Province has climate change at the Four Seasons of the year, investigate the effects of climate change (temperature and rainfall) on the amount of insurance compensation is so important. Method in this study is descriptive and analytical and to obtain the relationship between temperature with loss and rainfall with loss the statistical correlation method is used. The results indicate that with increasing temperature, atmospheric precipitation will be less and the amount of payment for loss will be less. With decreasing temperature, atmospheric precipitation will be more and the amount of payment for loss will increase, this indicates that increased rainfalls in order to loss are in one direction.

[Bahman Ramezani, Kobra Farahbod. The relationship between climate parameters "temperature and precipitation" and its effects on function of insurance paying in Gilan province,Iran. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):28-33]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 6

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.06

Key words: Climate change, insurance, Gilan, Iran

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Investigating the Influence of Intellectual Capital on Performance of Iran Private Banking Sector

¹Sayyed Mohsen Allameh, ¹Arash Shahin, ¹Sara Rashidi, ²Amin Mahmoudi

¹Department of Management, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

²Department of Management, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

dr_allameh@yahoo.com

Abstract: The close relationship between intellectual capital (IC) and concepts like innovation, learning organizations, performance and other key elements of competition and life of organization, leads to ever increasing use of IC in various organizations. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of IC on Performance. The research data has been collected by questionnaire and from Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) of Pasargad Bank branches in Tehran. 120 valid filled questionnaires have been obtained, representing a response rate of 79%. Performance attributes have been considered based on the aspects of Balanced Score Card (BSC). Results show that, IC has significant and positive effect on organizational performance.

[Sayyed Mohsen Allameh, Arash Shahin, Sara Rashidi, Amin Mahmoudi. Investigating the Influence of Intellectual Capital on Performance of Iran Private Banking Sector. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):34-42]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 7

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.07

Keywords: Intellectual capital, Organizational performance, Balanced Score Card

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Interactive Role of Obesity and Other Risk Factors in Egyptian Subjects with Coronary Artery Disease

Azza M. ElWakf ¹*; AfafAbd El Hafez ²; Afaf M. El Saied³ and Sahar M. Hussien¹

¹Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

²Cardiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

³Genetics Unit, Children Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt

*dr_azzaelwakf@yahoo.com

Abstract:Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Obesity has been suggested as a major risk factor for this disease. This study aims to assess the relation between obesity and CAD in a selected group of Egyptian population. Other risk factors, including blood pressure, blood glucose, and lipids have also been investigated. The study included 80 patients with CAD (mean age: 47.86 years, males / females: 43/37), and 40 healthy controls (mean age: 46.15 years, males / females: 13/27). CAD patients were divided according to their body mass index (BMI) into 2 main groups: normal weigh group (BMI: 18.5–24.9, n=40) and abnormal weight group (BMI≥25, n= 40), the latter group was further sub-divided into overweight group (BMI: 25.0–29.9, n= 20) and obese group (BMI≥ 30, n= 20).The study revealed marked increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) among CAD patients compared to normal subjects. Significant increase in serum lipids [total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)] and glucose, as well as blood glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) % were also recorded. This goes in parallel with a reduction in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and NO level in all CAD patients. However, these changes together seemed to be more drastic in the obese patients comparing with control and CAD patients with normal and overweight profile. So, it can conclude that obesity confers independent risk factor for CAD, probably through influencing interaction with the traditional risk factors, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia.

[Azza M. El Wakf; AfafAbd El Hafez; Afaf M. El Saied and Sahar M. Hussien. Interactive Role of Obesity and Other Risk Factors in Egyptian Subjects with Coronary Artery Disease. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):43-50]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 8

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.08

Key words: Coronary artery disease, Obesity, Nitric oxide.

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Dielectric Properties and Magnetic Susceptibility of Mn-Zn Ferrites/Sio₂ Composites

D. El Kony and S. A. Saafan

Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.

samiasaafan@yahoo.com

Abstract: Dielectric properties and magnetic susceptibility were measured for four compositions of Mn Zn ferrites ( Mn_1-x Zn_x Fe₂O₄; x = 0.8, 0.6, 0.4 and 0.2).Then composites of these ferrites with SiO₂ were prepared by mixing 25% weight of SiO₂ powder with 75% weight of each composition of the ferrite powders. The dielectric properties and the magnetic susceptibility were measured again for the composite samples. The results are displayed as functions of temperature and frequency for the dielectric constant, loss tangent and AC conductivity, whereas for the magnetic susceptibility only results at room temperature are reported. The results show that adding silicon dioxide has significantly reduced the conductivity or in other words increased the resistivity while the magnetic susceptibility still have high values in the same order of magnitude. These findings may be useful in many applications that require the reduction of eddy currents while keeping the magnetic susceptibility in the same range.

[D. El Kony and S. A. Saafan. Dielectric Properties and Magnetic Susceptibility of Mn-Zn Ferrites/Sio₂ Composites. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):51-57]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 9

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.09

Keywords: Dielectric Properties; Soft ferrites; magnetic susceptibility

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Role of ultrasound guided fine needle biopsy, EUS and serum CA19-9 level in diagnosis of Pancreatic Masses

Ahmed A. ELNaggar¹, Mohamed Naguib Abdalla¹, Waleed Elnabawey¹, Hany Khattab², Khaled Abdel Azim³ and Amr Mostafa⁴

Departments of ¹Internal Medicine; ²Pathology and ³Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, ⁴Department of Surgery, National Liver Institute, Minofeya

aanaggar71@hotmail.com

Abstract:Objective: Pancreatic Cancer is a very aggressive tumor with an extremely poor prognosis. Early diagnosis, accurate preoperative staging and better adjuvant treatment remain a challenge. Abdominal ultrasound, abdominal CT, EUS and ERCP are common tools used for imaging of pancreatic cancer. Fine needle aspiration has made significant contribution to the diagnosis of cancer pancreas. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the role of ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the diagnosis of pancreatic masses and in the differentiation of cancer pancreas from benign lesions. In addition to that, the level of serum CA19-9 was measured to assess its accuracy in differentiating cancerous from benign lesions. Methods: This cross section descriptive study included 40 patients with pancreatic lesions. They were subjected to full clinical examination, laboratory tests (including serum level CA19-9), abdominal ultrasound, percutaneous sonar guided FNAC of pancreatic lesions, endosonography and surgical interference (was done to 32 patients). Results: Thirty three patients proved to have pancreatic malignancy while seven patients proved to have pancreatitis. Ultrasonography (US) showed a sensitivity of 70%, specificity of 86% and accuracy of 73% for malignancy detection. Adding CA19-9 to ultrasound raised to sensitivity to 94%, specificity remained 86% and accuracy to 93%. Adding FNAC to US raised the sensitivity to 85%, specificity remained 86% and accuracy to 91%. EUS showed a sensitivity of 90%, specificity of 100% and accuracy of 91%. Adding CA19-19 to EUS showed a sensitivity of 94%, specificity of 100% and accuracy of 91%. Adding FNAC to EUS showed a sensitivity of 97%, specificity of 86% and accuracy of 97%. Conclusion: The combination of EUS, serum CA 19-9 level and Sonar guided fine needle aspiration showed accuracy of 97% in diagnosis of pancreatic lesions. These investigatory tools are cheap and available and thus may be an excellent alternative to EUS guided fine needle aspiration which is expensive and available in only few centers.

[Ahmed A. EL Naggar, Mohamed Naguib Abdalla, Waleed Elnabawey, HanyKhattab, Khaled Abdel Azimand Amr Mostafa. Role of ultrasound guided fine needle biopsy, EUS and serum CA19-9 level in diagnosis of Pancreatic Masses. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):58-64]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 10

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.10

Keywords: ultrasound; biopsy; serum; diagnosis; pancreatic mass

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Evaluation of vitreo-macular interface in diabetic macular edema with serous macular detachment (Spectral-domain OCT study)

Mona Mohamad A. Farag *

*Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

Mofarag2000@yahoo.com; Mofarag2000@hotmail.com

Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the effect of vitreo macular interface changes on serous macular detachment in diabetic macular edema (whether spongy-like or cystoid). Methods: This study involved 281 eyes with diabetic macular edema and serous macular detachment. Complete ophthalmic examination, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were done. Heidelberg Spectralis OCT was used to examine all eyes and scans were done on horizontal, vertical and twelve radial planes through the centre of the fovea. The height of serous macular detachment was measured with a caliper in all eyes & the state of vitreo macular interface was reported. Results: Of the 281 eyes with diabetic macular edema & serous macular detachment (SMD), spongy-like DME was reported in 213eyes (75.8%) and cystoid DME in 68 eyes (24.2%). With Spectralis OCT, serous macular detachment was shown as neuro-sensory retinal elevation over non-reflective cavity with minimal shadowing of the underlying structures. The height of serous macular detachment was measured with a caliper & the state of vitreo macular interface was reported. Conclusions :Spectral domain optical coherence tomography plays a major role in the diagnosis of DME with SMD & provides detailed description of the associated vitreo macular interface changes. In our reported cases vitreo macular interface changes did not play a major role in the pathogenesis of SMD with DME as 68.33% with DME & SMD had no VM interface tractional changes. Further study on a larger number of cases is recommended to determine the role of vitreomacular interface changes in the development of SMD in eyes with DME.

 [Mona Mohamad A Farag. Evaluation of vitreo-macular interface in diabetic macular edema with serous macular detachment (Spectral-domain OCT study). J Am Sci 2012;8(10):65-70]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 11

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.11

Keywords: diabetic macular edema(DME), serous macular detachment(SMD), vitreomacular interface(VMI), optical coherence tomography(OCT).

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Speaker Identification based on Hybrid Clustering and Radial Basis Function

Yap Teck Ann¹, Mohd Shafry Mohd Rahim¹, Ayman Altameem², Amjad Rehman¹, Ismail Mat Amin¹, Tanzila Saba³

^1. Faculty of Computer Science and Information Systems University Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai Malaysia

^2. College of Applied Studies and Community Services King Saud University Riyadh KSA

³College of Computer Science and Engineering Salman Abdul Aziz University Alkharj KSA

tanzilasaba@yahoo.com

Abstract: Speaker identification is the computing task to identify an unknown identity based on the voice. A good speaker identification system must have a high accuracy rate to avoid invalid identity. Despite of last few decades efforts, accuracy rate in speaker identification is still low. In this paper, we propose a hybrid approach of unsupervised and supervised learning i.e. subtractive clustering and radial basis function(Sub-RBF).The proposed fused technique yields promising results because subtractive clustering is able to solve the initial guesses of cluster center and difficulty level to determine the number of cluster. Besides that, RBF has simple network structure and faster learning algorithm. In RBF input to output map uses the local approximations which will combine the linear approximations and causes the linear combinations with less weights. RBF neural network model uses subtractive clustering algorithm to select the hidden node centers for high training speed. In the meantime, the RBF network is trained with a regularization term so as to minimize the variances of the nodes in the hidden layer and to perform accurate prediction. Promising results are achieved to identify speaker using proposed fused approach.

[Ann Y. T, Rahim M.S.M., Altameem A, Rehman A, Amin, I, M. Saba T. Speaker Identification based on Hybrid Clustering and Radial Basis Function. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):71-75]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 12

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.12

Keywords: Speaker identification, features extraction, clustering, radial basis function, K-means and fuzzy c-means.

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Photocatalytic degradation of Direct Yellow 50 on TiO₂ and Fe³⁺-doped TiO₂ semiconductor nanoparticles under UV light irradiation

Mahmoud G.E.A.* and L. F. M. Ismail

Chemistry Department Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt

mamygg@rocketmail.com

Abstract: Fe³⁺-doped TiO₂ composite nanoparticles (Fe³⁺ = 0.01wt %) were successfully synthesized using an incipient wet impregnation method in order to prevent penetration of the dopant cation into the bulk of TiO₂. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by SEM, EDX, XRD and TEM. Results show that the size of Fe³⁺/TiO₂ particles decreases on doping with Fe³⁺ and their XRD beaks are broaden. Doping Fe³⁺ can control the conversion of TiO₂ from anatase to rutile. The photocatalytic degradation of Direct Yellow 50 was used as a model reaction to evaluate the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ and Fe³⁺-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles. The doping amount of Fe³⁺ remarkably affects the activity of the catalyst. The degradation of dye depends on several parameters such as pH, catalyst, substrate and H₂O₂ concentrations. Electrical energy per order (EE/O) was proposed to assess the relative performance of catalytic system used. The adsorption of direct yellow 50, onto TiO₂ Degussa P25 from aqueous solution was investigated. The experimental data were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich models of adsorption. It was found that Langmuir equation fit better than Freundlich equation. The kinetics of the adsorption with respect to the initial dye concentration, were also investigated.

 [Mahmoud G.E.A. and L. F. M. Ismail. Photocatalytic degradation of Direct Yellow 50 on TiO₂ and Fe³⁺-doped TiO₂ semiconductor nanoparticles under UV light irradiation. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):83-99]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 14

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.14

Key words: DY50, Fe³⁺-doped TiO₂, photocatalysis, adsorption.

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A Novel Tourniquet to Reduce Blood Loss during Surgical Treatment of Postpartum Hemorrhage in Cesarean Section

Abdelaziz A. Tammam¹, Ahmed H. Abdellah¹ and Mohamed Y. Abdel-Rahman²

Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena¹, and Faculty of Medicine Sohag University², Egypt. tamamkena@yahoo.com

Abstract:Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a novel tourniquet in the management of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) during cesarean section. Design: Observational study Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in a tertiary university hospital between August 2010 and May 2012. Twenty one women with PPH (group 1) underwent a novel intra-cesarean tourniquet were compared to a well selected matched (21 patients) who developed PPH during cesarean section (group 2). A 16 or 18 French Foley’s catheter wasturned around the exteriorized uterus and the infundibuloplevic ligaments at the level of the uterosacral ligaments and tied 3 cm lower to the level of the CS incision. This tourniquet was applied to group 1 before attempting any surgical procedures while stepwise surgical interventions were performed in group 2 according to the hospital protocol. The outcome measures were the intra- and post-operative blood loss, need for blood transfusion, and maternal morbidities and mortalities. Fisher exact and Mann-Whitney tests were used for statistical analysis when appropriate. Results: Intra-operative blood loss and the need for blood transfusion were significantly lower in group 1 compared to group 2 (P< 0.01). No significant difference between the two groups regarding pre- and post-operative hemoglobin or hematocrite value. Group 2 showed more frequent pyrexia (19% Vs 14%) and wound gapping (19% Vs 9%), however these differences were not significant (P = 0.50 and 0.33 respectively). No incidence of urinary injury in both groups. Cesarean hysterectomy wasindicated in 10 patients; 5 in each group. One case of maternal mortality and another case with lower limb deep venous thrombosis were recorded in group 2. Conclusion: This technique is an effective and safe intervention for controlling postpartum hemorrhage during cesarean section. It may be offered as a preliminary step to prevent massive bleeding and allow time for blood transfusion and further procedures.

[Abdelaziz A. Tammam, Ahmed H. Abdellah and Mohamed Y. Abdel-Rahman. A Novel Tourniquet to Reduce Blood Loss during Surgical Treatment of Postpartum Hemorrhage in Cesarean Section. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):100-103]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 15

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.15

Key words: postpartum hemorrhage, Tourniquet, Cesarean Section (CS).

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Liposomal gel as Ocular Delivery System for Diclofenac sodium: In- Vitro and In-Vivo Studies

Omaima A. Sammour¹, Mahmoud A. Mahdy², Hanan M. Elnahas² and Ayman A.Mowafy³

¹Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. ²Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Industry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; ³Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Industry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, ERU University, Badr city, Egypt. hananelnahas@gmail.com

Abstract: The aim of this work is to formulate topically effective controlled release ophthalmic liposomal gel for targeting diclofenac sodium to the eye in an attempt to heal the inflamed tissue of ocular ulcerative area. Large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) and multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) gel formulations composing of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and cholesterol (CH) in the molar ratios of (7:2; 7:4 and 7:7) with or without stearylamine (SA) or dicetylphosphate (DP) were prepared using reversed-phase evaporation and lipid film hydration methods respectively. The prepared liposomal systems were evaluated for their entrapment efficiency, morphological characters, physical stability, particle size and drug release rate. LUVs entrapped greater amount of drug than MLVs. Drug loading was increased by increasing CH content as well as by inclusion of SA into the lipid bilayer. Drug release rate showed an order of negatively > neutral > positively charged liposomes, which is the reverse of results of drug loading efficiency. Physical stability study indicated that 92.56%, 84.11%, 76.41% and 91.1%, 82.19% and 75.54% of diclofenac sodium was retained in positive, negative, and neutral MLVs and LUVs respectively after storing for 120 days at refrigeration temperature. The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using a thermal technique, results showed that the percentage of healed ulcers were 12.5%, 35%, 67.5%, 82.5%, 85%, 87.5% and 95% for negative control, positive control, 0.5% carbopol 934 gel, LUVs liposomes suspension, MLVs liposomes suspension, LUVs and MLVs gels, respectively.

[Omaima A. Sammour, Mahmoud A. Mahdy, Hanan M. Elnahas and Ayman A.Mowafy. Liposomal gel as Ocular Delivery System for Diclofenac sodium: In- Vitro and In-Vivo Studies. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):104-111]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 16

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.16

Keywords: Liposomes, carbopol gel, anti-inflammatory,stability.

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Brucellosis-Induced Pancytopenia in Children: A Prospective Study

Mona Afify¹, Salha H Al-Zahrani¹, and Mohamad A El-Koumi²

¹Department of Biology, Science College for Girls, King AbdulAziz University. ²Department of Pediatrics, Al-Khafji Joint Operation Hospital^*, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. drmonaafify@hotmail.com

Abstract: Brucellosis, a zoonotic infection, constitutes a major health and economic problem in many parts of the world, including countries of the Mediterranean Basin, The Middle East and The Arabian Gulf. Hematological complications in brucellosis are common and can be multi-factorial due to the pathogen's tropism for central (bone marrow) and peripheral (spleen) organs of the reticuloendothelial system (RES). Pancytopenia, although mainly reported in adults has also been described in children with brucellosis. This investigation was conducted to estimate the relative frequency of pancytopenia in children with brucellosis. The study was carried out in Al-Khafji region. All children suffering from fever of more than 5 days without clinically evident cause and associated with symptoms suggestive of brucellosis were screened by a rapid slide serum agglutination test for presence of brucellosis. Sixty patients who had tube agglutination titre > 1: 160 or had positive blood and/or bone marrow (BM) culture for brucellosis, were enrolled in the study. At enrollment, the following investigations were performed: CBC, blood culture and BM, aspiration was carried out in all patients with pancytopenia, to exclude malignancy. Obtained results revealed that: out of 60 children with brucellosis, 50 (83%) ingested raw animal milk and 45% had a positive family history of brucellosis. The commonly presenting symptoms and signs included; excessive sweating (68%), bone aches (62%), chills (55%), arthritis (32%), and hepatosplenomegaly. The most commonly detected hematological manifestations included; anemia (in 43%), leukopenia (in 38%) and leukocytosis (in 20%). Meanwhile, pancytopenia was detected in 11 patients (18%). Positive blood culture for brucella was seen in 38% (23 patients). melitensis from 21 patients was cultured in vitro.. Out of 9 BM cultures, 3 were positive for B. melitensis and 6 cultures were negative. Out of 11 patients with pancytopenia, 9 patients (82%) presented with bone aches and weakness, 7(64%) presented with sweating and chills, 6(55%) of patients had petechiea and purpura, 5 (46%) had splenomegaly and 5 (46%) had hepatomegaly. The majority of patients with brucella-induced pancytopenia had agglutination titres of > 1: 320 and all of them had positive blood culture for B. melitensis. In conclusion in a patient with fever, arthalgia, chills and hematological abnormalities such as anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia or pancytopenia, brucellosis should be kept in mind, especially in geographical areas where the disease is still endemic, as in our region.

[Mona Afify, Salha H Al-Zahrani, and Mohamad A El-Koumi. Brucellosis-Induced Pancytopenia in Children: A Prospective Study J Am Sci 2012;8(10):112-116]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 17

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.17

.

Key words: Pancytopenia-endemic brucellosis- fever of unknown origin.

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Eradication Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori in Idiopathic thrombocytopenic Purpra

Hala M Fahmy¹, Nehad M Twfik ¹, Ahmed Murad Hashem ¹, Maha Gaafar ²

¹Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University; Egypt.

² Department of clinical and chemical pathology; Faculty of Medicine ; Cairo University;Egypt *

Halafahmy70@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Association between Helicobacter pylori and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) has previously been reported. It has also been shown that eradication of H. pylori can increase platelet counts in patients with ITP. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of H. pylori infection in patients with ITP in Egypt, and the effect of bacterial eradication on their platelet counts. Subjects and methods: The study included 50 cases of ITP patients 28 females and 22 males with mean age of 33.24 ± 12.44years. 50 healthy individuals who are age and sex matched served as a control group. Testing for H pylori infection was done by serological testing for H.pylori serum antibodies and H.pylori stool antigen test. Results: H. pylori infection in patients with ITP was significantly higher than in control individuals (82.0% and 46.0%, respectively, p = 0.000), no statistical significant difference between H.pylori stool Ag and Abs positive and negative ITP patients regarding sex and age, no statistically significant difference between H.pylori infected and non infected ITP patients regarding age, sex and disease duration. ITP patients infected with H pylori were treated with H pylori eradication regimen, Thirty nine H. pylori infected ITP patients were successfully eradicated. Of them 26 patients (66.6%) showed complete or partial response regarding improvement of platelet counts, meanwhile 13 patients (33.3%) showed no response. No statistically significant difference between responders and non responders regarding age, sex, duration of disease and steroid treatment before and during the study. Conclusions: According to these results and others from different countries where H. pylori infection rates are high, patients with ITP should be initially tested for H. pylori status, and if present, infection should be eradicated before initiating a drastic conventional ITP treatment. Larger controlled clinical trials are recommended to determine the predictors of response, response rate and durability and optimal time of therapy.

[Hala M Fahmy, Nehad M Twfik, Ahmed Murad Hashem, Maha Gaafar. Eradication Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori in Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpra. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):117-123]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 18

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.18

Key words:. H. pylori, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, eradication therapy.

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Effect of yoga techniques on academic achievement of high school chemistry students in Mysore –India

¹Maboud Omidi*‚ ²Kiumars Azizmalayeri‚ ³Ebrahim Mirshah Jafari

¹Research scholar in Department of Education, University of Mysore Manasagangothri, Mysore-57006, India; *Corresponding author email: Maboud_omidi@yahoo.com; ²Assistant professor in Department of Education, University of Malayer, 4 km of Arak road, Iran, E-mail: K_azizmalayeri@yahoo.com, ³Professor in Department of Education, University of Isfahan, Iran, E mail: sebrahimjafari@yahoo.com

Abstract: Yoga is the process of using physical exercises and mental imagery that originated in the Indian cultures more than three thousand years ago. It is the name given to a practice that helps create a union between the mind, body, and spirit. Yoga's benefits extend to persons of all faiths, ages and abilities. Yoga has so many techniques that this investigation has been used two techniques (Asana techniques and Meditation techniques) of four essential yoga categories (1.Breathing techniques 2.Asana techniques 3.Relaxation techniques 4.Meditation techniques). It is definitely true that yoga has an affect on body, mind and emotion but the main purpose of this research is recognized impact of yoga on academic achievement. This research is semi-empirical and subjects were 90 high school students in Mysore city- India. In this study, the effectiveness and efficacy of two common techniques (Yoga Asana and Meditation) have been shown on change the academic achievement of high school chemistry students. Research instruments used included academic achievement pretest and post test that was prepared by investigator and teachers. Based on the statistical analysis of ANCOVA it showed that the difference between means of experimental groups (asana and meditation) and control group on the gain scores academic achievement in chemistry is found to be significant at the 0.05 level or of confidence which indicates that students of the experimental groups and the control group differ on the gain scores of chemistry.

[Maboud Omidi‚ Kiumars Azizmalayeri‚ Ebrahim Mirshah Jafari. Effect of yoga techniques on academic achievement of high school chemistry students in Mysore –India. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):124-128]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 19

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.19

Keyword: Yoga techniques, Yoga asana, Meditation, Academic achievement.

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The Impact of Alcohol on Sperm Parameters in diabetic mice

Authors: Pourentezari M¹, Mangoli E¹, Rahimipour M^1, Talebi AR^{*1, 2}, Anvari M^{1, 2}

Address: Department of Biology & Anatomy¹, Research & Clinical Center for Infertility², Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. *Corresponding author: Prof_talebi@hotmail.com

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is demonstrated one of the important stress to modern universal health. Reproductive disorder in diabetic males is fixed. Found that insulin-dependent diabetes is connected to reduce ejaculated semen and decreased vitality and motility of the spermatozoa. Alcohol consumption can have an adverse effect on sperm production. Alcohol abuse is considered as one of the problems associated with poor semen production and sperm quality. Objective: Given the importance of sperm in reproductive and Generation health other hand, diabetes and alcohol interaction aim of this study is survey the impact of alcohol on sperm parameters in mice with diabetes. Material and methods: 32 Adult male mice (10 weeks old, 35g) that they divided to 4 groups, mice of group 1 served as control fed on basal diet, group 2 received streptozotocin (STZ) (200 mg/kg, single dose, intraperitoneal) and basal diet, group 3 received alcohol (10 mg/kg, Water-soluble) and basal die and group 4 received streptozotocin and alcohol for 35 days. Finally, right tail of epididymis was cut in Ham’s F10. Released sperm were used to analyse number, motility, morphology (Pap-staining) and viability (eosin-Y staining) of the sperm. Result: In diabetes + alcohol mice, a significant decrease was found in sperm viability and sperm morphology compared to control, diabetes and alcohol mice, the morphology of sperm diabetes +alcohol more than other groups were beheaded. In diabetic and alcohol mice, a significant decrease was found in sperm motility and sperm count compared to control mice. Conclusion: Alcohol consumption in men with diabetes exacerbate damage to sperm, particular makes to increase the sperm beheaded

[ Pourentezari M, Mangoli E, Rahimipour M Talebi AR, Anvari M. The Impact of Alcohol on Sperm Parameters in diabetic mice. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):129-133]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 20

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.20

Key words: Mice, Sperm parameters, Diabetes, Alcohol.

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Assessing the Effects of Marketing Resources on Export Performance (Case Study: Iranian Tile and Ceramic Industry)

Mohammad Ali Abdolvand 1, Kambiz Heidarzadeh 2, Gholamreza Kuzegar 3

[1][1] PhD in Business Management, Academic Member, Faculty of Management and Economics, Islamic Azad University, Sciences & Research Branch, Tehran

2 PhD in Business Management, Academic Member, Faculty of Management and Economics, Islamic Azad University, Sciences & Research Branch, Tehran

3 PhD Student, Marketing in Business Management, Islamic Azad University, Sciences & Research Branch, Tehran

Abstract: The objective of this research is to assess the effect of marketing resources on the export performance in Iranian tile and ceramic industry (with a resource- based approach). In this respect, first the available approaches in the field of export performance determinants were identified including business interactions network approach and resources- based approach. Using resources- based approach, in this research we are going to study the relationship between the components of marketing resources, differentiation competitive strategy, and export performance, all of which are the main constructs of this study. The research is mainly seeks to realize how marketing resources lead to higher levels of performance, directly or indirectly (through differentiation competitive strategy). Conceptual model of the research combines three main elements of strategic marketing to each other. These main elements include marketing resources (market- orientation and entrepreneurship- orientation), differentiation competitive strategy, and performance. In this regard, 123 questionnaires were distributed among which 91 questionnaires were analyzable. In this research, the obtained model is studied on the basis of differentiation strategy. Additionally, questionnaire data analysis of the research was done and revised using the techniques of factor analyses and structured equations modeling; then the questionnaire was confirmed and finalized. According to obtained results, the hypotheses were tested and market- orientation gained the highest direct effect (0.45) and indirect effect (0.68) on the export performance among all components of marketing resources.

[Mohammad Ali Abdolvand, Kambiz Heidarzadeh, Gholamreza Kuzegar. Assessing the Effects of Marketing Resources on Export Performance (Case Study: Iranian Tile and Ceramic Industry). J Am Sci 2012;8(10):134-144]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 21

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.21

Keywords: Differentiation Competitive Strategy, Entrepreneurship– orientation, Environmental Complexity, Export Performance, Market– orientation

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Effects of Paraverbal Music Therapy on Emotional Intelligence in Young Children: An Experimental Study

Dr. Leila nikmanesh

^. Department of psychology, Faculty member of Payame Noor University, Iran

Leila_nik51@yahoo.com

Abstract: Nowadays music becomes more interesting because some of its feature such as helping children to be able to express emotion, regulate emotion and communicate. It was a randomized controlled trail, parallel designed. Eligible participants were student between 10 to 12 years age in Iran. Paraverbal music therapy has been used as an intervention for the present study. Objectives: The objective of our study was to determine the relationship between music therapy and emotional intelligence dimensions under paraverbal music therapy intervention with respect to emotional intelligence for young people. In addition, it was compared the effect of music therapy on improvement of male’s and female’s total emotional intelligence score in young people. Participants were divided in to two groups, experimental group who entered to intervention and control group who just asked to study an easy book about musical instrument. Participants, parents, therapists and those assessing the outcomes were blinded to group assignment. Between participants, a total of 100 students (boy=50, girl=50) with the lowest scores in BarOn emotional intelligence measurement for young people short version, employee in the present study. Results: it shows that paraverbal music therapy improves emotional intelligence in children. However; there was no significant difference between mean value on emotional intelligence level for male and female after music therapy. Conclusion: Music therapy can be used to increase emotional intelligence in children whose emotional intelligence suffered by some problem or can be improved through training and remedial programs as well as through therapeutic interventions.

[Nikmanesh L. Effects of Paraverbal Music Therapy on Emotional Intelligence in Young Children: An Experimental Study. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):145-151]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 22

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.22

Keywords: Music Therapy; Emotional Intelligence; Young Children

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Effect of Some Levels from Ginseng, Barley and Carob on Lipid Profile and Kidney Functions of Rats Fed on High Fructose Diets.

Mohamed M. El-sayd Ali¹; Ashraf A. Abd El-Megeid² and Riham Abdel-Khalk Abdo Mostafa^1,3

¹ Nutrition and Food Science Department, Faculty of Home Economics, Minufiya University, Cairo, Egypt, ² Nutrition and Food Science Department, Faculty of Home Economics, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt, ³ Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. sunrem2002@yahoo.com

Abstract: The main target of the present investigation is to study the effect of three levels from ginseng, barley and carob (2.5%, 5% and 7.5%) and their combinations on biological value, lipid profile and kidney functions and histopathological examination in kidney of rats fed on high fructose diet. Seventy male Sprague albino rats divided into two main groups. The first group fed on basal diet as a (-ve control group), while the second main group fed on high fructose diet for two weeks. The second main group divided into thirteen subgroups. Subgroups (1, 2&3) fed on high fructose diet (HFD) containing 2.5%, 5% and 7.5% ginseng, respectively. Subgroups (4, 5&6) fed on HFD containing 2.5%, 5% and 7.5% barley, respectively. Subgroups (7, 8 & 9) fed on HFD containing 2.5%, 5% and 7.5% carob. Subgroups (10, 11&12) fed on HFD containing 2.5%, 5% and 7.5% combination of (ginseng, barley and carob). Subgroups (13) fed on HFD only (control positive group). At the end of the experimental period (4 weeks) rats were fasted over night before sacrificing, blood was collected then centrifuged to separate the serum. Kidney was removed from each rat, cleaned and weighted to estimate of kidney weight / body weight percent. Kidney was examined hestopathologically. The obtained results revealed that, feeding rats on high fructose diet led to significant increase in (body weight gain %, kidney weight/body weight %, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-c, VLDL-c, uric acid, urea nitrogen, creatinine) and decreased (food intake and HDL-c). Feeding rats on high fructose diet with the different levels from ginseng, barley, carob and their combinations improved all parameters and kidney weight, especially when used the high level from (barley, ginseng and combination of ginseng, barley and carob). The histopathological examination in the kidney confirmed this improvement.

[Mohamed M. El-sayd Ali; Ashraf A. Abd El-Megeid and Riham Abdel-Khalk Abdo Mostafa. Effect of Some Levels from Ginseng, Barley and Carob on Lipid Profile and Kidney Functions of Rats Fed on High Fructose Diets. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):152-162]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 23

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.23

Key words: ginseng – barley- carob - rats – fructose –– kidney function – lipid profile – histopathology.

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ANALYZING FACTORS AFFECTING STUDENTS’ SATISFACTION REGARDING SEMESTER SYSTEM IN UNIVERSITIES OF PAKISTAN

Hassan Danial Aslam¹, Attia Younis², Aliya Ahmad Sheik³, Marukh Maher⁴, Zahra Ahmad Abbasi⁵

¹Lecturer, Faculty of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan; ¹Senior Research Consultant, Human Resource Management Academic Research Society, Pakistan; ^{2, 3, 4} Research Students, Department of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan; ⁵ Language Instructor, Pakistan Reading Association, Pakistan; E-mail: Hassan.danial@iub.edu.pk

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to find out the satisfaction level of “students regarding semester system in universities of Pakistan”. The study explores various factors like role of teachers, types of courses, time duration, the medium of learning, group work factors which have significant impact on the satisfaction level of the students. Students of the five dominant public universities of Pakistan were taken as target population to take research samples. Self administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Data was then analyzed by using SPSS software through which authors have taken simple means, standard deviation and frequencies. Research results have shown that semester system is perceived to be most effective way of effectual learning; however the satisfaction level of students can be enhanced by collaborative efforts of teachers and students. Although there are many factors elaborated in current study that can efficiently enhance student’s satisfaction but teachers’ efforts and behavior are the main factors which are directly related to the students’ satisfaction.

[Hassan Danial Aslam, Attia Younis, Aliya Ahmad Sheik, Marukh Maher, Zahra Ahmad Abbasi. ANALYZING FACTORS AFFECTING STUDENTS’ SATISFACTION REGARDING SEMESTER SYSTEM IN UNIVERSITIES OF PAKISTAN. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):163-170]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 24

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.24

Key words-Satisfaction, Student learning, Motivation, Factors of students’ Satisfaction

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Investigation and Comparison of Aggression in Olympic and Non-Olympic Athletes of Sport Fields

Mohammad Hassan Boostani ^1*, Mohammad Ali Boostani ², Ali Mohammad Rezaei ³, Mohammad Ali Kohanpour ⁴

^{1, 2} Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan Branch - Young Researchers Club, Iran; ³ Department of psychology, faculty of psychology, Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan Branch, Fars, Iran; ⁴ Department of Exercise Physiology, faculty of physical education and sports sciences, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran. Corresponding author; Email: boostani_mh@yahoo.com

Abstract: Many of sport psychological researchers consider aggression and violence as a serious problem in sport especially contact fields that follow annually a lot of privation and harms for athletes and responsibles. In the some direction this research do with the aim of investigation of aggression situation in Olympic athletes of contactable sport fields and non-Olympic, compare these fields with each other and compare with non-athletes. 96 number of elite athletes of different sport fields, taekwondo, judo, wrestling, boxing (as an athlete’s of Olympic sport fields), karate, wu shu, kickboxing and kung fu (as an athlete’s of non-Olympic sport fields) with having at least international place in his field, along with 96 non-athletes take part in this research. Findings of research shows significant difference in different components of aggression among research groups (p<0.001). Significant difference was seen among Olympic athletes in contactable sport fields and non-Olympic and also non-athletes, generally from an aggression point, and aggression components. Research Findings of research shows that Olympic athletes in sport fields has less aggression from non-Olympic athletes in sport fields, that this important shows great effects of Olympic movement purposes in sports and moral, mental and psychological characteristics of elite athletes of Olympic sport fields. Just as important purposes of Olympic movement, is promoting and developing moral and physical characteristics of individuals and education of youth through sport, according to results of this research and same researches find that Olympic games is something higher than holding a number of competitions every four years in part of a world. In fact, in depth of it, hidden moral, basic aims and education of Olympic movement and philosophy in international level.

[Boostani MH, Boostani MA, Rezaei AM, Kohanpour MA. Investigation and Comparison of Aggression in Olympic and Non-Olympic Athletes of Sport Fields. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):171-174]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 25

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.25

Keywords: Aggression; Olympic games; Olympic movement; Sport psychology; Violence

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Investigating the factors having influence on the domestic violence against the women of Jahrom

Mojtaba Hemayatkhah¹, Leila Nikpoor²

¹. Department Of Social Sciences, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395 – 3697, Tehran, IRAN

². Department Of Social Sciences, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395 – 3697, Tehran, IRAN

Abstract: There are various procedures through which the family violence against the women is investigated. The author has investigated such issue theoretically. From the feminists' viewpoint, domestic violence refers to the behavior influenced by patriarchal system of the society. From the second viewpoint (i.e. social learning), the violent men are always grown in the families in which the violence is a normal behavior. Based on the above discussion, the samples include some married women of Jahrom ranging between 16-70 years old. Most of the respondents were 20 – 25 year old. The 60 – 65 year old ones were those who answered the questions as little as possible. Moreover, about 0.1 of the respondents had high educational degrees and about. 49 was below diploma. From the results of this study, it becomes clear that about. 18 of the husbands of the respondents had 2500 thousands Rials income monthly, %45 had between 3500 – 5500 thousand Rials. In sum, their incomes ranged between 4000 – 9000 thousand Rials.

[Mojtaba Hemayatkhah, Leila Nikpoor. Investigating the factors having influence on the domestic violence against the women of Jahrom. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):175-179]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 26

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.26

Key words: Domestic violence, women, Jahrom city.

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A Review of Successful Housing System in Iran and the Introduction of Cob as a New Alternative in Iran’s Industry

Reza Mirzaei

Department of Architecture, Birjand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran

Aspiran0080@yahoo.com

Abstract—This study focuses on the analysis of the successful prefabricated systems in housing in Iran. Amongst the most important factors influencing the success of prefabricated systems in Iran are the weight, high assembling speed, resistance against earthquakes, being economical, quality control and system’s flexibility for architectural plans.. In this paper the localized version of Cob, adaptable to Iranian housing system, is introduced for the first time. This paper is a study on Cob semi industrial system and Architectural- structural specifications. In introduction, author has considered history of house prefabrication house and analyzed Cob System.

[Reza Mirzaei^. A Review of Successful Housing System in Iran and the Introduction of Cob as a New Alternative in Iran’s Industry. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):180-184]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 27

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.27

Keywords: Constructional open system, prefabricated, Cob, the industrial production, semi-industrial production.

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The study of managers leading style based on Likert theory with regard to the amount of jab satisfaction (A case study of Darrehshahr teachers)

Simin Shams¹, Bahman Gholami², Behzad Teimouri ³, Masoomeh Amoozadeh⁴, Zahra rahmati⁵

¹ Department of Social Sciences Payame Noor University. IR. of IRAN

² Department of Management Payame Noor University. IR. of IRAN

³ Maskan Bank Branches Mangement of Ilam, Darehshar Baranch, Employed in Maskan bank

⁴ Department of Geography Payame Noor University. IR. of IRAN

⁵ Department of Accounting,, Abdanan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Abdanan, Iran

Bahman.gholami8@gmail.com
 

Abstract: The current paper aims at collecting teachers' opinions on school principal's style of managing and it's correlation with the amount of teachers' job satisfaction in schools based on Likert idea (theory). The basic supposition of this study is to see whether there is a meaningful relationship between schools principal's styles of managing and teachers satisfaction in statistical science based on Likert theory. This measurable study include all teachers in technical, high, guidance and elementary schools in Darrehshahr city in 89-90 including 131 teachers among which 1999 teachers are practitioners in 15 school and were selected randomly. To collect required data two questionnaires were used. One used by school principal was based on Likert style and the other was (Minesuta) job satisfaction questionnaire which investigated the amount of teachers' satisfaction. The prominent method was correlation Pearson. The data collected were analyzed via SPSS and Anova, to see mean differences of two group t-test and complimentary test and the following results were achieved.

[Simin Shams, Bahman Gholami, Behzad Teimouri, Masoomeh Amoozadeh, Zahra rahmati. The study of managers leading style based on Likert theory with regard to the amount of jab satisfaction Forests. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):185-190]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 28

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.28

Key words: style of managing, job satisfaction, collecting teacher

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Feasibility Study of Implementing Reliability Centered Maintenance in Esfahan Oil Refinery Company

¹Ghodratollah Aghaei, ²Arash Shahin, ²Noushin Ghofrani Isfahani, ³Naser Mollaverdi Isfahani

¹Department of Industrial Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran

²Department of Management, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

³Department of Industrial Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran

baaghaei@yahoo.com

Abstract: One of the important subjects confronting industrial managers and manufacturing units is to increase production ratio and consequently to increase efficiency of equipments. To increase efficiency ratio of equipments, the failure and disability of equipments should be decreased, which in turn results in increased reliability of equipments and machineries. This will be more important when equipments are utilized in the oil processing company as a vital continuous manufacturing industry of a country like Iran. In this survey the feasibility of implementing maintenance has been investigated based on four dimensions of maintenance management, reliability centered maintenance, project management and change management. The necessary data has been collected and analyzed by a questionnaire filled by maintenance experts of Esfahan Oil Refinery Company (EORC). Findings imply that the major hypothesis of survey has been approved, and among minor hypotheses, one has been rejected indicating that the level of maintenance management factors, reliability centered maintenance, and project management in EORC are higher than medium, while change management is less than medium.

[Arash Shahin, Sara Rashidi, Amin Mahmoudi. Feasibility Study of Implementing Reliability Centered Maintenance in Esfahan Oil Refinery Company. J Am Sci 2012; 8(10):191-197]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 29

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.29

Keywords: Maintenance, Feasibility, Reliability Centered Maintenance, Esfahan Oil Refinery Company

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Effect of Cadmium Chloride and / or Vitamin "C" on Metallothionein Gene Expression

Olla Adel Khalifa¹, Naglaa Fathy Alhusseini², Gamal A. Sosa¹ and Shabaan A. Hemeda¹

¹Department of Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Vet Medicine

²Department of Medical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Egypt

aelkasapy@yahoo.com

Abstract: Heavy metals including cadmium represent environmental hazards and a great problem as these heavy metals lead to a great public risks for human, animal and poultry health. Metallothionein (MT) is a low molecular weight metal binding protein; it plays an important role in providing protection from cadmium toxic­ity. Vitamin C is one of the most important antioxidants that is used for prophylaxis and treatment of cadmium toxicity. The current study included 24 Albino rats and divided into four groups, each one includes six rats. First group was kept as controls (CON). The second one was given only vitamin C (VIC). The third was given only cadmium chloride Cdcl_{2 (}CAD).The last group was given both vitamin C and Cdcl₂ (VIC+CAD). Metallothionein 1 and 2 mRNA expressions were measured in liver and kidney tissues by SYBR green relative quantitative Real time PCR in all samples. The Cdcl₂ increases the expression of both MT1 and MT2 mRNA in liver by 4.421 and 3.827 fold and in kidney tissues by 1.095 and 1.203 respectively. The study also demonstrates that vitamin C decreases the expression of MT1 and MT2 in kidney tissues by 0.214 and 0.191 fold respectively and has no significant effect on liver tissues. It was suggested that MT and MT2 mRNA act as biomarkers of cadmium toxicity. Vitamin C had a protective role against cadmium through its antioxidant effect and that appeared through decreasing the expression of both MT1 and MT2 in liver and kidney tissues.

[Olla Adel Khalifa, Naglaa Fathy Alhusseini, Gamal A. Sosa and Shabaan A. Hemeda. Effect of Cadmium Chloride and or Vitamin "C" on Metallothionein Gene Expression. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):198-203]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 30

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.30

Key words: Cadmium chloride, Metallothionein, Vitamin C, Real time PCR, Gene expression. Heavy metals

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Current Modalities for Treatment of Intermediate and Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma Considering Different Staging Approaches

Ashraf M. Enite, Ehab Adel ¹ and M El-Wahsh²

¹Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Al Azhar University

²Hepatobiliary & Liver Transplant Unit Al Zahraa University, Hospital, Abasia, Cairo, Egypt

 ashraf.enite@yahoo.com

Abstract: Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the outcome of intermediate and advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treatment approached through three different staging systems which are Okuda, Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP), and Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC). At the same time to predict patient prognosis and survival in each staging system. Material and methods: We retrospectively identified HCC patients from the database of the Hepato-biliary and liver transplantation Unit/General Surgery and Radiology departments, Al Zahraa University hospital, between April 2011 and July 2012. The patients included after confirmed pathology by radiologic criteria of tri-phasic CT and/or AFP level > 400 ng/ml. The data collected to stage all patients by CTP, Okuda and BCLC systems. It is included demographics, risk factors for developing HCC, performance status, cirrhosis clinical manifestations. Laboratory data, including coagulation profile, different cirrhosis parameters and AFP, were captured as well as bilirubin references. Tumor characteristics that were reported were number of lesions, diameter of largest lesion, and extent of disease, MVI and metastatic disease status. Results: We identified 56 patients with radiology and laboratory confirmed HCC. Their age ranged from 40 to 76 years and mean age is 56.6+ 6.73 years. There are 41(73%) males and 15(27%) females. All patents presented with cirrhosis, which is induced by hepatitis C virus in 49 patients, hepatitis B virus in 6 patients. One of these hepatitis B patents is addict and alcoholic. The patients divided into 3 groups. The first group included 35 patients who were treated with TACE/TAC. The second group included 17 who were treated with sequential TACE/RFA. The third group included 4 patients who were treated by symptomatic and oral chemotherapy. MVI was present in 10 (28%) patients of TACE group and the 4 (100%) patients of the oral chemotherapy group. The patients were followed for 1 year and the mean duration of follow-up in the study was 8.0 months. 19 (29.4%) patients in this study died during follow-up. The complications are Liver dysfunction in 15(26.7 %); Hepato-renal syndrome in 4 (7.1%) ; Pleural effusion in 3 (5.3%) ; inguinal hematomas; 1 (1.8%).

[Ashraf M. Enite, Ehab Adel and M El-Wahsh. Current Modalities for Treatment of Intermediate and Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma Considering Different Staging Approaches. J Am Sci 2012;8(10): 204-212 ]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 31

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.31

Key words: Hepatocellular carcinoma staging; Treatment; Radiofrequency ablation; Trans-Arterial Chemo-Embolization.

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Synthesis, Investigation of Mass Spectra and Antimicrobial Activity of 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazino[2,1-b]quinazoline-4,6-dione and its Derivatives

Mohamed A. Zein

Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt

mf_mohanad@yahoo.com

Abstract: Treatment of Anthranilic acid with chloroacetylchloride in presence of sodium acetate gave 2-(chloromethyl)-4H-benzo[d][1,3]oxazin-4-one (1), that fused with ammonium acetate to give 2-(aminomethyl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one (2). The compounds 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazino[2,1-b]quinazoline-4,6-dione [3] was prepared from cyclization of (2) with ethyl chloroacetate in presence of fused sodium acetate. Treatment of (3) with acetic anhydride and/or with acetic anhydride in presence of fused sodium acetate yielded the corresponding 2-acetyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazino[2,1-b]quinazoline-4,6-dione (4) and 1,2,3-triacetyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazino[2,1-b]quinazoline-4,6-dione (5) respectively. The reaction of (3) with diazonium chloride gave 1,3-bis((aryl)diazenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazino[2,1-b]quinazoline-4,6-dione (6) which can be acetylated with acetic anhydride to give 2-acetyl-1,3-bis((aryl)diazenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazino[2,1-b]quinazoline-4,6-dione (7). The electron impact mass spectra of the above series of compounds have also been recorded and their fragmentation pattern is discussed. The prepared compounds also exhibited antimicrobial activity.

[Mohamed A. Zein. Synthesis, Investigation of Mass Spectra and Antimicrobial Activity of 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazino[2,1-b]quinazoline-4,6-dione and its Derivatives. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):213-220]. (ISSN: 1545-1003);. http://www.americanscience.org. 32

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.32

Keywords: benzo[d][1,3]oxazinone, pyrazine, quinazolin-4,6-dione, Antimicrobial activity

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Colchicine Induction of Polyploidy in Egyptian Clover Genotypes

Abd El-Naby, Zeinab, M¹.*, Nabila A. Mohamed¹, Khalid H. Radwan², andDina A. El-Khishin²

¹Field Crops Research Institute (FCRI). Agricultural Research Center (ARC) 9, Gamma St., Giza-12619, Giza, Egypt; ²Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI). Agricultural Research Center (ARC) 9, Gamma St., Giza-12619, Giza, Egypt. zeina_bree@yahoo.com

Abstract: Induction of polyploidy and chromosome comparison of eight berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) genotypes were performed. Different colchicine concentrations were applied to seeds and seedlings using two methods: immersion and sprinkling. Both methods were successful in polyploidy induction. Karyotyping of F₁ seeds andtheir parents were examined for polyploidy. Chromosome number was determined in root-tip cells 2-3d old from seed sowing. Tetraploids were evident in all populations (2n= 4X=32), whereas diploid parents had (2n=2X=16) chromosomes. Interactions between genotypes and colchicine treatments recorded high significant differences of no. inflorescences plant^-1, 1000-seed weight, no. floret inflorescence^-1 and no. seeds floret^-1 with significant differences of seed weight g m^-2, seed setting% and mortality%. Higher variation in leaflet shape and number, inflorescence size and shape and floret size was viewed over all colchicine treatments in tetraploid plants compared with the control. High positive significant correlation coefficient between number of seeds per floret and number of florets plant^-1 (r=0.853**) and seed setting% (r=0.943**), mortality% was negatively correlated with seed setting% (-0.795**). Positive significant correlation was found between 1000-seed weight and number of florets plant-1 (r=0.711*) and seed setting% (r=0.744*). Polyploidy induction resulted in taller plants, faster re-growth after cutting, increased tillering and branching plant^-1, increases in 1000 seed weight and increased seed yield m^-2. This methodology can be used in plant breeding programs to increase forage production efficiency and select for more superior adaptive genotypes.

[Abd El-Naby, Zeinab, M, Nabila A. Mohamed, Khalid H. Radwan, and Dina A. El-Khishin. Colchicine Induction of Polyploidy in Egyptian Clover Genotypes. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):221-227].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 33

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.33

Key words: Berseem clover, Colchicine, Chromosomes, Correlation, Ploidy.

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New Prospects for foreign Investors in Saudi Arabia

Aftab Alam^,, Mohammad Almotairi and Haseebullah

Department of Marketing College of Business Administration, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2459 Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. aftabalam112@gmail.com

Abstract: Saudi Arabia has an oil based economy with strong Government hold economic control Activities. Saudi Arabia holds 25% of the oil reserves the world series proved as the largest exporter of petroleum, and plays a leading role in OPEC, Saudi economy is a planned centrally economy, but there are some private companies in Saudi Arabia but they are strictly controlled and regulated by the Saudi Arab Government. Saudi Arabia allows only Saudi and Gulf cooperation Council nationals to engage in Commercial activities and as commercial representatives, to attract more foreign investors Doing business in the country, Saudi Arabia has recently its formalities and restrictions abroad People and businesses to engage in commercial activities through the joint venture Corporation with Saudi Arabia physical or legal person, its accession to the world trade Organization (WTO). Saudi Arabia was deductible, retail trade, and wholesale liberalized sectors. Permits of Saudi Arabia Foreign investors to establish joint ventures and to maintain the 51% share, foreign partners the requirement of own funds must be in US $ 5.3 million and its share may be increased up to 75 % After 3 years of the date of the contract. For industrial activities are allowed for foreign investors a stranger to 100% of the company and may also trade in the products they produce. Saudi partner in a joint venture is a requirement for any organization or individual practice separate Professions, such as law, medicine, architect and engineers, accounting and financial services And other similar professions.

[Aftab Alam^,, Mohammad Almotairi and Haseebullah. New Prospects for foreign Investors in Saudi Arabia. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):228-234]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 34

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.34

Keywords: Saudi Arabia, Government, Oil, OPEC, WTO (world trade Organization), Millions, Products, Accounting, Financial, Professional

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Insecticidal and Biochemical Activities of Pleo 50%Ec and Nomolt 15%Sc on Some Mosquito Species

Salam S. Teleb, Eman M. Rashad and Farag A. Ahmed

Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Egypt

salamteleb@gmail.com

Abstract: The insecticidal action of Pleo and Nomolt at various dosages were investigated against the 4^th larval instar of Anopheles pharoensis, Culex pipens and Culista longiareolata. The Pelo and Nomolt were highly toxic against Anopheles pharoensis larvae (LC₅₀ were 0.6±0.1 and 7.8±0.7ppm respect.) followed by Culex pipens (LC₅₀ were 5.5±1.0 and 2200±346ppm respect.) and then Culista longiareolata (LC₅₀were 37.7±6.0 and 2500±173.2 respect.).The obtained results indicated that LC₅₀ values from Pleo and Nomolt increased the total protein content in the homogenates of the 4^th larval instar of Anopheles pharoensis, Culex pipens and Culista longiareolata larvae after 24 and 48hrs. post treatments. Moreover, treatment of the 4^th larval instar of Culex pipens by both Pleo and Nomolt induced a noticeable increase in the concentration of each free amino acid detected after 24 hrs. of treatment except histidine which is decreased in larvae treated by Pleo. While, Pleo caused a remarkable increase in the total pool of free amino acids and the concentration of each free amino acid detected except threonine which is decreased in Cx. pipiens larvae after 48 hrs. of treatment.

[Salam S. Teleb, Eman M. Rashad and Farag A. Ahmed. Insecticidal and Biochemical Activities of Pleo 50%Ec and Nomolt 15%Sc on Some Mosquito Species. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):235-240]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 35

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.35

Keywords: Insecticidal, Biochemical, Pleo50%Ec, Nomolt 15%Sc, Anopheles pharoensis, Culex pipens, and Culista longiareolata.

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A new modification of the Laplace Adomian decomposition method for system of integral equations

H.O. Bakodah

Department of Mathematics, Sciences Faculty for Girls, King Abdulaziz, University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

h.o.bak@hotmail.com hbakodah@kau.edu.sa

Abstract: In this paper, we present a new modification of the Laplace decomposition method for solving system of integral equations. The technique is described and illustrated with some numerical examples. The results assert that this method is quite accurate.

[H.O. Bakodah. A new modification of the Laplace Adomian decomposition method for system of integral equations. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):241-246]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 36

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.36

Key Words: Adomian decomposition method, System of integral equations, Laplace transform.

 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 49M27; 45B05; 45D05.

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The effect of concept mapping on English language academic achievement and meaningful learning of high school students

 Mansoureh Kalhor* ¹, Golnar Mehranb², Goodarz Shakibaei³

^1. Ph.D Studen Education, Academy of pedagogical sciences, Tajikistan; ^2. Professor, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran; 3. Branch of Baghmalek, Islamic Azad university, Baghmalek, Iran; * Corresponding author. Mansoureh kalhor: E-mail address: mn_kalhor@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study investigates the effect of concept mapping as a learning strategy on academic achievement and meaningful learning of English language in third grade of high school students. 61 high school female students were randomly assigned to experimental and control group in Karaj and their academic achievement by quasi experimental design with pre-test and post-test was studied. The research instrument was a teacher-made academic achievement test, in which the high levels of cognitive questions (analysis, synthesis, and evaluation) were used to evaluate the meaningful learning. The results were analyzed with t test, and showed that concept mapping strategy has a positive effect on academic achievement (t=2.28, df=59, p=0.026) and meaningful learning (t=7.875, df=41.549, p= 0.0001) in students of English language.

[Mansoureh Kalhor, Golnar Mehranb, Goodarz Shakibaei. The effect of concept mapping on English language academic achievement and meaningful learning of high school students. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):247-253]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 37

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.37

Keywords: concept mapping, meaningful learning, academic achievement, learning strategies

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Comparative Molecular Analysis of Egyptian Strains of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) Virus H5N1 Isolated During 2006 And 2007

Madbouly, H.M¹; Orkhan, M.H²; Nagwa El-Kholy² and Hussein, A.S¹.

¹Department of Virology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Egypt

²World Health Organization National Influenza Center (WHONIC), VACSERA, Egypt

 ahmadrahini@yahoo.com

Abstract:Isolated strains of HPAI H5N1 during February 2006 from infected chicken located at El-Qanater El-Khiria center, Qaluobia, Egypt were molecularly characterized and compared with those isolated strains during January 2007 from the same locality. The isolated strains from infected chicken during 2006 were closely related to strain isolated from turkeys located in Turkey at 2005 (A/ty/Turkey/1/05) and to A/Vietnam/1194/04 strain isolated from human cases of AI H5N1 and induced higher case fatality in human in Vietnam. The phylogenetic analysis of HA and NA genes of the isolated strains during 2006 revealed that, these isolates are located in Eurasia- African lineage which contains AI H5N1 strains from Egypt, Turkey, Romania, Iraq, Mongolia, Iran, Korea and Nigeria and differed from those isolated in South-Eastern of Asia which contains Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam Nam strains of AI H5N1. The phylogenetic analysis of HA, NA, and M genes of Egyptian isolates of January 2007 from the same locality showed minor antigenic variation from those of 2006 and located in a new sub-clade from Egyptian strains of 2006 and all of them located in Euro-African lineage. All 8 genes were closely related to the genes of onther Egyptian H5N1 isolates from chicken, duck, and human. The sequence of NAs did not possess any know oseltamivir resistance mutations. Also the M2 sequences did not possess amantadine resistance mutations.

[Madbouly, H.M; Orkhan, M.H; Nagwa El-Kholy and Hussein, A.S. Comparative Molecular Analysis of Egyptian Strains of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) Virus H5N1 Isolated During 2006 And 2007. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):254-240]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 38

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.38

Key words: Egyptian strains - highly pathogenic- avian influenza (HPAI) virus H5N1

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Effect of Distributed Multi-Raman Amplifiers on Bandwidth, Gain and the Flatness of the Gain

Fathy M. Mustafa¹, Ashraf A. Khalaf² and F. A. El-Geldawy²

¹Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, Bani-suef University, Egypt

² Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, Mina University, Egypt

fmmg80@yahoo.com

Abstract: In the present paper, the problem of multi-pumping Raman amplifiers has been investigated to study the relation between the number of optical amplifiers, gain and the flatness of the gain and also we discuss the relation between the cascaded optical amplifiers and the bandwidth over a wide range of optical signal wavelengths for long-haul ultra-wide wavelength division multiplexing (UW-WDM) transmission systems due to multi-pumping wavelengths and pumping power. Four cases are analyzed where, five, six, six and eight Raman pumping of special pumping powers are launched in the forward direction. The model equations are numerically handled and processed via specially cast software (Matlab). The gain is computed over the spectral optical wavelengths (1.45μm ≤ λ _signal ≤ 1.65μm).

 [Fathy M. Mustafa, Ashraf A. Khalaf and F. A. El-Geldawy. Effect of Distributed Multi-Raman Amplifiers on Bandwidth, Gain and the Flatness of the Gain. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):267-274]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 39

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.39

Keywords: Raman amplifier, Distributed multi-pumping Raman amplifier (DMRA), Raman gain, pumping power and wavelength, ultra wide-wavelength division multiplexing (UW-WDM).

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Radiation of the Transient Electromagnetic Field above a plane, Non –Conducting, Earth

Adel A. S. Abo Seliem¹ and Fathia Alseroury²

¹Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt

² Department of Physics, Faculty of Science for Girls, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah21412, KSA

falseroury@gmail.com

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to find out the electric and magnetic fields which exist in the medium by solving Maxwell's equations. The solution of this problem is facilitated by the introduction of the polarization potential. We shall now see that the whole electromagnetic field may be described by means of a single vector or. If the potential is known the electric and magnetic vectors are readily calculated for both sources. The Hertizian vedror corresponding to the reflected wave is expressed in terms of a single integral over a finite interval. The resulting electromagnetic field in the air is determined, it consist of a reflected wave which is superimposed upon the given incident wave. This integral is written in which a form of its numerical evaluation which can be easily performed.

[Adel A. S. Abo Seliem and Fathia Alseroury. Radiation of the Transient Electromagnetic Field above a plane, Non – Conducting, Earth. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):275-282]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 40

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.40

Key Words: Transmitted signal; Electromagnetic field

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Argon Plasma Coagulation in the Management of Different Types of Gastric Vascular Ectasia: Experience in Egyptian Patients

M. Malatawy, Hanan M. Badawy, Nanees A. Adel, Eslam Safwat, Hany Haroun

Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University

dr_hanyharoun@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Gastric vascular ectasia (GVE) is a distinct vascular abnormality, including various subtypes. It is a well-known cause of gastrointestinal bleeding. Various endoscopic treatment modalities have been tried in this condition. Aim of the study: This study is designed to evaluate the efficacy of argon plasma coagulation (APC) on various subtypes of GVE. Patients & methods: From November 2010 to October 2011, thirty patients with different forms of GVE were enrolled, divided into 3 subgroups: portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG) (n=10), focal vascular ectasia (FVE) (n=10), and gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) (n=10). They were followed-up for 3 months with repeated sessions of APC. The APC settings were 30 to 40W and 1.5 to 2L/min of argon plasma flow. Efficacy of APC was evaluated on the basis of patient's symptoms, transfusion requirements, number of hospitalization, hemoglobin and haematocrit levels. Results: The mean number of APC sessions was 2.3±0.82, 2±0.81 and 1.9±0.87 in PHG, FVE and GAVE groups respectively. Patients with PHG were the most susceptible for re-bleeding (30%) after 1^st APC session. The rise in haemoglobin was highly significant in all three groups (p=0.0001). A significant reduction in packed RBCs transfusion rates was also noted in the 3 groups (p=0.0001). No complications occurred. Conclusion: APC appears to be a simple, safe, and effective technique in the management of different forms gastric vascular ectasia lesions.

[M. Malatawy, Hanan M. Badawy, Nanees A. Adel, Eslam Safwat, Hany Haroun. Argon Plasma Coagulation in the Management of Different Types of Gastric Vascular Ectasia: Experience in Egyptian Patients. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):283-286]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 41

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.41

Keywords: gastric vascular ectasia, portal hypertensive gastropathy, argon plasma coagulation,

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Assessment of Safety and Exposure Conditions during Obstetric Ultrasound at King Abulaziz University Hospital

Sarah Kamal Hagi

Department of Radiology, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

sarahhagi@gmail.com

Abstract: Purpose: The objective of this study was to measure and evaluate machine output indices during obstetric scans at a local public hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at the Radiology Department of King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH), Jeddah, between September and October 2011. The machine settings, including the thermal index (TI) and mechanical index (MI) as well as scan times were recorded during obstetric ultrasound examinations. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Independent t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to compare continuous variables. Results: A total of 347 scans were studied. Most of them were performed in pulsed Doppler mode (n=176 ; 50.7%). Examination scan times varied between 1 to 27 minutes. The highest recorded TI value was 2.1, with mean ± SD of 0.81 ± 0.53 for examinations that lasted less than 15 minutes. The highest TI and MI values were observed during pulse Doppler. Conclusion: Thermal index values are within recommended safety guidelines. However, MI values sometimes exceed 1 and exposure times should be monitored to restrict the occurrence of any biologic effects due to ultrasound waves.

[Sarah Kamal Hagi. Assessment of Safety and Exposure Conditions during Obstetric Ultrasound at King Abulaziz University Hospital. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):287-290]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 42

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.42

Keywords: Mechanical index, obstetric ultrasound, thermal index, ultrasound bioeffects

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Petroleum (oil) Determinism: the true of oil in the outcome of the Iran - Iraq war 

Davod kiany (Ph.D.)

Institute for International Energy Studies (IIES). No.65, Sayeh St., Vali-e-Asr Ave.Post Cod: 1967743 711. Tehran. Iran. Tel: 27644, 254. Email: d_kiany2000@yahoo.com

Abstract: The Iran-Iraq war has aptly been described as the Third World's first Great War. Different factors involved in the war which they were material or spiritual. Oil or petroleum was one of them. The importance of oil to the modern world is unique in character and incredibly far-reaching in scope. Oil is the most important source of fossil fuel in the world, and so far no suitable substitute has been found for it. Oil for Iranian government plays an important role in victory or defeat in war. Sometimes the forces of Iran the successes achieved during the war between two countries. This paper discusses the role of oil in the period of war.

[Davod kiany. Petroleum (oil) Determinism: the true of oil in the outcome of the Iran - Iraq war. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):291-299]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 43

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.43

Keywords: Iraq; war; the Third World; Oil; petroleum; fuel

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Synthesis and Some Reactions of Some New Benzofuran Derivatives with Possible Biological Activity

Nadia M. Saleh

Chemistry Department Faculty of Science (Girls) Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt

dr_nadia_saleh@yahoo.com

Abstract: 3-[4-Methoxy-6-hydroxy-5-benzofuranyl] and 3-[4,6-dimethoxy-5-benzofuranyl] 1,3-diketo byrate (1a,b)⁽¹⁾ were obtained from the reaction of [4-hydroxy (or methoxy) benzofuran-5-yl] methyl ketone (A_a,b) with ethyl acetate in presence of sodium metal. (1a,b) were reacted with α-cyanothioacetamide in the presence of ammonium acetate⁽²⁾ to give mercapto-3-carbonitrile-4-methyl-6-[4-methoxy-6-hydroxy-5-benzofuranyl] pyridine (2a) and 2-mercapto-3-carbonitrile-4-methyl-6-[5,6-dimethoxy-5-benzofuranyl] pyridine (2b) (or possible isomers (3a,b) respectively for the preparation of some novel benzofuran derivatives (4a,b), (5_a,b), (6_a,b), (7_a,b), (8_a-d), (9_a,b) and (10_a,b). On the other hand sterylketone (11_a-c) were obtained by condensation of (A_a,b) with aromatic aldehyde. Compounds (11_b,c) gave new benzofuran derivatives (12_a,b), (13), (15), (16) and (17). Selected members of the prepared compounds were screened for antimicrobial and antifungal activities.

 [Nadia M. Saleh. Synthesis and Some Reactions of Some New Benzofuran Derivatives with Possible Biological Activity. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):300-307]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 44

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.44

Keywords: New benzofuran derivatives are starting material for the preparation of heterocyclic compounds containing benzofuran moieties

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Patterns of Dental Arch Form in the Different Classes of Malocclusion

Zuhair A. Murshid

Division of Orthodontics, Department of Preventive Dental Science, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. zmurshid@kau.edu.sa

Abstract: Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the pattern of arch form among patients with Angles Class I, II and III malocclusions. Materials and Methods: Sample consisted of 299 records of orthodontic patients who attended the clinic at the Faculty of Dentistry, King Aabdulaziz University. The mean age was 16.3 (±0.83) years. Patients were assigned into three groups according to their Classification; Class I, Class II and Class III. The lower arch form was assessed and categorized as ovoid, tapered, and square. Results: There was a significant difference in the pattern of lower arch form among the three groups (P >05); ovoid arch form being the most prevalent among Class I and Class II cases and square was the most prevalent among Class III cases for both genders. There was a significant trend in proportion among Class I cases where the percentage of ovoid shape was higher in males while taper arch shape was higher among females. Conclusions: The ovoid type of preformed arch wire with different sizes is recommended in orthodontic treatment for most of Class I, II malocclusions, and the square type is recommended in the treatment of most of Class III malocclusion. With the availability of different preformed shapes and sizes of arch wires, this study highlight the importance of selection of patients’ clinical arch form and customization of arch wire is usually necessary.

[Zuhair A. Murshid. Patterns of Dental Arch Form in the Different Classes of Malocclusion. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):308-312]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 45

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.45

Key words: Angle classification, occlusal relationship, types of arch form.

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Experimental Study to Investigate the Flow Pattern Associated to Angled Groins

Ibrahim M. M.

Shoubra Faculty of Engineering, Benha University P.O. box 11629, Shoubra, Egypt

mohamed.ibrahim@feng.bu.edu.eg

Abstract: Groins (spur dikes) are structures constructed at an angle to the flow in order to deflect the flowing water away from critical zones. The main objectives of the study are to investigate the hydrodynamic impact of oriented groin existence in a stream bed. A 2-D laboratory flume model was used. About 30 runs were carried out for monitoring the impact of groin length, orientation angle, and the discharge on working length, and velocity components. 28 measuring points were used for velocity measurements distributed as 4 lines from A to D crossed by 7 cross sections. The study showed that the straight groin of 8cm (20% contraction ratio) has the longest working length, however the repelling groin of angle of 60⁰ and 4cm length of (10% contraction ratio) presented the shortest working length. The velocity was decreased than the basic case at the nearest velocity line to groin installation; however the velocity increased than the basic case for the rest lines. The velocity was inversely proportional to groin length upstream and downstream groin location. The impact of groin orientation angle on velocity was exclusive at lines A and B; however the impact was vanished after that at lines C and D. Groin installation proved high efficiency in bank protection especially with high discharges.

[Ibrahim M. M. Experimental Study to Investigate the Flow Pattern Associated to Angled Groins. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):313-322]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 46

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.46

Key Words: Groins; Flume Model; Contraction Ratio; Orientation Angle; Working length; Hydrodynamic Impact.

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Incidence and Risk Factors of HCV Recurrence after Living Donor Liver Transplantation

Mohsen M. Maher¹, Mahmoud S. El-Meteie², Mohamed F. Abd Al-Ghaffar², Tark M. Yousef¹, Maha M. Hussein¹ and Ahmed I. El-Shafie¹

¹Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology- Ain Shams University. ²Department of Liver Surgery- Ain Shams University, Egypt. Tarekyosef31@yahoo.com

Abstract: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most common indication for liver transplantation worldwide. Recurrence of HCV post transplantation is one of the major challenges which is associated with poor graft and patient survival. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of clinical HCV recurrence after liver transplantation (LT) and identify possible factors affecting it. The study was conducted on 122 recipients of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) due to HCV related liver cirrhosis. Clinical HCV recurrence was diagnosed by elevated liver enzymes, increased viral load and confirmed by histopathology of liver biopsy. Several factors related to recipients, donors, operative and postoperative period were analyzed for their relation to recurrent HCV. Our results showed that the clinical HCV recurrence was diagnosed in 22.7 % (28 patients) of LDLT recipients with 75% of them (21 patients) diagnosed in the first year post transplantation. Less graft recipient weight ratio (GRWR) and rejection episodes following surgery were the only factors significantly related to the development of recurrent disease.

[Mohsen M. Maher, Mahmoud S. El-Meteie, Mohamed F. Abd Al-Ghaffar, Tark M. Yousef, Maha M. Hussein and Ahmed I. El-Shafie. Incidence and Risk Factors of HCV Recurrence after Living Donor Liver Transplantation. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):323-330]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 47

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.47

Key Words: Recurrent HCV, Incidence, Risk factors, Egypt

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Geometrical analysis of temporal bones for bone conduction implants (BCI)

Siavash Esmaeili Fashtakeh

M.Sc. in Biomedical Engineering, Division of Signal Processing and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Signals and Systems, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden. s.esmaeili.f@gmail.com

Abstract: The study aims at assessing the feasibility of implanting a novel, transcutaneous, bone conduction implant (BCI) in the temporal bone of subjects with conductive or mixed hearing loss. A number of axial, high-resolution, computed-tomography (CT) images were acquired and categorized with reference to age, gender, and history of infection. Classification was implemented to avoid any undesirable impacts on the statistical analysis due to the diversity of human temporal bones. A reference plane was defined, decisive landmarks were designated, and critical distances and areas were measured at specified depths with respect to the reference plane. Virtual implantation of the BCI was performed in the mastoid bone based on statistically-attained data. Validation of the study was examined through 3D virtual implantation. It was found that, on average, the bottom surface of the transducer can be attached at a depth of 6 mm in the top portion of the mastoid bone and at a depth of 8 mm in the bottom portion in adult men, whereas the corresponding depths for women were 4 mm (top) and 6 mm (bottom), respectively. The results for children showed that, on average, the transducer can be implanted at a depth of 8 mm in the top site and at a depth of 6 mm depth in the bottom site. It was concluded that the method used to determine the size of temporal bone as a pre-operative investigation for BCI implantation was simple, effective, and provided results that were reproducible. The bottom site had more space, so it could be used in most patients with the present dimensions of the transducer. If the dimensions of the transducer were decreased, the top site also could be considered in most patients. The study should be performed on more subjects to attain more conclusive results by reducing ambiguities. [Siavash Esmaeili Fashtakeh. Geometrical analysis of temporal bones for bone conduction implants (BCI). J Am Sci 2012;8(10):331-336]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 48

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.48

Keywords: Temporal bone, Bone conduction implant (BCI), Computed tomography (CT), Geometrical analysis, Preoperative assessment

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Using underground dams in resource management

Leila Sharifi ¹, Mohamad Karami ²

^1. Department of Civil Engineering, Abadan branch, Islamic azad university, Abadan, Iran

^2. Department of Civil Engineering, Dehloran branch, Islamic azad university, Dehloran,Iran

Abstract: The challenge of conservation, supply and maintenance of water resources is one of the biggest current hydrological issues nationally or even international l ground waters are in fact part of surface water that either make way to the surface through springs, or are extracted from aquifers through wells, aqueducts and soon. these waters are an important source of supplying drinking water that do not require treatment. Therefore, adopting principled and administrative procedures of watershed and aquifer based on scientific basis in order to conserve, utilize and manage water resources play and significant role in reviving underground and natural water resources. Designing a scientific mechanism to extract and feed and ground water supply network without damaging the environment can prevent these resources from destroying, our country. Iran. as one of dry regions with little water needs conservation of ground water resources, and construction of underground dams including aqueducts, traditional aquifers and canals (free aquifer ground water) that has a long history over three centuries, can help optimal utilization of water, conservation of ground water, and preventing drought in the agriculture sector.

[Leila Sharifi, Mohamad Karami. Using underground dams in resource management. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):337-341]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 49

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.49

Key words: underground dams, aquifers, water utilization

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[J Am Sci 2012;8(10):342-344]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 50

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.50

Withdrawn

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Analysis of the Strategies in Heuristic Techniques for Solving Constrained Optimisation Problems

Ahmad Rezaee Jordehi ¹, Nouradin Hashemi ^1, Hamid Nilsaz Dezfouli²

¹Department of Electrical Engineering, University Putra Malaysia

²Department of mathematics, Mahshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahshahr, Iran

Abstract: Many real-world optimisation problems are constrained. Solving such problems is somehow challenging for optimisation techniques. Among various optimisation techniques, heuristics have demonstrated more efficiency in tackling constrained problems. In this paper, different strategies in heuristics for handling constrained optimisation problems are analyzed in details and the advantages and disadvantages of each strategy is discussed. The paper can provide a broad view to researchers in related area and help them to recognize the best constraint handling strategy for their certain problem.

[Jordehi AR, Hashemi N, Nilsaz Dezfouli H. Analysis of the Strategies in Heuristic Techniques for Solving Constrained Optimisation Problems. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):345-350]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 51

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.51

Keywords: optimisation; heuristics; constraint handling; classic optimisation techniques.

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How to Manage Internal Controls for an Accounting Information System; a Review

Abbas Banisharif

Department of Accounting, Payame Noor University, I.R. Iran

Abstract: for ensuring about the fact that all organizational processes are running good and the employees and staff are doing their tasks and jobs well, every system applies some internal controls. Many researchers have argued that the organizational controls will be set in the areas that the managers are interested and some of the scholars devide such controls in two categories; internal and external. The growth of computer and information technology in today’s turbulent and competitive business, paves the way for using these technologies toward the goal of internal controls in the organizations. This paper discus about the application of Accounting Information Systems (AIS) and Internal Contorls, their advantages and the elimination of paper based controls.

[Abbas Banisharif. How to Manage Internal Controls for an Accounting Information System; a Review. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):351-354]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 52

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.52

Keywords: Internal Control, Management, Accounting, Information Systems

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Deadbeat Response of Nonlinear Systems Described by Discrete-Time State Dependent Parameter Using Exact Linearization by Local Coordinate Transformation

E. M. Shaban

Mechanical Engineering Department, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia

http://colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/sites/en/eng/Pages/Default.aspx

modern3@hotmail.com, https://sites.google.com/a/jusur.edu.sa/essamshaban/

Abstract: This paper considers State Dependent Parameter (SDP), Proportional-Integral-Plus (PIP) control of a wide class of nonlinear systems. Here, the system is modelled using the quasi-linear SDP model structure, in which the parameters are functionally dependent on other variables in the system. This formulation is then be used to design a PIP control law using linear system design strategies, such as pole assignment or suboptimal linear quadratic design. However, since not all feasible SDP model structures can be solved using the basic approach, the present paper develops an exact linearization by local coordinate transformation that returns the closed-loop system to a controllable state. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given such that nonlinear SDP systems are feedback equivalent to a controllable linear system. Finally, sufficient simulation examples are illustrated to verify the applicability of the approach. Similar or faster deadbeat response is achieved for nonlinear SDP models having one or more than one input terms respectively. Also, the equivalent linearized model leads to constant state feedback gains that control such nonlinear discrete-time SDP models.

[E. M. Shaban. Deadbeat Response of Nonlinear Systems Described by Discrete-Time State Dependent Parameter Using Exact Linearization by Local Coordinate Transformation. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):355-366]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 53

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.53

Keywords: discrete-time nonlinear system, linearization by local coordinate transformation, state dependent parameter (SDP) model, proportional-integral-plus (PIP) control, deadbeat response.

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The validity of pressure indicating film for the measurement of occlusal forces transmitted to distal extension removable partial denture made by dual impression technique.

Manal R Alammari, Lana A Shinawi and Seham B Tayel

Oral and Maxillofacial Dep. King Abdulaziz University Saudi Arabia

 malammari@kau.edu.sa, lshinawi@hotmail.com, seham.tayel@yahoo.com,
 

Abstract: The study aimed to measure clinically the occlusal force, and the force transmitted underneath two different distal extension removable partial dentures fabricated according to different types of dual impression technique. Ten male patients with mandibular class I Kennedy classification recruited, two metal frameworks were made for each (fluid wax impression (Denture A) and selected pressure impression (Denture B). Both dentures were fabricated according to altered cast technique, and then pressure indicating film (PIF) was used to record the occlusal force as well as the force transmitted to supporting tissues beneath each denture at the molar region. The processed (PIF) and color calibration swatch were scanned. Photoshop program was used to get the color density and to determine the amount of pressure. The force beneath denture (A) was significantly lower than that measured in denture (B) at 5% level (P=0.008). High-localized pressure transmission was observed in the PIF opposite molar region in the distal extension RPD (B).The PIF enables to measure in vivo the pressure distribution under distal extension base of RPD. Furthermore, functional impression using fluid wax could be the impression of choice to minimize load induced by RPD, it provides more even force distribution and be more temperate to supporting oral tissues.

[Manal R Alammari, Lana A Shinawi and Seham B Tayel. The validity of pressure indicating film for the measurement of occlusal forces transmitted to distal extension removable partial denture made by dual impression technique. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):367-372]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 54

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.54

Keywords: Dual impression technique, pressure-indicating film, bite force, RPD.

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Use of Clinical Teaching Guide for Psychiatric Students and Assessment of Sources of Stress and the Emotional State of Them during Their First Encounter with Psychiatric Patients

* Zubida alsherif¹ and Sohier Goda El said Abd Elrahman²

¹Psychiatric Nursing Dept., Faculty of Nursing, Irbid National University, Irbid, Jordan,

²Psychiatric Nursing Dept, Faculty of Nursing, Zarqaa Private University, Jordan

alsherifzobida@yahoo.com; smy2000@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Nursing students are not immune to societal perceptions and discrimination towards this population. Although as a nation we have become more tolerant, negative beliefs and attitudes among health care providers towards persons with mental health problems and mental illnesses still exist. The present study was conducted; to identify the sources of stress and the emotional state for students during their first encounter with psychiatric patients; to guide the students for communication and relation with psychiatric patients through a clinical teaching guide. Methods; Data were collected from psychiatric student nurses (56) males and females were chosen to share in this study from Irbed National University during the training course psychiatric nursing in Al- Fehais Psychiatric Hospital-Jordan during the year of 2010 were interviewed retrospectively. Results: 60.7% of them reported that working with long standing patients in hospital was stressful before teaching the guidelines, but after teaching the guidelines, 46.4%of them reported that these patients were stressful. Also 48.2% of them reported that working with patients who need constant observation and supervision is most stressful. Conclusion: In order to further the development of scientific knowledge, the findings of this research must be communicated to student. Therefore, plans for disseminating the results of this research include an academic presentation. students who trained in areas of especially high stress (e.g. acute psychiatric units) should be offered regular student support groups led by an appropriately qualified person. Occupational health services should be readily available and should include psychiatric and psychotherapeutic expertise.

[Zubida alsherif and Sohier Goda El said Abd Elrahman. Use of Clinical Teaching Guide for Psychiatric Students and Assessment of Sources of Stress and the Emotional State of Them during Their First Encounter with Psychiatric Patients. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):373-377]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 55

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.55

Keywords: Nursing, stress, psychiatric teaching guide, student

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Biochemical and Histological Studies on the effect of Zearalenone Mycotoxin and Thymoquinone on Male Mice Kidney

Nagwa Mohammed EL-Sawi¹, Madeha Nooh Al-Seeni ², Sabry H. H. Younes¹, Salma Mohammed AL-Jahdali², and Soad Shaker Ali³

¹Chemistry Dept, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Egypt.

²Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

³Histology, Medicine Faculty King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

elsawinagwa@yahoo.com

Abstract: ZEN was evaluated in male adult mice; given single and repeated doses of ZEN (2.7 mg/kg B.W). Also effect of Thymoquinone extracted from Nigella Sativa was assessed. Mice were divided into 4 groups. G1: receiving toxin once and dissected 48 hrs later, G2: given toxin twice a week for one week, G3: given toxin twice a week for 2 weeks, G4: pretreated o rally by Thymoquinone (10 mg/Kg B.W) for 7 days prior to administration of ZEN twice a week for two weeks. Blood serum urea nitrogen creatinine, alpha-fetoprotein, pyruvate kinase isoenzyme tumor M2 and total antioxidant status was assessed. All groups compared to control. The recovery occurred in TQ group based on changes in level of all groups when comparing with G3. Histological changes of mice kidney coincided with biochemical changes.

[Nagwa Mohammed EL-Sawi, Madeha Nooh Al-Seeni, Sabry H. H. Younes, Salma Mohammed AL-Jahdali, and Soad Shaker Ali. Biochemical and Histological Studies on the effect of Zearalenone Mycotoxin and Thymoquinone on Male Mice Kidney. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):378-388]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 56

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.56

Keywords: Mycotoxins, Zearalenonen, Nephrotoxicity, Nigella Sativa, Thymoquinone.

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Diabetic foot infection: Bacteriological causes and antimicrobial therapy

¹Mamdouh M. Esmat and ²Ahmed Saif Al Islam

¹Dpet. of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, ²Dept. of Vascular Surgery Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Egypt. mmesmat2000@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Diabetic foot is one of the most serious complications of diabetes and is the leading cause of hospitalization in diabetic patients. This study was done to determine the common aerobic bacterial causes of diabetic foot infections and there in vitro antibiotic susceptibility pattern in Sohag University hospitals. Methods: A prospective study was performed over a period of one year in Sohag University Hospitals. The aerobic bacterial agents were isolated and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern was determined by the disc diffusion method. Members of Enterobacteriaceae were tested for extended spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) production by combination disc method and staphylococcal isolates were tested for susceptibility to oxacillin by screen agar method. Results: Escherichia coli (20.3%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.4%), Staphylococcus aureus (16.2%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.6%) were the most common bacterial causes of DFIs. Polymicrobial infection was observed in 39.1% of the patients. The members of Enterobacteriaceae as well as Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. were found to be susceptible mainly to imipenem, levofloxacin and amikacin. Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp. were susceptible mostly to vancomycin, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin with varying susceptibility to tetracycline. 80% of the isolates belonging to Enterobacteriaceae were producing ESBL and 67% of Staphylococcus aureus were methicillin-resistant. Conclusion: High prevalence of multi-drug resistant pathogens was observed. imipenem, levofloxacin and amikacin were active against gram-negative bacilli, while vancomycin, levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were found to be active against gram-positive bacteria

[Mamdouh M. Esmat and Ahmed Saif Al Islam. Diabetic foot infection: Bacteriological causes and antimicrobial therapy. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):389-393]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 57

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.57

Keywords: Diabetic foot; Infections; Anti-bacterial agents; Gram-positive bacteria; Gram-negative bacteria

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Study the Possible Role of β₂ Adrenergic Receptor Gene in the Pathogenesis of Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness in Asthmatic Patients and its Relation to Disease Severity and Treatment Response

Ibrahim M. El Akkary¹, Zenat A. El-Kholy², Mohamed M. Mokhtar³, Mervat M. Mostafa², Inas M. Masoud², and Abdel Nasser I. Adam¹

From Departments of Human physiology ¹, Applied Medical Chemistry ², Human Genetics ³, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Egypt. immasoud@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background and objectives: Several identified β₂-adrenergic receptor (β₂AR) gene polymorphisms, including the amino acid substitution from arginine (Arg) to glycine (Gly) at codon 16 and from glutamine (Gln) to glutamic acid (Glu) at codon 27, are linked with functional changes in the β₂AR in the respiratory system. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in β₂AR gene in asthmatic patients with bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR), asthma severity, and response to inhaled long acting β_2­ agonists. Methods: This case-control association study involved 60 patients with asthma and 60 healthy subjects. Thirty asthmatics patients of them received inhaled long acting β_2­agonists. The β₂AR gene polymorphisms at codon 16 and 27 were assessed on the genomic DNA obtained from the whole blood. Genotyping was carried out by a PCR based restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. Results: 1- The combined genotype Gly-Gly/Gln-Glu was positively associated with BHR (P < 0.05). 2- No association between β₂AR polymorphism at codon 16 and asthma severity was observed. However; homozygous Gln27 genotype was significantly associated with severe asthma either individually or when combined with homozygous Gly16. In contrast; Glu 27 was found to reduce asthma severity as a significant negative association was observed between Gln-Glu, Gly-Gly/Gln-Glu and clinical severity score, and between Gly-Gly/Gln-Glu and the airway reactivity score (P < 0.05). 3- Glu27Glu genotype had significant positive association with the improvement in BHR (assessed by percentage of change in PD_20-FEV1) after long acting β₂ agonist administration for 14 days (P <0.05). Conclusions: β₂AR gene can confer genetic susceptibility to BHR and the combinations of β₂AR genotypes are more informative than individual SNPs in their predictive power. Polymorphisms in β₂AR gene are important in the modulation of asthma severity and response to β₂ agonist. The predetermination of single β₂AR genotypes might have a utility for predicting long-acting β₂agonist response.

[I. M. El Akkary, Z. A. El-Kholy, M. M. Mokhtar, M. M. Mostafa, I. M. Masoud, and A.I. Adam. Study the Possible Role of β₂ Adrenergic Receptor Gene in the Pathogenesis of Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness in Asthmatic Patients and its Relation to Disease Severity and Treatment Response. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):394-408]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 58

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.58

Keywords: Polymorphisms, β₂-adrenergic receptor gene, Bronchial hyperresponsiveness.

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Relationship between academic performance, self-efficacy & stress with academic burnout

Karim Sevari ¹, Mitra Kandy²

^1.2 Payame Noor University, PO Box 19395-3697, Ahwaz, Iran

Sevari1347@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this research reviewed relationship between academic performance, self-efficacy & stress with academic burnout in girl and boy students of high school (grade third), area two in Ahwaz city. The students were in different majors. 168 students were selected randomly (84 boys, 84 girls). To collect data we used some parameters as follow: Grade point average, self-efficacy questionnaire of Schwarzer & Jerusalem (2000), depression, anxiety and stress of lovibond & lovibond (1995), and academic burnout of Salmela-Aro, Kiuru, Leskinen,Esko and Nurmi (2009). Analysis of data performed by inferential and descriptive statistics. The results indicated that there was a negative significant correlation between self-efficacy and academic performance with academic burnout. meanwhile there was positive correlation between stress & mentioned variable. Multi-variable regression showed that academic performance and stress had the greatest role in predicting of students academic burnout.

[Karim Sevari, Mitra Kandy. Relationship between academic performance, self-efficacy & stress with academic burnout. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):409-412]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 59

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.59

Keywords: academic performance, self-efficacy, stress

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Protective effect of curcumin treatment on some organs in collagen-induced arthritis in rats

Elshaimaa M.Ibrahim^1, Abeer M. badr ¹, Hiba Sibaii ², Amany S. E.El-Wakkad ²,Somaya El-Deeb.¹

¹ Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt; ² National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. Corresponding author: elshaimaa.mohsen@gmail.com

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the protective effect of curcumin administration on various internal organs in collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Material and methods: Animals were divided into 4 groups, 10 rats each. Group I: Normal control, Group II was injected with DMSO, Group III arthritic rats, Group IV arthritic rats received curcumin (100 mg/ Kg, i.p) thrice a week for 7 weeks prior to induction of arthritis. Rats were sacrificed and thymus, spleen, liver, lung and kidney were collected for histopathological evaluation. Results: Mild improvement in examined organs from rats injected with curcumin prior to induction of arthritis as compared with arthritic group. Curcumin minimized the complications caused by arthritis on the examined internal organs. Conclusion:The study showed that the administration of curcumin prior to induction of arthritis, to a certain extent minimized the complications caused by the disease on the internal organs under study.

[Elshaimaa M. Ibrahim, Abeer M. badr, Hiba Sibaii, Amany S. E.El-Wakkad, Somaya El-Deeb. Protective effect of curcumin treatment on some organs in collagen-induced arthritis in rats. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):413-419]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 60

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.60 

Key words: curcumin, arthritis, histopathological evaluation.

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The study of the effect of liquidity management on return on assets and return on rights of the share holders of the firms listed on Tehran stock exchange.

Behzad teimouri¹,Bahman gholami ² Simin Shams³ Zahra rahmati⁴

¹ Maskan Bank Branches Mangement of Ilam, Darehshar Baranch, Employed in Maskan bank

² Department of Management Payame Noor University. IR. of IRAN

³ Department of Social Sciences Payame Noor University. IR. of IRAN

⁴. Department of Accounting, Abdanan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Abdanan, Iran

Kh_457@yahoo.com

Abstract: the purpose of this research is to study the effect of liquidity management on return on assets and return on rights of the share holders of the companies listed on Tehran stock exchange. In order to test the hypothesizes of study and investigation of the relation ship between liquidity management and return on assets, data related to 92 companies listed on Tehran stock exchange, as statistical samples, have been analyzed in tow methods including the analysis of the annual data and combined data for a period of time between the years 1382 to 1388. Also in studying experimental models of research, least-squares regression test was used. Results of the study have indicated that there is a positive meaningful relation ship between liquidity management and return on rights share holders of the sample companies.

[Behzad teimouri, Bahman gholami, Simin Shams, Zahra rahmati. The study of the effect of liquidity management onreturn on assets and return on rights of the share holders of the firms listed on Tehran stock exchange. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):420-424]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 61

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.61

Keywords: liquidity management, return on assets, return on rights of the share holders, net profit.

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Experimental Measurement of Hydro-Pneumatic Semi-Active Damper Characteristics and Studying Its Effects on Vehicle Ride Comfort

Ahmad O. Moaaz. ¹ and Ali M. Abd El-Tawwab²

¹Faculty of Engineering, Benisuief University; ²Faculty of Engineering, Minia University. moaz777@yahoo.com

Abstract: The hydro-pneumatic semi-active suspension system consists of a damper with variable damping coefficient and parallel coil spring. This paper is concerned with the studying the performance of hydro-pneumatic semi-active suspension system theoretically predicted using two degree of freedom of quarter car model. The theoretical results are generated when the system is excited by random road input. The damping coefficient of the hydro-pneumatic damper is taken from the experimental to predict the results. Finally the results are given and analyzed.

[Ahmad O. Moaaz. and Ali M. Abd El-Tawwab. Experimental Measurement of Hydro-Pneumatic Semi-Active Damper Characteristics and Studying Its Effects on Vehicle Ride Comfort. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):425-431]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 62

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.62

Key words: quarter car model, hydro-pneumatic suspension system.

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The study of the effects of market’s efficiency level with information content of accounting profit on the evolution of accepted firms in Tehran stock exchange

Alireza Askarpour¹, Zahra Rahmati ², Ali Bagherifar ³

^1.Department of Managment, Shoushtar Branch,Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar,Iran

^2. Department of Accounting, Abdanan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Abdanan, Iran

^3.Department of Managment, Ahvaz Branch,Islamic Azad UniversityAhvaz, Iran

alireza_askarpour@yahoo.com

Abstract: Up to now, in mast of conducted researches the relationship between the accounting variables and the frims’ stock price, the assumption of market’s efficiency has been accepted and the researches have been done in Iran’s economic environment according to this hypothesis. The main question of this research is that whether the inefficiency of the existing market causes to creation difference within the results of former researches. Due to answer the mentioned question, four assumptions have been codified in this investigation. The method for doing this research is semi- empirical and the statistical population in this research were Tehran negotiable papers stock market. In order to compute the market inefficiency level of each of the sample firms, there has been used of Hou, et al. research method and then via collins, et al. the initial and developed models were estimated in order to test the research’s hypotheses, In order to estimate the mentioned models, the sample companies’ data form years 2000 to 2010 were used. The results of hypothesis testing showed that the market inefficiency has a negative effect on the information content of future earnings and future operating cash flow, and it doesn’t have any effect on the information content of future accruals and current income and stake holders of enterprises should take note of this.

[Alireza Askarpour, Zahra Rahmati, Ali Bagherifar. The study of the effects of market’s efficiency level with information content of accounting profit on the evolution of accepted firms in Tehran stock exchange. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):432-441]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 63

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.63

Key words: stock exchange, information content of earnings, accruals, operating cash flow.

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Neck Circumference as an Additional Tool for Detecting Children with High Body Mass Index

Hoda A. Atwa ¹; Lamiaa Elsayed M. Fiala ² and Nesreen M. Handoka ¹

¹ Pediatrics Dept., ² Community Medicine Dept., Faculty of Medicine, Ismailia, Egypt

lamiaafiala@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Children overweight/obesity is an important risk factor for many health problems and an indicator of heart problems and diabetes mellitus later in life. There are numerous methods of assessing overweight and obesity. Children overweight is most commonly described by using BMI which does not adequately describe regional (central) adiposity, other indices of body fatness are being explored. The possible role of NC in screening for high BMI in children is not well characterized. The aims of this study were to examine the correlation between BMI and NC in children and to determine the best NC cutoff that identifies children with high BMI. Methods: Cross sectional study included 2762 preparatory school children, trained research assistants collected clinical data and anthropometric measurements from all children. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between NC and other obesity indices, then receiver operating characteristic analyses were done to determine the optimal NC cutoff for identifying children with high BMI. Results: among 2762, overweight and obesity were 15.1%. NC was significantly correlated with age, BMI, and waist circumference in both boys and girls. Optimal NC cutoff indicative of high BMI in boys ranged from 29.3 to 31.7 cm, while corresponding values in girls ranged from 28.6 to 30.8 cm. NC was a good indicator for BMI and even as good as WC. Conclusions: NC is significantly correlated with overweight/obesity and can reliably identify children with high BMI. NC is a simple technique that has good inter-rater reliability and could be used to screen for overweight and obesity in children.

[Hoda A. Atwa; Lamiaa Elsayed M. Fiala and Nesreen M. Handoka. Neck Circumference as an Additional Tool for Detecting Children with High Body Mass Index. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):442-446]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 64

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.64

Key words: Neck circumference, Waist circumference, BMI, obesity, overweight

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Dual effect of curcumin and methotrexate treatment on various organs in collagen-induced arthritis in rats

Elshaimaa M.Ibrahim^1, Abeer M. badr ¹, Hiba Sibaii ², Amany S. E.El-Wakkad ², Somaya El-Deeb.¹

¹ Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt; ² National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. Corresponding author: elshaimaa.mohsen@gmail.com

Abstract: Objective:To evaluate the effect of methotrexate and curcumin administration on various internal organs in collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Material and methods: Animals were divided into 6 groups, 10 rats each. Group I: Normal control, Group II was injected with DMSO, Group III arthritic rats, Group IV arthritic rats received methotrexate (MTX) (1 mg/ Kg, i.p) once a week and Group V arthritic rats treated with curcumin (100 mg/ Kg, i.p) thrice a week. Group VI was treated with MTX (1 mg/ Kg, i.p) once a week and after 30 min received curcumin (100 mg/ Kg, i.p) thrice a week. Rats were sacrificed and thymus, spleen, liver, lung and kidney were collected for histopathological evaluation. Results: General improvement in examined organs from arthritic rats treated with both MTX and curcumin as compared with other groups. The combination of both MTX and curcumin restored the normal structure of the examined organs. Conclusion: The study showed an effective anti-arthritic action with the combination of MTX and curcumin.

[Elshaimaa M.Ibrahim, Abeer M. badr, Hiba Sibaii, Amany S. E.El-Wakkad, Somaya El-Deeb. Dual effect of curcumin and methotrexate treatment on various organs in collagen-induced arthritis in rats. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):447-454]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 65

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.65

Key words: methotrexate, curcumin, arthritis, histopathological investigation

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Measures Affecting Alcohol in Malt Beverages According to Islamic Religion

A. Y. El-Naggar^1,2*, H. Arida^1,3, M. Montasser ^1,4 and R. Hassan^{1, 5}

^1. Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, 888-Taif, KSA.

² Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute-Nasr City-Cairo-Egypt, * aynaggar361@yahoo.com

³ Hot Laboratories Center, Atomic Energy Authority, 13759-Cairo, Egypt.

⁴ Central Lab of Pesticides, Agricultural Research Center, Alexandria, EGYPT.

⁵ Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.

Abstract: Eight different sorts of malt beverages were collected from the local markets of western province of Saudi Arabia. The studied samples were subjected to the determination of physicochemical Characteristics such as pH, conductivity and TDS. Also, the concentration of 15 major and trace elements has been determined using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. The levels of all investigated elements were below the maximum tolerance levels reported by international regulatory standard. The beverages were tested quantitatively by capillary gas chromatography for their alcohol content through three steps. Firstly, the studied samples were directly analyzed, secondary, the samples were analyzed after exposing to air and finally the samples were analyzed in presence of yeast. It has been found that there is no ethanol content when the samples analyzed directly, minor concentration of ethanol content was found after exposing malt beverages to air ranging from 12.7 ppm in Hillsgurg to 1940.6 ppm in Efes. Considerable variability in the alcoholic strength was found in presence of yeast due to fermentation, overall, the range of concentrations was 0.4621 Vol % in Budwisers to 3.416 Vol % in Hillsgurg.

[Ashraf Yehia. El-Naggar. Measures Affecting Alcohol in Malt Beverages According to Islamic Religion. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):455-460]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 66

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.66

Keywords: Malt beverages, Capillary gas chromatography, Trace elements, Inductively coupled plasma-Atomic emission spectrometry

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[J Am Sci 2012;8(10):461-465]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 67

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.67

withdrawn

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Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in uncomplicated type 2 diabetes patients

Laila Damanhouri

Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. lailahhd71@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background. Role of systemic pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines are associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in adults is unclear. In this cross section study, we compared cytokine concentrations in patients with T2DM and healthy individuals to test the hypothesis that differences of cytokine concentrations between them are attributable to diabetes and metabolic control. Methods. The pro-inflammatory cytokine as interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and anti-inflammatory cytokines as adiponectin and interleukin (IL)-10 were measured in 50 participants with T2DM and 70 healthy controls using ELISA kits. Results. IFN-γ was significantly increased while adiponectin and IL-10 were significantly decreased in T2DM than healthy controls (P <0.0001). In T2DM patients, negative correlations were found between fasting blood glucose with adiponectin (r= -0.293, P <0.039) and IFN-γ with IL-10 (r= -0.320, P <0.023). BMI was positively correlated with IFN-γ (r= 0.723, P <0.0001) and glycozylated hemoglobin (r=0.399, P <0.016). Conclusion. T2DM showed elevated serum levels of inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ and decrease serum levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (adiponectin and IL-10) and negative association between anti-inflammatory cytokine and blood glucose levels indicated importance of inflammation in pathogenesis of T2DM. The hypothesis that T2DM is inflammatory disease opens new clinical perspectives for diagnosis and treatment but still requires further investigation.

[Laila Damanhouri. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in uncomplicated type 2 diabetes patients. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):466-472]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 68

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.68

Keywords: Adiponectin. Glycozylated hemoglobin. Interleukin-10. Interferon gamma. Type 2 diabetes in adult.

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A survey about relationship between Auditing services demand by firms and Auditor's changes

 Dr. Mahmood Hematfar ¹, Dr. Darush Javid ², Sadegh Hamehkhani ³ (Corresponding Author )

^1,2,3 Department of Accounting, Borujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd, iran

Sadeghhamehkhani@yahoo.com

Abstract: According to especial influence that auditors have in respect to auditing services demand in recent years, this phenomenon has changed to an important field in academic research and professional institutions. The main objective of this research is whether if auditing services demand influences on auditors changing. The sample populations of this research were listed firms and companies in the stock exchange in 1390 – 1391. This research is a combined method of field research and academic search, consisting of eight approved theses that has paid attention to the following issues: auditor's changing qualitative characteristics, i. e; auditing fees, kind of auditing comment, auditing quality, management changing, company's growth, companies financial situation, company size and surveyed complexities, questionnaire with Likert spectrum scale has been used for collecting data and SPSS software and enter regression statistical test has been used for evaluating the hypothesis. The result of this research showed the sub – hypothesis approvement and finally verifying the final hypothesis.

[Hamekhani S, Hematfar M, Javid D. A survey about relationship between Auditing services demand by firms and Auditor's changes. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):473-479]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 69

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.69

Keywords: Auditing service demand, auditor's change, characteristic of auditing institution, features of companies

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Nephrotoxicity Associated with the Use of Contaminated Dry Lemon Extract in Male Rats

Nagwa M. Elsawi¹, Eman A. Al-Muhaini², Safaa Y. Qusti², Ahmed N. Abo-Khatwa², Magda M. Aly ³ and Sabry H. H. Younes¹

¹Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt.

²Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

³Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

elsawinagwa@yahoo.com

Abstract: The contamination of food and feedstuff with mycotoxins represents worldwide problem for both humans and animals. Citrinin, one of the well known mycotoxins which cause renal disease and death among livestock, poultry and perhaps humans as well since it is commonly found in food samples. Nephrotoxicity is produced in swine by feeding grain contaminated with Penicillium. citrinum. This study deals with the effect of dry lemon extract on some biochemical parameters and histological changes on kidneys of male “Wister Lewis rats” after being found to be moldy and having residues of citrinin mycotoxin. Fifty inbred weaned white male “Wistar Lewis rats” were divided randomly into 5 groups (10 rats each). One control group was daily gavaged with distilled water and four treated groups were daily gavaged with a soup lemon extract (2 ml/kg B.W) for 2 weeks (T1), double the dose (T2), triple the dose (T3). Group T4 was gavaged (2 ml/kg B.W) of yellow lemon soup for 2 weeks. Sera from all groups were collected to measure several biochemical indicators to assess kidney function, such as urea (BUN) and creatinine (SCr). Serum BUN increased significantly in all treated groups as compared to control. In addition, serum SCr increased significantly in all treated groups as compared to the control. On the other hand, total antioxidant concentration was significantly lower in all treated groups as compared to the positive control. However, alpha fetoprotein and carcinoembrionic antigen remained unchanged while pyruvate kinase isoenzyme M2 was decreased significantly. Histopathological changes of rat kidney revealed tubular degenerative changes in (T3) which explain biochemical changes. In conclusion, the use of dry lemon as a traditional food supplement in the Gulf region may pose some risk of food poisoning due to the presence of citrinin.

[Nagwa M. Elsawi, Eman A. Al-Muhaini, Safaa Y. Qusti, Ahmed N. Abo-Khatwa, Magda M. Aly and Sabry H. H. Younes. Nephrotoxicity Associated With the Use of Contaminated Dry Lemon Extract in Male Rats. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):480-489]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 70

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.70

Key words: Citrinin, P. citrinum, creatinine, rat, urea, Nephrotoxicity

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Serum Nocturnal Melatonin in Neoplastic and Non-Neoplastic (Non Erosive) Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders

Ehab F Moustafa¹, Hussein El Amin^2, Sahar M Hassany¹, Essam Abdel Mohsen², Amal M Abdel-Aal³ and Amal A Mahmoud³

Departments of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology¹, Internal Medicine² and Clinical Pathology³, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt. ehabmostafa_99@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Melatonin is a powerful antioxidant and scavenger of free radicals. These properties contribute to its strong anti-inflammatory effect. In addition it was known to be a natural oncostatic compound. Aim of the work: to investigate serum nocturnal melatonin in neoplastic and non-neoplastic (non erosive) upper gastrointestinal tract disorders. Patients and methods: Fifty-three subjects were included in the study (30 males and 23 females). Sixteen with Cancer stomach, 9 with cancer esophagus, 12 with functional dyspepsia, 6 with NERD and 10 healthy subjects as a control. Serum melatonin was measured at 11 p.m (nocturnal) and 6 a.m. Results: Cancer stomach and cancer esophagus patients had significantly lower nocturnal melatonin concentration than control, 29.35±23.85 & 16.01±10.70 versus 97.72± 9.41pg/ml (p<0.5), while functional Dyspepsia and NERD patients had significantly higher nocturnal melatonin concentration than control, 167.67±88.21 & 197.84±67.02 versus 97.72± 9.41pg/ml (p< 0.5). Serum nocturnal melatonin in neoplastic upper GIT disorders (cancer stomach and cancer esophagus patients) was significantly lower than in non neoplastic non erosive upper GIT disorders (functional dyspepsia and NERD), 24.55±20.89 versus 177.73±81.05 pg/ml (p< 0.5). Conclusion: Serum nocturnal melatonin in neoplastic upper GIT disorders (cancer stomach and cancer esophagus patients) was significantly lower than in non neoplastic non erosive upper GIT disorders (functional dyspepsia and NERD), this reduction of nocturnal melatonin supports its role as a natural oncostatic agent. Studying the benefit of adding melatonin to standard treatment of neoplastic upper GIT disorders (surgery, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy) is recommended.

[Ehab F Moustafa, H El Amin, Sahar M Hassany, Essam Abdel Mohsen, Amal M Abdel-Aal and Amal A Mahmoud. Serum Nocturnal Melatonin in Neoplastic and Non-Neoplastic (Non Erosive) Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):490-498]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 71

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.71

Key words: nocturnal melatonin, Cancer stomach, cancer esophagus, NERD, Functional dyspepsia

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Effect of Monosodium Glutamate on Chick Embryo Development

Fatma Al-Qudsi and Anan Al-Jahdali

Biology Department, Science Faculty, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

falqudsi@kau.edu.sa

Abstract: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a natural neurotransmitter amino acid and a flavoring agent added to many processed food and used by many housewives in cooking. Fertile chicken eggs were injected once with (0.75mg MSG/gm. egg weight) in the air chamber before incubation. Eggs were then incubated under normal incubation conditions. Embryos were extracted on day 7, 10 and 14 of incubation. Treated embryos showed different congenital malformations such as growth retardation and subcutaneous bleeding in 7, 10 and 14 days compared to the controls. Abdominal hernia was seen in 7 and 10 day treated embryos. Most of the congenital malformations were seen in 10 day treated chick embryos such as brain deformation, monophthalmia and beak malformation. Histological study of the developing liver in the studied ages of the treated embryos showed that liver seemed to have less cell density and a dilation of venous canals and blood sinusoid. Fibrosis, bleeding, hemorrhage and congestion were seen in the central and portal veins. Many cavities appeared in the peripheral liver parts compared to controls. On the cellular level many cells had a granular appearance. Also an increase in the number and size of lipid droplets was seen in the treated sections compared to the controls. pyknotic, karyolisis were seen in treated hepatocytes Also phagocytic cells were seen in blood sinusoids. Necrosis was also seen in treated sections. It was concluded that a single low dose of monosodium glutamate might affect chick embryonic development causing growth retardation, congenital malformations, and liver degeneration.

[Fatma Al-Qudsi, Anan Al-Jahdali. Effect of Monosodium Glutamate on Chick Embryo Development. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):499-509]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 72

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.72

Key words: chick embryo, monosodium glutamate, liver, growth retardation, monophthalmia.

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Effect of a counseling program for diabetic patients on their knowledge, health promoting lifestyle practices, and psychological status

^* Dalia Ali Ameen, ^**Sameh Abd Elshakour, ^* Magda Abd-ELA ZIZ, ^*Hanan Said Ali

* Medical Surgical Department, Faculty of Nursing, Ain Shams University, Egypt.

 ^** Medical Department. Faculty of Medicine, ^** Cairo University, Egypt.

dr_hanan10@yahoo.com

Abstract: Good diabetes care rests on a foundation of patient knowledge, which can modulate lifestyle. The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of the implementation of a bio-psychosocial counseling program for patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) in improving their knowledge and health promoting lifestyles, and consequently on their diabetes control and symptoms of anxiety and depression. This quasi-experimental study was carried out in the outpatient clinics of the National Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology, on a convenience sample of 60 patients divided equally into a study group for implementation of the program, and a control group. Data collection was by an interview questionnaire assessing patient's knowledge, with the Health Promoting Life Style Profile (HPLP) scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and Hamilton anxiety scale. The researchers developed and implemented to the study group a counseling program responding to their identified bio-psychosocial needs. The work lasted from January to December 2007. The results showed that the study and control groups were similar in personal and disease characteristics. The knowledge in both groups had major deficiencies, but demonstrated significant improvements after the intervention in the study group (p<0.001). The group had also decreased incidence of reported attacks of hyperglycemia (p=0.004), with improvements in the scores of depression (p<0.001), anxiety (p<0.001), and all domains of health promoting lifestyle scale (p<0.001) after the program. No improvements were shown in the control group. The study concludes that a bio-psychosocial counseling program emphasizing knowledge and health promoting lifestyle practices can lead to better control of DM, with improvement in patients' levels of anxiety and depression. It is recommended to replicate the study using a true randomized clinical trial design for further confirmation. Meanwhile, specialized DM clinics should plan and implement similar counseling programs.

[Dalia Ali Ameen, Sameh Abd Elshakour, Magda Abd-ELA ZIZ, Hanan Said Ali. Effect of a counseling program for diabetic patients on their knowledge, health promoting lifestyle practices, and psychological status. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):510-518]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 73

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.73

Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Counseling, Anxiety, Depression, Lifestyle.

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Review of the status of the HBsAg among the pregnant women attended primary health care centers (PHCCs) in Medina, Saudi Arabia between 2008 and 2010.

Manal I. Hanafi Mahmoud⁽¹⁾, Fawzeia Habib⁽²⁾

¹Family and Community Medicine Department- Medical College- Taibah University- SA, Community Medicine Department- Faculty of Medicine- Alexandria University- Egypt

²Obstetric and Gynecology Department- Medical College- Taibah University- SA

manal.azab@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: The high prevalence of hepatitis B antigens in pregnant women is considered the most important factor contributing to the higher carrier rate of HBsAg in some populations, including Saudi Arabia (SA). Screening for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in pregnant women is a well established and evidence based standard of current antenatal care practice. Objective: To review of the status of the HBsAg among the pregnant women attended primary health care centers (PHCCs) in Medina, Saudi Arabia between 2008 and 2010. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted using especially designed checklist. Review of antenatal care records of the years 2008, 2009, 2010 of five randomly chosen PHCCs; including 3060 pregnant women was done. Data was presented using mean, standard deviation, and percent. Chi square test, one way Anova, and linear regression were used. Results: HBsAg sero-positive cases decreased from 4.9% at 2008 to 2.9% at 2010. More than half of sero-positive cases (53.5%) aged more than 30 years. Gravidity and parity nearly remained the same over years but abortion and rate of caesarean sections (CS) were increased. Significant predictors for HBsAg sero-positive status were elder age group, increased parity, increased abortion, CS as a mode of previous delivery, history of blood transfusion and previous surgical maneuvers. Conclusion: The HBsAg positive cases among Saudi pregnant women decreased. Age at HBsAg assessment, parity, abortion, mode of previous delivery, history of blood transfusion and previous surgical maneuvers were predictors for HBsAg sero-positive status.

[Manal I. Hanafi Mahmoud, Fawzeia Habib. Review of the status of the HBsAg among the pregnant women attended primary health care centers (PHCCs) in Medina, Saudi Arabia between 2008 and 2010. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):519-523]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 74

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.74

Key words: Pregnant women, antenatal care, sero- prevalence, hepatitis B virus

Abbreviations: Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Primary Health Care Centers (PHCCs), Caesarian sections (CS), Saudi Arabia (SA)

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Economic Evaluation of Propagation Funds on Stable Yield of Wheat and Canola in Parsabad Moghan City, Iran

Vahid Ashrafi

Department of Agriculture, Parsabad Moghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Parsabad Moghan, Iran

vashrafi@iaupmogan.ac.ir

Abstract: This paper evaluates the economic impact of projects fund and personnel costs of propagation on operating performance of the country's two main products, namely wheat and canola, between the years 1997-2007, in Parsabad Moghan region. In this study, data is consisting of three sections: descriptive analysis, and regression relations. In regression analysis, "projects’ fund and propagation of personnel costs" is the independent variable; and “wheat yield" as well as "canola yield" are dependent variables which are inserted into two separate equations, respectively. And given the significance of the value of F (P = 0/0000), in both equations, and also with regard to the high amount of R ¬ 2, it can be concluded that propagation credits are the major role in increasing or reducing the performance of these two products. It can also be concluded that the effect of propagation in increasing the wheat is more than canola yield and it is able to explain 91% of the performance of this product. Also, given the amount of R₂, the credits in the case of canola is able to explain 71% of the changes in performance of this product.

[Vahid Ashrafi. Economic Evaluation of Propagation Funds on Stable Yield of Wheat and Canola in Parsabad Moghan City. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):524-526]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 75

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.75

Key words: Propagation funds, Wheat, Canola, Parsabad Moghan City, Iran

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Synthesis and Studies of New Ternary Complexes of Transition, Lanthanides and Actinides Metal Ions with some Organic Ligands

Faten Z. Mahmoud^*1; Atef A. T. Ramadan² and Doaa A. Ali¹

¹Chemistry Department, University College for Girls, Ain Shams University, Heliopolis, Cairo, Egypt.

²Chemistry Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Roxy, Cairo, Egypt.

Faten_zm@yahoo.com

Abstract: Poteniometric studies of interaction between transition metal ions, Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II), F-block ions UO₂(VI), Th(IV) Sm(III) and Er(III) and mixed ligands are described. Benzyl-monohydrazone-3-hydrazino-4-Benzyl-6-phenyl Pyridazine (BHP) used as primary ligand and 8-hydroxy quinolone (8-HQ), 2-Amino-4-methyl pyridine (2-AMP) or 1,10-phenanthroline (1,10-Phen) used as secondary ligand. Mixed complexes are formed in 75% (v/v) dioxane-water and 1:1:1 molar ratio of M⁺ⁿ to BHP as a primary ligand and 8-HQ, 2-AMP or 1,10-Phen as a secondary ligand. It was found that the order of stability constant for complexes of transition metal ions runs according to:Cu(II) > Co(II) > Ni(II) > Cd(II) > Zn(II). While the order that obtained for F-block complexes are runs according to: Th(IV) > UO₂(VI) > Sm(III) > Er(III). Also, Ni(II), Co(II) and Cu(II) ternary complex systems in solid states were isolated and characterized by different techniques.

[Faten Z. Mahmoud; Atef A. T. Ramadan and Doaa A. Ali. Synthesis and Studies of New Ternary Complexes of Transition, Lanthanides and Actinides Metal Ions with some Organic Ligands. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):527-535]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 76

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.76

Key words: BHP ligand; secondary ligand; ternary complexes; solid complex; thermal analysis; ternary complexes

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Origin and Evolution History of Magmatic Garnet-Bearing Pegmatites and Associated Granitoids, Abu Had Area, South Eastern Desert, Egypt: Inference From Petrology and Geochemistry.

Moustafa Esmail Gharib

Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Egypt. gharibme@yahoo.com

Abstract: Garnet is an uncommon accessory mineral in igneous rocks but is petrologically significant. Pegmatite hosted garnet in Abu Had area is a zoned type and concentration of garnet increase toward the core zone. They intruded the gneissose tonalite-granodiorite and metagabbro country rocks parallel to the Wadi El Gemal major thrust. Isolated large elongated masses or dyke-like bodies of leucogranite intrude the older gneissose tonalite-granodiorite and the metagabbro country rocks along the major thrust fault of Wadi El Gemal in NE-SW direction. The garnets of Abu Had pegmatite have frequently euhedral shape. They are spessartine-almandine rich type displaying reversal zoning with almandine-rich cores and spessartine-rich rims and plotted in the field of magmatic garnet derived from peraluminous S-type granites. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns display a strong enrichment of HREE relative to LREE, and pronounced negative Eu anomalies characteristic features of spessartine-rich garnets crystallized from silicic melts and of garnet in peraluminous granites. The gneissose tonalite-granodiorite suite has a calc-alkaline metaluminous affinity. It displays the characteristics of I-type granites formed in an island-arc environment and were derived through partial melting of amphibolite source rocks. The leucogranites posses high SiO₂, Al₂O₃ and alkali content, with low TiO₂, MgO, CaO and Fe₂O₃ contents and strongly peraluminous (A=CNK>1.1) characters. They have the geochemical characters of S-type granites and most likely formed in syn-collision regime. Crustal thickening during the collision stage of the Arabian Nubian shiled led to partial- melting of metasedimentary source and other associated crustal rocks along the NW- SE Wadi El Gemal major thrust. Textural features of the studied garnet-bearing pegmatites such as micrographic intergrowth and absence of myrmekite, beside the data of mineral chemistry for the fresh rock-forming minerals support magmatic origin for these pegmatites. Compositional data of primary minerals from the Abu Had pegmatite proved peraluminous source rock magmas. The close spatial distribution of the garnet-bearing pegmatites to the leucogranite country rocks, textural and mineralogical similarity between the leucogranite and the neighboring pegmatites, beside the data of whole rock composition of the leucogranite probably indicate that these rocks are direct precursors to the garnet- bearing pegmatites of Abu Had area.Field and petrographical observations indicate that the garnet-bearing pegmatite affected by post magmatic deformation and metasomatism which often restricted to the microshear zones and fracture sets associated with them. Finally, pinch and swell of the pegmatite dyke, besides cracking and stretching of some garnet crystals in direction perpendicular to the direction of microshear zones, prove that the study pegmatite and the associated country rocks exposed to extension tectonic event post-date the formation of garnet and the associated primary minerals.

[Moustafa Esmail Gharib. Origin and Evolution History of Magmatic Garnet-Bearing Pegmatites and Associated Granitoids, Abu Had Area, South Eastern Desert, Egypt: Inference From Petrology and Geochemistry. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):536-554]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 77

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.77

Keywords: Magmatic garnet, pegmatite, Abu Had, Wadi El Gemal thrust, Arabian Nubian Shield

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Relation between socialization and organizational commitment: a survey between staff in headquarters of Keshavarzi Bank in I. R. IRAN

Hassan Darvish¹, Babak Ashtiani², Ali Reza Kafashzadeh³, Samira Farid⁴

^1. Department of Economy, Management and Accounting, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395 – 3697, Tehran, Iran. Email: dr_darvish@pnu.ac.ir; ^2. Department of Public Administration, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395 – 3697, Tehran, Iran. Email: babakashtiani@yahoo.com; ^3. Department of Public Administration, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395 – 3697, Tehran, Iran. Email: kafashzadehalireza@gmail.com; ^4. Department of Public Administration, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395 – 3697, Tehran, IRAN. Email: farid.aid61@gmail.com

Abstract: This research has been deal with the review of relationship between organizational socialization & commitment among the Bank keshavarzi staff. (Field Staff) The current research methodology will be as such the descriptive study, providing statistical analysis as type of correlation and it is also based on structural equation model. For this purpose, two questionnaires have been designed to review components of socialization and organizational commitment. Analysis results show that there are positive and direct relation between socialization related to the organizational commitment and its dimensions. It means that the more employee organization has higher socialization, the more organizational commitment will be. Among the dimensions of the organizational commitment, (affective, continuous, and normative) socialization has the most significant effect on increasing normative commitment among the employees of Bank keshavarzi (In headquarters).

[Hassan Darvish, Babak Ashtiani, Ali Reza Kafashzadeh, Samira Farid. Relation between socialization and organizational commitment: a survey between staff in headquarters of Keshavarzi Bank in I. R. IRAN. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):555-565]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 78

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.78

Key words: socialization, organizational commitment, affective, continuous and normative commitment

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Carbon Nanotube based Mass Nano-Biosensor

Ahmed M. Elseddawy, Walid A. Zein, Adel H. Phillips

Department of Mathematics and Engineering Physics and Faculty of Engineering, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

ahmadelseddawy@yahoo.com; adel.phillips@gmail.com

Abstract: Nano-electromechanical system based carbon nanotube is investigated as mass sensor of bio-molecules. The device in this case is modeled as carbon nanotube cantilever coupled to electronic tunneling process through such carbon nanotube. The conductance of this device is studied under the effects of magnetic field and ac-field of wide range of frequencies. Results for the conductance show periodic oscillations, which is due to photon assisted tunneling process. The resonant frequency shift and quality factor are solved numerically with dependence on the dimension of the carbon nanotube cantilever at different values of the mass of the bio-molecule. Results show both these parameters depend strongly on the length and the difference in radii of carbon nanotube. The high value of the quality factor, in the present paper, is impacted to applications of the present device to ultrafast bio-sensors and actuators. The present research can be potentially used for sensing the trace Acetone concentration in human breath, which leads to convenient, accurate and painless breath diagnosis of diabetics.

 [Ahmed M. Elseddawy, Walid A. Zein, Adel H. Phillips. Carbon Nanotube based Mass Bio-sensor. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):566-573]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 79

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.79

Keywords: Carbon nanotube (CNT),Nano electromechanical system (NEMS), Biosensor, Mass sensor.

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E-Guide for University Students

Ammar M. Huneiti¹, Rizik M. H. Al-Sayyed², Rola I. Al-Khalid¹, Dima Khalil¹, Heba Mousa¹

^1. Department of Computer Information Systems, King Abdullah II School for Information Technology, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; ^2. Department of Business Information Systems, King Abdullah II School for Information Technology, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan. a.huneiti@ju.edu.jo

Abstract: Universities all over the world have many buildings and facilities distributed inside and outside of their campus location, and they are used by students for different reasons such as academic, entertainment, services, etc. These may include faculty buildings, cafés, libraries, restaurants and others. For newly registered students and even current students, locating the location and the route to a certain facility is a troublesome task. This task is even more difficult for foreign and non-local students. Therefore, taking into consideration the advantages of digital guiding and navigation systems over static paper maps, a system was developed in order to guide students to facilities both inside and outside the university campus. This paper introduces the stages of development of such systems and their main features. In addition, the search operation and locating the shortest path to any place of interest are also described.

[Ammar Huneiti, Rizik Al-Sayyed, Rola Al-Khalid, Dima Khalil, Heba Mousa. E-Guide for University Students. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):574-581]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 80

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.80

Keywords: Maps, shortest path, E-Guide system, Dijkstra’s algorithm, university.

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Aspects of climate change and its associated impacts on wetland ecosystem functions - A review

Hayal Desta¹, Brook Lemma¹, Aramde Fetene²

1. Chair of Ecosystem Planning and Management, EiABC, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 518, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 2. Department of Natural Resources and Management, Debre Markos University, P. O. Box 269, Debre Markos, Ethiopia. hayaldesta@gmail.com

Abstract: Wetlands are one of the richest ecosystems on the earth and have enormous environmental and socioeconomic benefits to humanity. Scientific evidence is growing on the occurrence of human-induced climate change. Wetlands are among the ecosystems most vulnerable to anthropogenic activities being aggravated by climate change. This change in climate has the potential to alter water temperature, flow, runoff rate and timing, and the physical characteristics of the wetlands. Such disturbances vary in strength, frequency, predictability, duration, and spatial scale, and can disrupt ecological processes. These changes will have effects on the functioning of wetlands and then lead to changes in the critical goods and services of wetlands upon which human societies depend on. Wetlands are rich with many species of amphibians, small mammals, fishes, birds and aquatic plants. The value of wetlands as a habitat for these species depends on the size of the wetlands, diversity of vegetation, water quality, and soil conditions. However, these factors are under the major threats of climate change. The most pronounced effects on wetlands will be altered hydrological regimes and more frequent or intense extreme weather events. Wetlands in the tropics rely on direct precipitation and are most likely to be affected by climate change. A future hotter and drier climate may reduce wetlands in size, and convert some wetlands to dry land leading to a significant loss and degradation of the resources and associated biodiversity. The present paper reviews the current state of knowledge of the impacts of climate change on wetlands. It also assesses the types, and functions of wetlands which are more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The paper also suggests as a conclusion the importance of integrating strategies that help wetland ecosystems accommodate changes adaptively and mitigation actions that reduce anthropogenic influences on climate into the overall wetland management plans.

[Hayal D, Brook L, Aramde F. Aspects of climate change and its associated impacts on wetland ecosystem functions - A review. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):582-596]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 81

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.81

Keywords: wetlands; climate change; climate change impacts, biota

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Salicornia Extract as Corrosion Inhibitor of Carbon Steel in Acidic Medium

Kadhim F. Al-Sultani

University of Babylon- Iraq. finteelalsultani@yahoo.com

Abstract: The inhibitive effect by salicornia extract for carbon steel in 1M H₂SO₄ solution was investigated using gravimetric methods and electrochemical techniques at room temperature. The results showed that the presence of salicornia extract inhibited the corrosion of carbon steel and that the inhibition efficieucy depended on the concentration of the inhibitor as well as on the time expouser. The dry salicornia extract and the protective film have been analyzed using Fourier transform infrared FTIR spectroscopy. Inhibitive effects of the extract obtained from impedance and polarization measurements were found increase with increase concentration of inhibitor. The adsorption of the inhibitor characteristics were approximated by Langmuir adsorption isotherm at all concentration at 25 ºC. On the other hands, the metallurgical microscopy was used to observations the metallographic.

[Kadhim F. Al-Sultani. Salicornia Extract as Corrosion Inhibitor of Carbon Steel in Acidic Medium. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):597-602]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 82

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.82

Key word: carbon steel, salicornia extract, acidic media, Langmuir isotherm, FTIR, potentidynamic polarization.

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Transactional Analysis Model Used by Faculty Members in Their Interaction with Nursing Students

Mervat Hosny Shalaby and Shereen Mohamed Abo - El yzeed

Department of Psychiatric and Mental Health nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Tanta University

Dr.mshalaby@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background: the concept of transaction analysis model has played a vital role in nursing education. Communication between faculty members and students in teaching learning process is important to be able to learn desired behaviors because the communication process will affect both individuals. Healthy communication needs to be established and maintained particularly in enhanced environment. Objective: The present study determines different ego estates used by faculty members in their interaction with nursing students. Material and methods: This followed a descriptive research design. The study was carried out at Faculty of Nursing, Tanta University. The subjects of study consisted of 47 members of nursing educators that employed Faculty of Nursing Tanta University, and 225 members of nursing students'4^th years registered at the same faculty. Two tools were used: 1- students ' interview schedule. 2- Faculty members' interview schedule. Results: the main reveal that, the adult ego state was most often by faculty members in their relation with students, and there were a significant difference between faculty members and nursing students toward their perception about different ego states of faculty members. Recommendations: this study recommended that developed workshop to develop the faculty members' awareness of their behaviors that produced during interactions with students. Developed educational analysis approach in the relation with students and developed conferences about the important of faculty members- interaction and their influences on education process.

[Mervat Hosny Shalaby and Shereen Mohamed Abo - El yzeed. Transactional Analysis Model Used by Faculty Members in Their Interaction with Nursing Students. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):603-611]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 83

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.83

Key words: Transection analysis, Parent ego state, Adult ego state, Child ego state

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Reasons for accepting Total Quality Management (TQM) by the managers of physical education organization: a survey in Fars province of I.R.IRAN

Mansoureh Arzeshmand¹, Abdolrahman Mahdipoor²

¹. Department Of Sport Sciences, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395 – 3697, Tehran, IRAN.

². Assistant Professor, Ahvaz University, Iran

Abstract: This paper sets out the reasons for accepting Total Quality Management (TQM) by the managers of physical education organization of Fars province. Approach / Methodology – this is a descriptive correlation – based paper. The sample Includes 90 managers, assistants and deputy chairman of physical education offices of Fars province. The instrument used in this paper is the Spinwal’s (1994) standard questionnaire. The reliability coefficient (Cronbach’s α) of this study is about %84. In order to analyze data, Man-Whitnney’s non-parametric test and Spearman‘s correlation test are used. Findings - The paper makes clear that the managers of physical education are highly ready to accept TQM and also there is a meaningful relation between men's and women's acceptance of TQM. Conclusion – The managers of physical education organization of Fars province are highly ready to accept TQM.

[Mansoureh Arzeshmand, Abdolrahman Mahdipoor. Reasons for accepting Total Quality Management (TQM) by the managers of physical education organization: a survey in Fars province of I.R.IRAN. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):612-616]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 84

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.84

Key words: Total quality management, Physical education, Acceptance.

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Synthesis, Antimicrobial Activity, DNA-Binding Affinity and Molecular Docking of Certain 1,2,4-Triazolo[1,5-a]Pyrimidines as Nalidixic Acid Isosteres

Mariam A. Ghaly^1*, Eman R. El-Bendary¹, Ihsan A. Shehata¹, Said M. Bayomi¹, El-Sayed E. Habib²

^1. Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; ^2. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt. mariamaghaly2@yahoo.com

Abstract: A series of substituted 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines, of the general formula A, was synthesized and tested for in vitro activities against a panel of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria and the yeast-like pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. The results revealed that the G+ve bacteria Bacillus subtilis and to a lesser extent Staphylococcus aureus, and the G-ve E. coli, are sensitive to the majority of the synthesized compounds. In addition, the DNA binding affinity of the synthesized compounds was tested, and results of the qualitative preliminary assay showed that compounds 8c, 7c and 7a were the most active analogues. Consequently, docking studies were done for these compounds to identify the target receptors, and the results showed promising energy score of docking with enzymes related to bacterial infections.

[Ghaly MA, El-Bendary ER, Shehata IA, Bayomi SM, Habib EE. Synthesis, Antimicrobial Activity, DNA-Binding Affinity and Molecular Docking of Certain 1,2,4-Triazolo[1,5-a]Pyrimidines as Nalidixic Acid Isosteres. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):617-628]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 85

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.85

Keywords: 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines, synthesis, antimicrobial activity, DNA-binding affinity, molecular docking

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A Study of Silent Cerebral Infarcts in Pediatric Patients with Sickle Cell Disease by Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Eglal Hussein S. S. Algohary¹; Muneer Al Bagishi²; Qasem Al Alwan³; Ashwak Safi El-Din M.⁴; Waleed H. AlbuAli¹ and Fulton S.D’souza¹

¹Pediatric Department, College of Medicine, King Feisal University; ² PediatricDepartment, Maternity and Children Hospital- Al Ahsa; ³ Radiology Department; King Fahd Hospital- Al Ahsa; ⁴Department of FAMCO Medicine, college of Medicine KingAbdel Aziez University. eglal_hussein2007@yahoo.com

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a common hereditary disease in Saudi Arabia, with a high prevalence in the Eastern and Southern regions. Among the genitive basis of the disease, the homozygous form (Hb-SS) is the most seriousone. Silent cerebral infarcts (SCI) are the most common form of neurologic injury in those children and are defined as an abnormal magnetic resonance image (MRI) of the brain with increased signal intensity in multiple T2-weighted images accompanied by undetectable neurocognitive deficits on examination. OBJECTIVES:The present study is designed to detect the relative frequency of SCI using MRI among children with SCD as general and especially homozygous form (Hb-SS). Associated cognitive impairment is evaluated on basis of occurrence SCI in one hand and in relation to other risk factors associated with this chronic disease without SCI finding in the other hand. METHODOLOGY: A hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted on a total of 90 patients with SCD of both sexes, who had been followed since birth. They were consecutively seen and chosen neither have previous seizure or other neurological abnormality nor having history of cerebrovascular accident.From these patients, 59 were submitted to undergo MRI scanning and to evaluate their IQ level. Relationsbetween MRI finding, IQ levels and laboratory results are conducted. RESULTS:Age distribution of the studied SCD patients was ranged from 3 to 12 years and 8 months; with a mean equals 8.08±2.58 yrs. Male to female ratio was 3 to 2. SCI findings were detected in two patients; homozygous Hb-SS[A female and malepatients, their ages 9.17 and 7.75 years old respectively, haveMRI of the brain with increased signal intensity in multiple T2-weighted images] out of 53 homozygous Hb-SS (the relative frequency 3.77%), and out of total 59sickling patients subjected to MRI study ( the relative frequency 3.39%). Statistical analysis revealed strong significant correlations of IQ values decline in homozygous Hb-SS patients having SCI findings with all studied parameters(P< 0.01). Moreover, IQ values significantly inversely correlated with both age (p=0.01) and percentage of Hb.S (p=0.04); where it significantly directly correlated with both total Hb. Concentration (p=0.05) and percentage of Hb.F(p=0.013) in sickling patients without evidence of SCI. In spite ofIQ values in patients with HbSβ0-thalassemia showed the lowest subnormal values, they did not reach to statistical level. Percentage of Hb.A2, serum ferritin level, total leukocyte count, and platelets count are forming also risk factors that should be considered in the follow up of patients with SCD. CONCLUSION:SCD-SS is associated with an increased risk of silent infarction in diseased patients in a percentage of 3.77% in Al Ahsa, eastern area of KSA. A decline in the IQ values of those patients was significantly related to their age, Hemoglobin concentration, and percentageof Hb.S, Hb.F, and Hb.A2. Patients with HbSβ0-thalassemia are emerging to prone to risk ofsilent infarction& hazard of decline IQ as patient with homozygous Hb.SS.RECOMMENDATIONS:Regional newborn screening programs for SCD using hematological genetic phenotypic analysis should be considered in eastern area of KSA. Meticulous follow up of SCD-SS children, specially preteen age, and routine brain MRI scan will yield better prognosis and preserve their cognitive achievements. A Strategy for preventive therapy must be designed.

[Eglal Hussein S. S. Algohary; Muneer Al Bagishi; Qasem Al Alwan; Ashwak Safi El-Din M; Waleed H. AlbuAli and Fulton S.D’souza. A Study of Silent Cerebral Infarcts in Pediatric Patients with Sickle Cell Disease by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):629-640]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 86

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.86

Key words: Sickle cell disease; Silent cerebral infarcts;Magnetic resonance image;Cognitive impairment; IQ; Pediatrics

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Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Systemic Implantation on Glucocorticoid- Induced Osteoporosis in Male Rats: A Comparative Study with Alendronate

 Hanan Fathy Al-Saeed¹ and Ahmed Hashem Amin²

¹Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Egypt.

²Department of Orthopedic, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.

Hananfathy_1972@yahoo.com

Abstract: Objectives: The present study aims to assess if mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) transplantation could be useful in the treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO) in rats and to compare the effectiveness of this therapy with a commonly prescribed bisphosphonate (alendronate). Moreover, it aims to clarify the role of osteoprotegerin (OPG) in the development of GIO. Methods: Forty adult male albino rats were divided into four equal groups, ten rats each. The first group (group I) served as healthy control group, while osteoporosis was induced in the rest of the rats by daily intraperitoneal (ip) injection of 20 mg/kg dexamethasone for 3 wk after which the osteoporotic rats were divided into three groups: group II: osteoporotic non treated group, group III: injected once with bone marrow derived-mesenchymal stem cell (BMSCs) into tail vein and group IV was given ip injections of alendronate (ALN) 60 mg/kg in saline every other day for 4 weeks. On the 28^th day of BMSCs implantation, blood samples were obtained and sera were separated for estimation of bone turnover markers (osteocalcin and hydroxyproline). Bone samples were collected. Osteoprotegerin gene expression was determined with real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Also, histopathological examination of bone was done. Results: In the present study Glucocorticoids-induced osteoporosis is characterized by significant decrease in serum levels of osteocalcin (OC) and OPG gene expression in tibia with significant increase of hydroxyproline (HYP) levels in urine. At the end of the treatment period, both BMSCs and ALN increased serum levels of OC compared to GIO rats. There was no significant difference observed between two treated groups. Both BMSCs and ALN significantly reduced HYP urine levels compared to GIO rats. However, ALN, known as an antiresorptive compound lowered hydroxyproline levels significantly more when compared with BMSCs-treated group. Also, OPG gene expression was significantly higher in the ALN-treated group, compared to GIO group, control group and BMSCs-treated group. Also, BMSCs-treated group showed significant increase in OPG gene expression compared to GIO group but its level still lower than the control level. Conclusion: Bone regen­eration through induction of BMSCs could promote osteogenesis and provide a rational therapeutic strategy for osteoporosis. However, new approach to increase the homing and retention of the BMSCs to bone is required to augment bone formation and increase bone mass for the treatment of osteoporosis.

[Hanan Fathy Al-Saeed and Ahmed Hashem Amin. Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Systemic Implantation on Glucocorticoid- Induced Osteoporosis in Male Rats: A Comparative Study with Alendronate. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):641-650]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 87

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.87

Keywords: glucocorticoid, osteoporosis, mesenchymal stem cells, osteoprotegerin, bone turnover markers.

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Assessment of Natural Radioactivity Levels and Associated Radiation Hazards of Building Materials used in Saudi Arabia

W.R. Alharbi, J.H. AlZahrani

Physics Department, Faculty of Science for Girls, king AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

WAlhrbi@keu.edu.sa

Abstract: In order to assess the radiological hazards to human health in a living environment, the level of natural radionuclides (²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K) present in various building materials available in Saudi Arabia (Jeddah city) analayzed using Gamma-ray spectrometry. The results showed that the activity concentration of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K was between 12.6 Bq/kg (Brick- clay) –31.5 Bq/kg (Granite), 9.2Bq/kg (Brick-clay) - 27.2Bq/kg (Granite) and 114.4Bq/kg (Brick-clay) –534.7Bq/kg (Granite), respectively. The radiological hazard parameters radium equivalent activity, gamma index, absorbed dose rate and the annual exposure rate, were calculated to assess the radiation hazards associated with Saudian buildings. All studied samples are lower than world average limits. The results are compared with the published data of other countries and with the world average limits. The measurements help in the development of standards and guidelines for the use and management of building materials.

[W.R. Alharbi, J.H. AlZahrani. Assessment of Natural Radioactivity Levels and Associated Radiation Hazards of Building Materials used in Saudi Arabia. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):651-656]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 88

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.88

Keywords: Natural activity, Gamma spectroscopy, Building material.

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In Vivo Study of the Effectiveness of Ozonized Olive Oil Gel on Inhibiting Enamel Demineralization during Orthodontic Treatment

Safaa Ali Ghobashy¹ and Heba Mohamed El-Tokhey²

¹Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University; ² Department Oral biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University. dr.safaa_ghobashy@yahoo.com

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ozonized olive oil gel in reducing enamel demineralization around orthodontic bracket during orthodontic treatment, and to compare it with the control. Methods: Fourteen patients scheduled to have premolars extraction as a part of orthodontic treatment were participated in the present study, aged 15- 18 years. The patients were randomly divided into 3 groups; control group (16 upper and lower premolars) and two experimental groups (20 upper and lower premolars for each). In Control group no treatment was applied on the premolars. In experimental groups (I and II), after etching and bracket bonding, T-loops were formed with 0.014 inch stainless steel wire and engaged on the experimental teeth. In experimental group II, ozonized olive oil gel was applied sparingly to the tooth surface with concentration of 20:25 µgm/ml. Participants were instructed to apply the ozonized olive oil gel to the buccal surface of the premolars three times daily for 8 weeks after regular oral hygiene procedures. After 8 weeks, the brackets were deboned and the premolars extracted carefully. The premolars of each group were divided into 2 equal numbers; 28 premolars prepared for elemental analyses (calcium and phosphorus) followed by scanning electron microscope investigation, and 28 premolars examined with polarized light. ANOVA test was applied followed by LSD post hoc test to compare between each 2 groups. Results: ANOVA test showed statistical significant differences for Ca/P ratio between all groups (p <0.001). Polarized light and scanning electron microscopic examination revealed that ozonized olive oil gel was efficient in reducing enamel demineralization with almost normal appearance of perikymata and new hydroxyapatite crystal deposition. Conclusion: The use of ozonized olive oil gel in addition to the standard oral hygiene regimen was found to be beneficial for orthodontic patients to prevent enamel decalcification during treatment.

[Safaa Ali Ghobashy and Heba Mohamed El-Tokhey. In Vivo Study of the Effectiveness of Ozonized Olive Oil Gel on Inhibiting Enamel Demineralization during Orthodontic Treatment. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):657-666]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 89

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.89

Keywords: Demineralization, ozone, polarized light, scanning electron microscope.

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An investigation of domestic urban tourism by using statistical models

(A case study of Kermanshah City)

Mahmoud Daryaei ¹, Ramin Asadi ² and Edris Babakhanzadeh ³

¹ Azerbaijan Industry and Agriculture Development and Studies co. mah_daryaei@yahoo.com

Tel: +989141150816; ² Azerbaijan Industry and Agriculture Development and Studies co. ra_asadi@yahoo.com; Tel: +989123997845; ³ MA of Geography and urban planning, University of Isfahan- Iran. Edris.babakhanzadeh@yahoo.com. Tel: +989188570651

Abstract: Tourism is one of the important industries and growing sector in the national economy of the country. Urban tourism has recently gained attention by the researchers and also urban planners. The present paper aims to investigate urban tourism challenges in Kermanshah city as one of the oldest urban center of Zagros with its unique geographical position in the western border of Iran. The city has a great potential to be developed in tourism industry and plays an economic role in the province of Kermanshah. It seems that despite the high capacity of the city for tourism development, there are many hindrances for the growth of such industry. The methodology of the research is based on descriptive and analytical method by using statistical techniques. The data was collected by conducting a field work through questionnaire completion. The statistical population of the research was domestic tourists of Kermanshah city and the number of the sample size was 322 people. The socio-economic data was analyzed by applying SPSS and then were depicted via Arc GIS. The results revealed that there are some problems for tourism development like lack of proper advertisement and also the weakness of tourism infrastructures. The city has rich tourism socio-cultural elements which could help the development of the city’s economy. It is concluded that by developing the urban tourism, the region would bear less negative environment impacts and gains a more diverse economy.

[Asadi R, Daryaei M, Babakhanzadeh E. An investigation of domestic urban tourism by using statistical models (A case study of Kermanshah City). J Am Sci 2012;8(10):667-674]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 90

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.90

Keywords: urban tourism, Pearson’s test, historical sites, tourism capacities, Kermanshah

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The Skeletal Stability of Maxillary Advancement in Combination with Bilateral Sagittal Split Ramus Osteotomy

Mohamed Diaa Z. Ismail

Associate Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University

Corresponding author: diaa67@yahoo.com

Abstract: The aim of the current study is to assess the efficiency of poly-L- lactic acid (PLLA) plating system for LeFort I maxillary advancement stability in combination with bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy (BSSRO). The current study was conducted on 16 patients with age range 20-33 years old with skeletal class III. After preoperative workup, all patients were submitted for Le Fort I maxillary advancement and mandibular setback by BSSRO. The patients were divided into 2 equal groups. Titanium miniplates and monocortical screws were utilized for fixation in group I while, PLLA plating system was used for group II. Statistical significant differences were identified between the two groups in S-ANS perpendicular to SN, S-PNS perpendicular to SN, S-PNS parallel to SN and S-A point parallel to SN. Moreover, no statistical significant differences were identified in S-ANS parallel to SN and S- A point parallel to SN. In conclusion, these results suggested a slight tendency for vertical impaction after Le fort I osteotomy in group II, although difference in time course changes were not clinically apparent and normal occlusion was established in all patient.

[Mohamed Diaa Z. Ismail. The Skeletal Stability of Maxillary Advancement in Combination with Bilateral Sagittal Split Ramus Osteotomy. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):675-679]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 91

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.91

Key words: plating system, bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy, LeFort I osteotomy

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To what extent do the content –centered books cause the application of traditional methods in comparison to information technology?

 Hamid Khademmasjedi

 Khademmasjedi.55@gmail.com

Abstract: Nowadays, students enter the class while they are more ready and expect teachers to use new and up to date methods in learning –teaching classes. But unfortunately, sometimes Their instrument used in educational system is not up dated and modern and teachers have to use traditional methods One of These tools and of course, the most important one is The educational book which its content is not so different from the previous years’ book. It seems that this problem causes teacher not using information technology to improve the process of teaching –learning. The aim of the present study is to investigate this issue. This study is surveying type. The sample of the study is 380 subjects which were selected randomly from 950 teachers. The findings of the study that the content –centered book paves the way for application of traditional method in comparison to the information technology. The authorities of educational system should provide the situation and give more permission to the teachers to bring changes in the content of books and also pave the way to use educational technology to digitize the books into e-books. So that teachers do suitable and practical planning in the best way.

Hamid Khademmasjedi. To what extent do the content –centered books cause the application of traditional methods in comparison to information technology? Forests. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):680-683]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 92

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.92

Key words: ICT, high school education, technology, book’s content, Information technologies

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Histopathological Changes in Some Organs of Male Rats Fed on Genetically Modified Corn (Ajeeb YG)

El-Shamei¹, Z. S., Gab-Alla¹, A.A., Shatta¹, A. A, Moussa², E. A. and Rayan¹, A. M.

¹ Food Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, ² Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt. ammrayan@yahoo.com

Abstract : Ajeeb YG is a genetically modified (GM) insect resistant corn produced by incorporated the MON 810 (Monsanto) borer resistance trait in the best corn germplasm Ajeeb. The safety of Ajeeb YG corn was assessed by comparison of toxicology response variables in rats consuming diets containing Ajeeb YG with those containing Ajeeb corn grains. Corn grains from Ajeeb YG or Ajeeb were incorborated into rodent diets at 30% concentrations administered to rats (n= 10/group) for 91 days. An additional negative control group of rats (n= 10/group) were fed AIN93G diets. Rats fed on GM corn showed histopathological changes. Liver displayed cytoplasmic vacuolation of centrolobular hepatocytes and fatty degeneration of hepatocytes. Kidneys showed congestion of renal blood vessels and cystic dilatation of renal tubules. Testes revealed necrosis and desquamation of spermatogoneal germ cells lining seminiferous tubules. Spleen showed slight lymphocytic depletion and splenic congestion. Small intestine showed hyperplasia, hyperactivation of mucous secretory glands and necrosis of intestinal villi were detected. Due to these observations, we suggest that the risk of GM crops cannot be ignored and deserves further investigations in order to identify possible long-term effects, if any, of GM food consumption that might help in the post market surveillance.

[El-Shamei, Z. S., Gab-Alla, A.A., Shatta, A. A, Moussa, E. A. and Rayan, A. M. Histopathological Changes in Some Organs of Male Rats Fed on Genetically Modified Corn (Ajeeb YG)] Journal of American Science 2012;8(10): 684-696]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 93

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.93

Key words: genetically modified corn; histopathology; rats; liver, kidney; small intestine

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Effect of SiO₂ addition on the electrical properties of Ni-doped Cu-Cr ferrites

El- Kony D.

Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt. drdohaelkony@yahoo.com

Abstract: Ferrite samples having the composition (Cu_1-xNi_xCr FeO_4; x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8) was prepared using the usual ceramic technique. Then composites of these ferrites with SiO₂ were prepared by mixing 25% weight of SiO₂ powder with 75% weight of each composition of the ferrite powders. The dc conductivity and the dielectric properties of the samples were investigated. The dielectric constant (ɛ′) and ac conductivity (σʹ_ac) were measured at different frequencies and temperatures. The variation of the ac conductivity with temperature shows semiconducting behavior, whilst with frequency it shows almost constant values over a wide range especially at high temperatures and a slight increase with increasing frequency at lower temperatures. This behavior indicates that the studied composites may be good candidates for many applications. The dielectric constant shows some broad peaks which shifts to higher frequencies with increasing the temperature. These results are explained as due to the existence of two types of charge carriers (n and P) in Cu containing ferrites. The algebraic sum of their contribution to the polarization gives rise to those peaks. The results show that adding silicon dioxide has reduced the conductivity significantly or in other words increased the resistivity of the material, which improves the dielectric properties of the system to be used in applications that requires very low levels of eddy currents.

[El- Kony D.. Effect of SiO₂ addition on the electrical properties of Ni-doped Cu-Cr ferrites. Journal of American Science 2012;8(10):697-705]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 94

doi:10.7537/marsjas081012.94