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Previous, Present and Future Characters in “Cherry Orchard” play

Ali Reza Bonyadi

Literature institute, National Academy of Sciences of republic of Armenia, Grigor Lusavorich, Yerevan 0015, Armenia. Bonyadi.A.R@gmail.com

Abstract: Chekhov’s heroes criticize the situation, mock at themselves and at the others. Chekhov describes the past, present and the future of humans. His heroes have difficulties connected to save their estate. They cannot plan their life and even in the end of the play we hear the noise of tree cutting, which is the witness of destruction of estate. Chekhov put a mirror in front of humans for them to see their problems and solve them. His heroes are ordinary, credulous people.

[Ali Reza Bonyadi. Previous, Present and Future Characters in “Cherry Orchard” play. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):9-14]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 2

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.02

Keywords: Anton Chekhov, Cherry orchard, Character

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Transcranial Doppler in Monitoring Management of Patients with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Mahmoud Elbadry¹, Shereen Aly², Khaled El Kafas³ and Ahmed Yassein²

¹Critical Care Medicine Department Cairo University, ³Radiology Department Cairo University

²Critical Care Medicine Beni Sweif University

*albadrymd@yahoo.com

Abstract: Cerebral vasospasm remains the most significant and most common complication following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) which is defined as bleeding into the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia matter surrounding the brain. Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is non invasive tool allowing for bedside monitoring to determine flow velocities indicative of changes in vascular caliber. The true value of this technique as sensitive predictor alone for diagnosing clinical vasospasm, still mater of debate. Aim of the study: was to evaluate the role of TCD in monitoring patients with SAH and early detection of pre symptomatic vasospasm that may help in further early management. Methods: This study was carried out on 30 patients diagnosed to have acute subarachnoid hemorrhage presented within 48 hrs. from onset and confirmed by CT brain. Patients were divided into: Group A; included 15 patients that were monitored by both the usual standard clinical and neurological evaluation and Group B; included the other 15 patients that were subjected in additions to standard clinical evaluation, to continuous non-invasive TCD every 48 hours from day 4 to day 21 of hospital admission. Results: There was 19 females and 11 males with mean age 46.5+11.4 year. Of them, 73.3% were hypertensive and 13.3% were diabetic. Delayed ischemic neurological deficits (DIND) developed in 9 of 30 patients, 6 (40%) pts in group A and only 3 (20%) pts in group B & was not related to the cause of SAH (P: 0.9). There was no significant correlation between Hess and Hunt grading and the occurrence of DIND (P: 0.7). Patients with DIND had a significantly higher peak systolic velocity (PSV)of middle cerebral artery(MCA)in comparison to patients who had no DIND at serial TCD1,2,3 measurements and P values were 0.002, 0.038, 0.026 respectively, but no significance of the difference of percentage of change from the baseline TCD1. Analysis of area under ROC curve revealed, at PSV 172 cm /sec & area under the curve 0.75, sensitivity of 60% & specificity of 88% & the p value was 0.09. Conclusion: TCD is a useful tool for screening symptomatic vasospasm and for early prediction of DIND in SAH pts.

[Mahmoud Elbadry, Shereen Aly, Khaled El Kafas and Ahmed Yassein. Transcranial Doppler in Monitoring Management of Patients with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):15-21]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 3

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.03

Key words: DIND: delayed ischemic neurological deficits & TCD: transcranial Doppler & SAH: subarachnoid hemorrhage & cerebral vasospasm. Hess & Hunt grade

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Efficacy of N. sativa oil and Glimepiride on the Histopathological Changes of Streptozotocin -Induced Diabetic Rats

Nahla AG. Ahmed Refat

Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt

nahla_kashmery@hotmail.com

Abstract: Forty eight adult male Wistar rats were used to study the effect of N. sativa oil and glimepiride (Amaryl^®) and its combination on the treatment of lesions induced by STZ- induced diabetic rats. The rats were randomly distributed into 8 groups (Gps) of 6 rats each. Gp. 1 was left without treatment, gp. 2 was orally given 2 ml physiological saline solution, gp. 3 was normal rats, intraperitoneally injected with 0.20 ml of N. sativa oil /kg B.wt, gp. 4 was normal rats, orally administrated with 0.08 mg Amaryl^® /kg B.wt. and gp. 5 was intraperitonially injected with a single dose of STZ (65 mg/kg B.wt.).While gp.6 was diabetic rats, intraperitoneally injected with 0.20 ml of N. sativa oil /kg B.wt., gp.7 was diabetic rats, orally administrated once daily with 0.08 mg Amaryl^® /kg B.wt. and finally gp.8 was diabetic rats co-treated with N. sativa oil and Amaryl^®.Diabetic rats (gp.5) revealed severe pathological changes in liver, kidneys, lung, brain and pancreas. Congested, thickened and hyalinized hepatic and renal arteries were seen. Hemorrhage and focal interstitial aggregations of lymphocytes besides massive degenerative changes and necrosis were observed in the liver and kidneys. The kidneys revealed also hyaline thickening and calcification of glomerular tufts. The lung showed focal thickening in the interalveolar septa. The bronchioles showed hyperplasia and desquamation of its lining epithelia. The pulmonary arteries showed narrowing of its lumina by thickened and hyalinized tunica media. The brain revealed congestion of the meningeal and cerebral blood vessels, encephalomalacia, satellitosis, neuronophagia and gliosis. The pancreas revealed congested, thickened and hyalinized blood vessels with perivascular edema and lymphocytic infiltration. Atrophied islets with massive degeneration and severe necrosis of β-cells were seen. Some pancreatic acinar cell showed vacuolation. The pancreatic ducts and intercalated ducts revealed hyperplasia. The electron microscopic examination of pancreas showed markedly decreased number and degranulated β-cells, with dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum, crystalysis in mitochondria and nuclear morphological changes. However, diabetic rats treated with Amaryl^® (gp.7) ameliorated the histological alterations better than those treated with N. sativa oil (gp.6) but did not reach the normal structural pattern. On the other hand, liver, kidneys, lung, brain and pancreas of control group (gp.1), experimental groups (gps.2, 3, 4) and those co-treated by N. sativa oil and Amaryl^® (gp.8) exhibited normal histological and fine structural picture. Collectively, it could be concluded that the N. sativa oil and Amaryl^® are effective in amelioration the lesions of STZ induced diabetic rats. Co-treatment with Amaryl and N. sativa was more potent than each one alone where the lesions were completely absent.

[Nahla AG. Ahmed Refat. Efficacy of N. sativa oil and Glimepiride on the Histopathological Changes of Streptozotocin -Induced Diabetic Rats. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):22-33]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 4

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.04

Keywords: N. Stavius oil, Glimepiride, Streptozotocin, Diabetes mellitus and Histopathology

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Experimental Study on Polymer-Surfactant Effects on Enhance Oil Recovery from Dead-End

Hadi Jabari¹, Ahmad Ramazani S.A², Mohsen masihi²

¹department of Petroleum Engineering, science and research branch, Islamic azad university, tehran, iran

²Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

Hadi_oilengineering@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this study, effects of polymer-surfactant flooding on oil recovery from dead end in glass micromodel have been experimentally investigated. A micromodel containing a long capillary connected to some dead ends having different aspect ratios have been designed and fabricated. Different polymer flooding and combination of polymer surfactant flooding experiments have been done at constant injection rate. Obtained results show that with increasing concentration of polymer in flooding fluid, the sweep efficiency from dead end increases considerably which could be attributed to the shear stress increase and also the hole-pressure increase in the dead ends. Presented results also show that increase in percentage of hydrolyzed and sulfonated groups in polyacrylamide chains results in more oil sweep efficiency from dead ends. The results show that addition of surfactant to polymer flooding solution increases oil sweep efficiency from dead ends considerably, which is much more significant for highly sulfonated polyacryamide polymers.

[Hadi Jabari1, Ahmad Ramazani S.A, Mohsen masihi. Experimental Study on Polymer-Surfactant Effects on Enhance Oil Recovery from Dead-End. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):34-39]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 5

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.05

Key words: polymer- surfactant flooding, sulfonate, hydrolyze, dead end, Hole-pressure effect, elasticity attribute

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Cloning and Expression of Three Extradiol Dioxygenases Type I from the Unique Dioxin Degrader Sphingomonas Wittichii RW1

Mahmoud I.Nasr1, Hamdy A.Hassan2٭, Hanafy A.Hamza3, El-Sayed A.El-Absawy4 and Mai A.Omar1.

Departments of 1 Molecular Biology; 2 Environmental Biotechnology; 3 Microbial Biotechnology and 4 Bioinformatics, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, Menoufia University, Egypt
hamdyhassan1973@yahoo.com, youomicro85@yahoo.com
 

Abstract: Sphingomonas wittichii RW1 is the unique dioxin degrader bacterium, where dioxin compounds is the most problematic environmental pollutants which cause cancer and a number of serious effects on the immune system. Extradiol dioxygenases (Edos) play a pivotal role in the metabolism of dioxin degradation. Three Edos type I genes termed edo9, edo10 and edo11 were identified and characterized in Sphingomonas wittichii RW1. The three genes were amplified and cloned into pTz57R/T Vector, all the three clones harbor edo9, edo10, and edo11 capable to meta-cleave 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl turned into yellow coloration compound 2-hydroxyl-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate. Over expression of the three genes edo9, edo10, and edo11 were observed by SDS PAGE at 40KDa, 35KDa and 36KDa, respectively. These genes may be act as functional genes in the metabolic pathway of the Dioxin. These findings may benefit in the bioremediation of dioxin by selecting the vital Edos for the mineralization of dioxin compounds.
[Mahmoud I.Nasr, Hamdy A.Hassan, Hanafy A.Hamza, El-Sayed A.El-Absawy and Mai A. Omar Cloning and Expression of Three Extradiol Dioxygenases Type I from the Unique Dioxin Degrader Sphingomonas Wittichii RW1. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):40-45]. (ISSN: 1545 1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 6

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.06

Keywords: Dioxin, Dibenofuran, Dibenzo-p-dioxins, Extradiol dioxygenase(edos), 2,3 dihydroxybiphenyl

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Assessment of Landslides of the Hillslopes in Makkah Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques

Khalid Al Harbi^{1, 2}, Mohammed El Bastawesy^{1, 3*} Turki Habibullah^3,4 and Mousad Mandour¹

¹Geography department of Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabai

²Centre of Research and Excellence in Hajj and Omrah (HajjCore), Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia

³National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences (NARSS), Egypt

⁴The Custodian of The Two Holy Mosques Institute for Hajj and Omrah, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

* mabastawesy@uqu.edu.sa; m.elbastawesy@narss.sci.eg

Abstract: The landslides of Makkah hillslopes have been assessed using remote sensing, GIS and fieldwork techniques. The geology and geomorphology of Makkah is controlled the urban development of the city on limited alluvial plains, footslopes and rock-cut parcels of the piedmonts. High resolution satellite images were utilized to determine rock-cut slopes, land use and land cover maps, which were created by geographic information system (GIS) and verified in the field. The development of regolith covers hillslopes is controlled by the dominant geological setting, structures, weathering mechanisms and palaeohydrological setting. The stability conditions of debris materials on hillslopes have been affected by the ongoing rock-cutting processes of the piedmont. The simple slopes covered by regolith of different shapes and dimensions are in stable conditions, as the surface roughness, which is high and could retain the limited landslides. On the other hand, compound slopes are mantled by abandoned terraces of various-sized sediments and assigned as the most susceptible for landslides. The relict palaeohydrological features and abandoned terraces are being gullied by occasional heavy storms and resulting overland flow and runoff. The extent of gulling, mud and debris flows and the buildup of debris at talus cones are characterized by high spatial variability. Furthermore the landslides also depend on the morphometrical parameters of abandoned terraces, profiles of hillslopes and upslope contributing areas of the overland flow and runoff. However these slow and occasional landslides may have very limited impact on urban areas, but further complication could arise as, for example, a key electricity distribution station in Makkah is constructed on the top of local piedmont being gullied by occasional storms. Moreover, the buildup of dumping sites for waste rock fills has also induced significant changes in the landforms of Makkah, which has blocked certain active alluvial channels used to covey flash floods.

[Nagy Abdel Hamid El Mahallawy. Improvement of soft soils using reinforced sand over stone columns. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):46-53]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 7

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.07

Key word: Landslides, Hillslopes, Makkah, Remote Sensing, GIS

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Microbiostratigraphy Of The Early Cretaceous Sequence In Northeast Of Shiraz, Zagros Basin, Southwest Iran

Mahnaz Parvaneh Nejad Shirazi, Fatemeh Abedi

Department of Geology, Payame Noor University. PO BOX 19395-3697 Tehran, IRAN

mahnaz402002@yahoo.com

Abstract: Several stratigraphic units were analyzed in detail and a biostratigraphic zonation of the early Cretaceous rocks of the Fars basin (Sw. Iran) is proposed. All stratigraphic units were studied for the determination foraminifers accompanying with calcareous algae. Eighty samples from the ­early Cretaceous (Daryian Formation), Iran, were analyzed via light microscopy of thin sections, yielding 32 species. The following taxa are the most abundant: Mesorbitolina texana, Mesorbitolina parva, Pseudocyclammina lituus, Pseudochrysalidina conica, Pseudochrysalidina cf. arabica, Pseudocyclammina hedbergi, Praechrysalidina infracretacea, Cuneolina pavonia, Dictyocunus arabicus, Iraqia simplex, Vercosella laurentii, Protomarssonella trochus, Nautiloculina oolithica, and calcareous algae such as Salpingoporella dinarica, Trinocladus tripolitanus, Terquemella sp. and Lithocodium aggregatum–Bacinella irregularis. These assemblages can be assigned to the Mesorbitolina texana–Pseudocyclamina lituus Assemblage Zone indicative of an Aptian–early Albian age. The Daryian Formation is overlain by the Kazhdumi Formation and is underlain by the Gadvan Formation.

[Mahnaz Parvaneh Nejad Shirazi, Fatemeh Abedi. Microbiostratigraphy of The Early Cretaceous Sequence in Northeast of Shiraz, Zagros Basin, Southwest Iran. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):54-57]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 8

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.08

Keywords: Microbiostratigraphy; early Cretaceous; Shiraz; Zagros; Iran

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Green Tea Extract Ameliorates Liver and Pituitary Gland Toxicity Induced by Diethylnitrosamine in Male Rats 

Mahmoud, M.S. and Abdul-Hamid, M.

Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University

medo_bio@yahoo.com

Abstract: Diethylnitrosamine, one of the most important environmental carcinogen, has been suggested to cause the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in oxidative stress and cellular injury. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the green tea extract (GTE) as an antioxidant on the toxicity of DEN on liver and pituitary gland. Consequently, the study was carried out in four groups as follows: G1, control animals; G 2, administrated green tea only; G 3, rats injected only with a single dose of 200 mg/kg DEN and G 4, rats received a single dose of 200 mg/kg DEN and green tea extract (100 mg/kg b.wt) for the same period (30 days). It was found that DEN-related changes occur in the histology, histochemistry and ultrastructure of the liver and pituitary gland. The histopathological changes of the liver included clear signs of severe hepatic injury. Ultrastructural changes showed destructed cell membrane, Pyknotic nuclei, vacuolated cytoplasm, dilated endoplasmic reticulum reduction or complete loss of cristae in the mitochondria. Ultrastructural study of the pituitary gland showed cellular degeneration, which seemed to involve many cell types containing secretory granules. As regard in the pituitary gland and liver marked increase in collagen fibers and marked decrease in protein, carbohydrates and DNA contents were observed. Treatment with green tea as antioxidant and free radical scavenger caused improvement of these changes in the liver as well as the pituitary gland.

[Mahmoud, M.S. and Abdul-Hamid. M. Green Tea Extract Ameliorates Liver and Pituitary Gland Toxicity Induced by Diethylnitrosamine in Male Rats. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):58-71]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 9

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.09

Key words: diethylnitrosamine, liver, pituitary gland, histopathology, histochemistry and ultrastructure.

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Considering Everyday Work Problematic Issues to Recuperate Managers' Competency: A Diagnostic-Recovery Approach

 Amgad Hamed Omara

Business Administration Dept. Faculty of Commerce, Menoufia University Egypt

amgadomara63@yahoo.com

Abstract: This research addresses managers' competence/incompetence concerning the everyday problematic issues and/or situations. An overview has been made to the theory in relation to the concept of competency. As a consequence a two-side conceptual framework was constituted to show both the characteristic-based and the performance-based streams of competency concept. This was utilized for establishing a theo-hypothetical model. The focus was to find out to what extent there is a relationship between on the one hand, the incompetence of managers in dealing with problematic issues; those are problems, complexities and crises, on the other hand the failure of these managers to diagnose such issues, to select the most fitting method in dealing with them, and to apply properly the selected methods. This relationship has initially been expressed through three main null hypotheses; each contains three sub-hypotheses. Dependent variable was collectively expressed by the former ones or incompetence concerning the different problematic issues while independent variables were separately expressed by the latter ones or the three claimed aspects of manager's failure. A measure was particularly established for the purpose of this research in the form of questionnaire. It was empirically administered to collect data from a stratified random sample of 172 respondents who are proportionally representing the Menoufia University academic and administrative staff. Processing the collected primary data for statistically testing the hypotheses, it was found out that the failure of managers concerning the diagnosis of issues, the selection of fitting method, and the proper application of methods are explanatory factors of their incompetence in dealing with problematic issues. Accordingly the null hypotheses were refused to accept alternatively the inverse ones, those proving the existence of significantly denoted relationship between the dependent variable and those independent ones. The main justification to this result was the unaware of Menoufia University general administrative mangers or GAMs concerning the three explanatory variables. That's why recommendations were hub-revolving around their need for awareness in such fields.

[Amgad Hamed Omara. Considering Everyday Work Problematic Issues to Recuperate Managers' Competency: A Diagnostic-Recovery Approach. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):72-98]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 10

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.10

Keywords: Competence; Incompetence; Problematic; Issues/situations; Problems; Complexities; Crises; GAMs; Characteristic-based; Performance-based; Theo-hypothetical; Model; Diagnosing; Selecting; Applying; solving; treating; facing; Unawareness; Awareness.

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Occupational Hazards: Prevention of Health Problems among Bakery Workers in Benha City

^*Hanaa A. A. Yossif, and Ebtisam M. Abd Elaal

Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Benha University, Benha, Egypt

^*Hana_hana779@yahoo.com

Abstract: Workers in bakeries face many hazards in their work environment; hazards have the potential for causing injury or illness. They should be instructed on how to avoid or prevent potential health problems and be properly trained to follow recommended work safety. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the occupational health program on prevention of health problems related to occupational hazards among bakery workers in Benha City. Design: A quasi experimental design was used. Setting: This study was conducted at bakeries in Benha City. Sample: All workers in the 10 bakeries randomly chosen out of 93 bakeries were included as study sample to collect data. Tools: Two tools were used for data collection I- An interviewing questionnaire designed to collect data about demographic characteristics of workers, self reported health problems of the workers during last 6 months, occupational health hazards facing the workers and the workers’ knowledge about health problems related to occupational hazards and their prevention at bakeries. II- Observational checklist designed to evaluate (a) Bakeries environment, (b) Safety measures, and (c) Bakery workers’ practices to provide first aid for emergency situation. Results: They revealed that the majority of bakery workers did not receive training courses about occupational safety, bakery workers had more than one health problems as common cold, eye inflammation back pain, and headache, most of them had poor knowledge regarding health problems and their prevention related to occupational hazards and were facing excessive heat and noise as regular problems. Conclusion: This study concluded that, the bakery workers had poor knowledge regarding health problems related to occupational hazards and their prevention before the program; however, their knowledge was improved after the program implementation. Statistically significant differences were detected regarding all items of first aid between before and after the program. Recommendations: Continues of occupational health program to all workers at bakeries to upgrade their knowledge and practice for prevention of health problems related to occupational hazards, it includes the following: Training courses about occupational hazards, health problems and their prevention, safety measure, using personal protective devices and first aid. In addition, regular periodic screening for all bakeries workers is very important. Occupational Hazards: Prevention of Health Problems among Bakery Workers in Benha City.

[Hanaa A. A. Yossif, and Ebtisam M. Abd Elaal. Occupational Hazards: Prevention of Health Problems among Bakery Workers in Benha City. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):99-108]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 11

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.11

Key Words: Bakeries, environment, training program

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Monocyte Chemotactic Protein -1, Nitrite and C - reactive protein in Diabetic Retinopathy

Khaled M.Hadhoud¹, Ashraf M.El Hefni¹, Ihab M. Salem¹, Reda A. Mahdy ^2, Waleed M. Nada ², Shereen A.El-Tarhony³ and Doaa A. Abdel Moeity⁴

Departments of Internal medicine¹, Ophthalmology², Medical Biochemistry³ and Physiology⁴, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt

ABSTRACT: Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major cause of visual loss worldwide. DR presents in 10% of persons with diabetes Although hyperglycemia and hypertension are cleary involved in the pathogenesis of DR, other risk factors and pathogenetic pathways are not fully elucidated despite substantial research. Objective: This study was planned to look for a relationship between moncyte chemotactic protein- 1(MCP-1) levels in the aqueous humor and serum and diabetic retinopathy (DR), also to evaluate the possible role of serum nitrite and C-reactive protein (CRP) in the development of DR. subjects & methods: The study included 90 type-2 diabetic patients, 45 of them complicated with non proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) (group1) and 45 patients had proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) (group 2), as well as 42 healthy subjects served as control group (group 3). All subjects were subjected to complete clinical examination, thorough ocular examination including ophthalmoscope and proper investigations with stress on lipid profile, fasting, 2hour postprandial blood glucose, HbA1c, serum MCP-1, serum CRP, serum nitrite and aqueous MCP-1. Results: A significant increase in the aqueousMCP-1 level was detected in patients with diabetic retinopathy when compared with control group (P=0.014). There was nonsignificant difference in aqueous MCP-1 in – between both groups of DR (P=0.624). On the other hand, there was nonsignificant difference in serum MCP-1 between patients with DR and control group (P=0.086). There was a very highly significant increase in the serum nitrite level in patients with DR when compared with control group (P<0.001), also a very highly significant increase in the sprum nitrite level was detected in PDR group compared with NPDR group (P<0.001). On the other hand, there was nonsignificant difference in serum CRR level between patients with DR and control group (P=0.86). There were significant increases in the serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, serum LDL levels while there was significant decrease in serum HDL level in patients with diabetic retinopathy when compared with the control group. Also, a highly significant positive correlation was found between serum MCP-1 and HbA1c level in patients with DR. conclusion:MCP-1 in the aqueous humor as a marker is diagnostic for DR rather than its severity, also the role of nitric oxide in DR not only confined to the development but also to the progression of the disease.

[Khaled M.Hadhoud, Ashraf M.El Hefni, Ihab M.Salem Reda A. Mahdy, Waleed M. Nada, Shereen A.El- Tarhony and Doaa A. Abdel. Moeity. Monocyte Chemotactic Protein -1, Nitrite and C-Reactive Protein in Diabetic Retinopathy. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):109-118]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 12

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.12

Keywords: monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), serum nitrite, CRP & diabetic retinopathy.

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The effect of nurses’ Perceived Job Related Stressors on Job Satisfaction in Taif Governmental Hospitals in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

^1&2* Samar M. Kamal, ² MerfatI. Al-Dhshan, ² Karima A. Abu-Salameh, ² FuadH. Abuadas, and ² Mohammed M. Hassan

¹ Maternity and Gynecologic Nursing Dept, Alexandria University. Alexandria, Egypt

²Nursing Dep. Taif University, Saudi Arabia

sakamal2000@yahoo.com

Abstract:Job related stressors and Job dissatisfaction are becoming an increasingly large disorder. Stress has a cost for individuals in terms of health, wellbeing & job dissatisfaction as Well as in terms of absenteeism and turnover which in turn affect the quality of patient care. This study aimed to determine the main nurse’s perceived job related stressors and its relationship with job satisfaction in Taif governmental hospitals in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A descriptive correlational cross sectional study was carried out on a convenience sample of 148 nurse using expanded nursing stress and job satisfaction scales. The results have shown that most stressful subscale for nurses was Dealing with Patients and their families as “Frequently Stressful”, and the least stressful subscale was inadequate preparation to help with the emotional needs of patients and their families as ”Occasionally Stressful”. There was a negative significant relationship between perceived job related stress and job satisfaction among staff nurses in Taif governmental hospitals as indicated by (Pearson correlation = -.437, P < 0.05). The study concluded that Taif Governmental Hospital staff nurses were exposed to many kinds of job related stressors which affected their level of job satisfaction which emphasis adopting strategies to reduce perceived job related stress and thus increase job satisfaction which will be reflected on patient care quality.

[Samar M. Kamal, MerfatI. Al-Dhshan, Karima A. Abu-Salameh, Fuad H. Abuadas, and Mohammed M. Hassan. The effect of nurses’ Perceived Job Related Stressors on Job Satisfaction in Taif Governmental Hospitals in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):119-125]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 13

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.13

Key word: Job related Stressors, Job satisfaction, nurses, Governmental Hospital, Taif, KSA.

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Is Whitening Pre-Brush Rinse a Double Edged Weapon? Evaluation of Listerine Effect on Enamel Microhardness and Surface Morphology

¹Radwa Hegazy and ^1,2Rabab Mubarak

¹Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

²Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Nahda University, Beni Sueif, Egypt

radhegazy@ hotmail.com; rababmubarak2010@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background: In a craze for getting that flash Hollywood style smile, the majority of people rush into teeth bleaching without realizing if there are repercussions. Whitening mouth rinses appeared recently in the market and manufacturers advertised that they could prevent stains and fight plaque build-up. Generally a low concentration of hydrogen peroxide (1.5%) can be used in the formulation and it may protect the teeth surface from new stains. Listerine is one of the most common pre-brush rinses in market. Although generally positive results have been reported concerning its whitening ability, concerns still remain as its effect on dental tissues. Aim of the Study: The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of this product on enamel surface morphology using SEM and measuring its micro-hardness by Vickers hardness testing. Methodology: Thirty sound premolars were hemsectioned and divided into 3 groups. Group I served as control group where specimens were immersed in artificial saliva, group II treated with single daily application of Listerine and group III treated with double daily applications of Listerine. Results: SEM examination revealed minor surface alterations of group II when compared with group III that appeared pitted and eroded. Vickers hardness numbers of same groups were significantly lower than those of control group. Conclusions: Listerine had a potential harmful effect on enamel surface and caution should be warranted during and after its whitening procedure.

[Radwa Hegazy and Rabab Mubarak. Is whitening pre-brush rinse a double edged weapon? Evaluation of Listerine effect on enamel microhardness and surface morphology. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):126-132]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 14

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.14

Keywords: Whitening mouth rinse: Microhardness; enamel surface morphology.

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Real-time Crowd Monitoring using Infrared Thermal Video Sequences

Adnan Ghazi Abuarafah¹; Mohamed Osama Khozium² and Essam AbdRabou²

¹Vice Dean for Academic Affairs, Faculty of Computer of and IS Makkah, Um Al- Qura University. Makkah, SA

²Center of Research Excellence in Hajj and Omrah (HajjCore) Makkah, Um Al- Qura University, Makkah, SA

agabuarafah@uqu.edu.sa, osama@khozium.com

Abstract: Monitoring people in a crowded environment is a critical task in civilian surveillance. Most vision-based counting techniques depend on detecting individuals in order to count their number. Counting becomes inefficient when it is required in real-time and when the crowd is dense. This paper proposes a novel technique for monitoring and estimating the density of crowd in real-time using infrared thermal video sequences. The research targets monitoring the crowd in Muslims’ pilgrimage event (Hajj) while almost 3.0 million Muslims gather in Makkah to perform Hajj. During different Hajj phases the movement of the gathered Muslims is required at the same time from a place to another. Thus monitoring their crowd in real-time is crucial in order to take immediate decisions to prevent crowd disasters. A state of the art thermal camera has been acquired for the surveillance process. In addition, special software modules have been developed to analyze the captured thermographic video sequences in real-time. The results show high accuracy of the estimation of the crowd density in real-time.

[Adnan Ghazi Abu-Arafah; Mohamed Osama Khozium and Essam Abd Rabou. Real-time Crowd Monitoring using Infrared Thermal Video Sequences. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):133-140]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 15

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.15 

Keywords: Hajj, Islamic informatics, crowd density estimation, crowd monitoring, computer image understanding, Thermography, computer vision.

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Does Inspiratory Muscle Training Following Thoracic Surgery Have an Effect On The Outcomes?

Fatma Aboel-magd Mohamed

Department of Physical Therapy for Cardiovascular/Respiratory Disorder and Geriatrics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza Egypt. fatma_aboelmagd@yahoo.com

Abstract: Impairment of the function of the respiratory muscles is the leading cause of respiratory complications after thoracic surgeries. Study Aim: To evaluate the effects of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) using threshold IMT device on the ventilatory function and duration of postoperative hospitalization after thoracic surgeries. Subjects and Methods: Fifty male patients post thoracotomy with age range of 40-60 years were recruited into the study. They were divided into two groups of equal number, both received the traditional physical therapy program while those only in the study group received IMT using threshold IMT. The program was 3times/week for 6 weeks. FEV₁ and FVC were measured by spirometry before beginning and after finishing the program and the length of postoperative hospitalization were calculated. Results: The study group showed significant increase in FEV₁ (P<0.001), FVC (P<0.05) and their percentage of improvement at the end of the study as compared to the control group. However, within each group significant improvement in the ventilatory function measured was demonstrated from pre to post program measurements (P<0.001, in the study group and P<0.05 in the control group).The length of postoperative hospitalization was significantly shorter in the study group (P<0.05). Conclusion: IMT significantly improves the strength of the diaphragm and shortened the duration of postoperative hospitalization in post thoracotomy patients.

[Fatma Aboel-magd Mohamed. Does Inspiratory Muscle Training Following Thoracic Surgery Have an Effect On The Outcomes? J Am Sci 2012;8(3):141-145]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 16

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.16 

Keywords: Thoracic surgery; Threshold inspiratory muscle training; ventilatory function; Length of postoperative hospitalization.

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The Socio-Economic Impacts of NAFTA Agreement on the Economy of United States and Canada

¹Abbas Sadeghi, ²Moosa Rahimi, ³Vahid Gholipoor

^1,2Sama Technical and Vocational Training College, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch, Shiraz, Iran

³ Larestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Larestan, Fars, Iran

coactionjournal@gmail.com, abbasisadeghi@yahoo.com, shoja598@yahoo.com, vahid_gh81@gmail.com

Abstract:The North American Free Trade Agreement (NFTA) is an import/export agreement between the governments of the United States of America, the United Mexican States and Canada designed to “remove most barriers to trade and investment” among nation. The agreement was implemented on January 1, 1994 effectively eliminating all non-tariff barriers to agricultural trade between the USA and Mexico. The foundational objectives of NAFTA include creating an expanded and secure market for the goods and services of each nation, improving working conditions and living standards in each nation, creating new employment opportunities, and enhancing basic worker rights. This paper discusses about the socio-economical impacts of NAFTA agreement on the economy of Canada and United States using library studies.

[Abbas Sadeghi, Moosa Rahimi, Vahid Gholipoor. The Socio-Economic Impacts of NAFTA Agreement on the Economy of United States and Canada. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):146-149]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 17

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.17

Keywords: NAFTA, Canada, United States, America, Economy, Interest Rate

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Effective Methods of Teaching in Sciences with a Religious Approach

Seyed Taghi Kabiri¹, Kobra Rahimzadeh

1-Department of Theology, Khoy Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khoy, Iran

scientificgroup@hotamil.com

Abstract: There are various methods of teaching in sciences the application of which is totally helpful for learners. The methods that contemporary psychologists have allegedly discovered through their experimental researches have already been cited in Holy Qur'an fourteen centuries ago in a more precise form and opened new chapter in education. As the book of guidance of humankind and perennial record of divine laws, Holy Qur'an has taught these educational methods to the man by way of indication or elaboration. Through its deep excavations Holy Qur'an has provided human instructors with practical lessons which are ever-applicable in educational sciences and their related fields in all times and every context. These pedagogical methods have frequently been used by Holy Prophet (SAW), Immaculate Imams and also such prominent Islamic instructors as Ibn Khaldun, Avicenna, Ajori, Khatib of Baghdad and etc., for instructing the believers. These methods could be articulated in three categories as follows: 1) gradual method 2) dialogical method 3) repetition based method.

[Seyed Taghi Kabiri, Kobra Rahimzadeh. Effective Methods of Teaching in Sciences with a Religious Approach. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):150-154]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 18

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.18

Keywords: educational methods, gradual, dialogue, repetition.

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Ameliorative effect of folic acid on propylthiouracil-induced histological and immunohistochemical alterations in aorta of albino rats

Wafaa Ibrahim¹; Maha Abo Gazia²; Afaf El-Atrash²; Ahmed Massoud³; Ehab Tousson³٭; and Heba Abou-Harga³

¹Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt

²Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Fayoum University, Egypt

³Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt

toussonehab@yahoo.com

Abstract: Thyroid status is an important determinant of cardiovascular function. We studied the changes in the aorta of hypothyroid rat at the post-pubertal stage, in addition to the ameliorating role of folic acid. Fifty male albino rats were equally divided into five groups; the first and second groups were the control and folic acid groups, respectively while the third group was the hypothyroid group in which rats received 6-n-propyl thiouracil (PTU) in drinking water for 6 weeks to induce hypothyroidism. The fourth and fifth groups were co – and post hypothyroid rats treated with folic acid for four weeks. Aorta in hypothyroid rats revealed normal histological structure except the layer of tunica media where compressed with elongated nuclei and less in thickens than that of the control groups. The eNOS label index was significantly decreased in hypothyroid rats and their levels were significantly increased in co- and post treated hypothyroid rats when compared with hypothyroid rats. The current study indicated that, folic acid as a treatment was better if it is administered as an adjuvant after returning to the euthyroid state. Treatment of hypothyroidism with folic acid improved the histopathological alternation and depresses the intensity of eNOS immunoreactive cells demonstrating the recovery of some injury.

[Wafaa Ibrahim; Maha Abo Gazia; Afaf El-Atrash; Ahmed Massoud; Ehab Tousson; and Heba Abou-Harga. Ameliorative effect of folic acid on propylthiouracil-induced histological and immunohistochemical alterations in aorta of albino rats. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):155-159]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 19

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.19

Keywords: Hypothyroidism; PTU; aorta; eNOS; Immunohistochemistry

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The Role of Social Networks on the Upheavals of the Middle East and North Africa

Amir Hooshang Mirkooshesh

Department of International Relations, Science & Research Branch Islamic Azad University, Esfahan, Iran.

ammirkooshesh@gmail.com

Abstract: Globalization and the development of communication technologies have an important impact in some developing and Islamic countries, particularly the Middle East and North Africa (MENA).Expansion of the electronic communications technologies such as satellite networks and Internet had clear impacts on the public minds of this region. Information and communication technologies like Internet and mobile phones has played important role in the struggle for democracy and human rights in the region of the MENA. The causes of the protests also include a combination of non-technological factors such as: decades of suppression, authoritarian and inherited governments, low economic and social development, human rights violations, Political and economic marginalization of people. Recent upheavals and uprisings in the Egypt and Tunisia and other countries of the region due to the use of the content generated by users of internet is named Facebook and Twitter revolution. Creating and producing a huge volume of information posted by users on the Internet are called Internet content, including text, image, video and audio clips that generate and load by Internet users. The news of Self-immolation of a young Tunisian in December 2010 spread through social networks like Facebook which create a movement that led to the fall of Tunisia Ben Ali's rule lasted 23 years. The news was released by these networks caused unrest to the entire region and especially in Egypt. Social networks have played an important role in the Arab world according to the initial uprisings in Egypt and Tunisia and subsequently other countries in the region and the overall impact on the democratic struggle in the region. Governments’ violent clash with protesters and bloggers and cutting off Internet, Arrest, imprisonment and beating online activists in countries undergoing turbulence shows the importance of the Internet and social networks. From Morocco to Bahrain, the Arab world has witnessed the emergence of independent media community, which has steadily increased increased engagement of citizens with Internet. It is Expected by 2015, Internet will have one hundred millions Arab audiences. The number of Facebook users in the Arab world in December 2010 has been over twenty-two millions which 75% of them are young people between 15 to 29 years.

[Amir Hooshang Mirkooshesh. The Role of Social Networks on the Upheavals of the Middle East and North Africa. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):160-171]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 20

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.20

Keywords: communications, media, Internet, social networks, Facebook, Upheavals.

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Assessment of Squamous Cellular Carcinoma Antigen (SCCA) and KL-6 as a Tumor Markers and Their Correlation to Tumor Size in HCC 

Hosam M. El-Ezawy¹, Nashwa Shebil², Suzan El-Hasanin³, Moones A Obada⁴, Mohamed El-Waraay⁵ 

Departments of ¹Clinical Biochemistry, ²Hepatology, ⁴Clinical Pathology and ⁵Radiology, National Liver Institute, Menoufiya University, Egypt

Department of ³Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufiya University, Egypt

sohazaki69@yahoo.com

Abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common malignancy in the world. In Egypt, HCC was reported to account for about 4.7% of chronic liver disease (CLD) patients. Squamous cellular carcinoma antigen (SCCA) has been reported to be strongly expressed in HCC tissue hampering its extensive use in clinical practice. KL-6 was originally found using a murine monoclonal antibody reported to have a high positive rate in different non hepatic malignancies. The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical usefulness of serum levels of SCCA and KL-6 as serological markers for early detection of HCC compared to AFP and correlation between each of them with tumor size. The study comprised of three groups. Group 1: included 82 patients with HCC diagnosed based on clinical, laboratory, abdominal ultrasonography and CT investigations. Group 2: included 46 patients with liver cirrhosis. Group 3: included 35 apparently healthy subjects matched for age and sex. All groups were subjected to full history taking, clinical examination and laboratory investigations including liver function tests, viral markers, AFP, SCCA and KL-6. A statistical significant difference (<0.001) was detected between each serum level of AFP, SCCA and KL-6 in the three studied groups, where the maximum increase of these parameters was detected in the HCC group. The sensitivity and the specificity is 81.7% & 76.1% for SCCA and 76.8% & 78.3% for KL-6. A statistical significant increase (p<0.001) was observed in the mean serum level of each SCCA and KL-6 with increasing the tumor size and Child score. The results of this study suggest that SCCA and KL-6 could represent a useful tool as a marker for detection of HCC and for differential diagnosis between HCC and cirrhosis. A large scale study is needed to investigate their clinical value to diagnose patients with HCC with different etiological causes and their correlation between each of them with tumor size.

[Hosam M. El-Ezawy, Nashwa Shebil, Suzan El-Hasanin, Moones A Obada, Mohamed El-Waraay. Assessment of Squamous Cellular Carcinoma Antigen (SCCA) and KL-6 as a Tumor Markers and Their Correlation to Tumor Size in HCC. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):172-179]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 21

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.21

Key words: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), KL-6, Squamous cellular carcinoma antigen (SCCA).

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Comparison between Tissue Doppler Imaging and Color M-Mode Doppler Indices in LV Systolic Dysfunction Patients with Different Filling Pressures

Mervat M. Khalaf

Critical Care Medicine Department, Cairo University Hospitals. samasalma@yahoo.com

Abstract: Indices derived from tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), including transmitral to early diastolic velocity ratio (E/E') strongly correlate with left ventricular filling pressures LVFP, however its application with other diastolic Doppler techniques on patients with systolic dysfunction need more clarifications. Purpose: to estimate the chacteristics of both systolic and diastolic functions indices in LV systolic dysfunction patients by the use of TDI and color M-mode (CMM) Doppler techniques. Methodology: fifty two patients with systolic dysfunction by echocardiography (mean age were 62±9.3 yrs, 62% males) were divided into 3 groups according to their LVFP using E/Ems ratio as follow: group 1: with normal NFP as E/Ems < 10, group 2: with moderate LVFP as E/Ems between 10:15 and group 3: with high LVFP as E/Ems ≥15. Comparisons between the 3 groups were made in relation to all demographic and echocardiographic data. Results: patients of HFP group showed significantly the highest values regarding LVEDV, LVESV and significantly lower values regarding FS% and EF% by M-mode (P-value= 0.028, 0.015, 0.032 and 0.025 respectively) when compared to other 2 groups, as well E, DT and E/Vp were significantly different between the 3 groups (P-value=0.00001), while Vp was statistically non significant in the three groups (P-value=0.138). Conclusions: The measurement of LVFP in patients with LV systolic dysfunction by TDI and CMM Doppler is very important in prediction of patients with HFP who need prompt management by preload reduction therapy; the more LVFP is, the more LV volume load and low EF% will be. The measurement of E/Vp is more predictive of LVFP than Vp alone in patients with LV systolic dysfunction.

[Mervat M. Khalaf. Comparison between Tissue Doppler Imaging and Color M-Mode Doppler Indices in LV Systolic Dysfunction Patients with Different Filling Pressures. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):180-184]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 22

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.22

Key words: TDI, CMM, LVFP, propagation velocity and systolic dysfunction.

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Aggression in sports and Iran’s biased policy concerning it.

Kazem Rastegarfar

Email: scientificgroup@mail.ru

Abstract: Violence in sport in different way penetrate into sport And it is as an anti-social phenomena it’s bad effect is Seen ln high range in our social. Violence in sport makes bad a terrible happen. This matter relate to our current social system in universal, this issue make organization and institutes and social system involve together some part of their energy lose for controlling and sport Hooliganism one of main reasons of violence in sport is current situation in our society. Because person limitation in society person does them (violence) in sport places. So sport places are a place for showing group objection to society s chargers. Therefore preventing from violence (nonsupport activates) exist of low and order and Regulation are very necessary.

[Kazem Rastegarfar. Aggression in sports and Iran’s biased policy concerning it. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):185-194]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 23

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.23

Keywords: violence-sport-society-government-sport Places-organization

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The Impact of Spirituality at work on Self-sacrifice intention

Mahnaz Dehghanifard

 Department of Humanities, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395-3697, Tehran, IRAN

pardakhtearz@gmail.com

Abstract: The current study investigated the relationship between spirituality at work and self-sacrifice intention in Gachsaran Oil Company (GOC), Iran. Using stratified random sampling method, a sample of 64 employees selected for further analysis. The analysis of the data showed that the perception of spirituality at work has a positive impact on self-sacrifice intention. The results also indicated that dimensions of spirituality at work (Engaging Work, sense of community, spiritual connection and Mystical experience) have significant and positive impacts on self-sacrifice intention.

[Mahnaz Dehghanifard. The Impact of Spirituality at work on Self-sacrifice intention. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):195-198]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 24

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.24

Keywords: Spirituality at work, sacrifice, self-sacrifice, organization, GOC

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Educational Leader Attributes in Imam Khomeini Views

Ensieh Zahedi, Zahra Abbasadeh

¹Dean of valiasrcollege, Theran, Iran,

²The professor of valiasr college, Thran Iran

ensiehzahedi@yahoo.com; abbszahehz@yahoo.com

Abstract: The objective of this paper was to study leadership attributes of educational managers as prescribed in Imam Khomeini's speeches. Imam Khomeini is a role model and a unifying force for management practices in our country. Therefore, leaders in Islamic organizations, especially in education sector, should adapt Imam Khomeini's teachings in their leadership approaches. This study explores the leadership qualities that are applicable to educational organizations. The study population of this research was a collection of Imam Khomeini's speeches (Sahife Imam). Because of study limitations and special research criteria, only speeches relevant to management were selected to deduce educational leadership attributes. The methodology used in this study was content analysis. This study focused on three leadership functions, namely, continued employee advancement, continued process improvement, and human relationship development. Research tool used for this study was a questionnaire prepared by researcher. Cronbach Alpha Test was the means to determine the questionnaire reliability. The test result of 81% indicated the reliability of questionnaire. Collected data was analyzed by applying Freedman Test using SPSS software. Final analysis showed that continued process improvement was the most important leadership function of educational managers.

[Ensieh Zahedi, Zahra Abbasadeh. Educational Leader Attributes in Imam Khomeini Views. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):199-205]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 25

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.25

Keywords: Imam Khomeini, Management, Educational Leader Functions

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The Necessities, Impairs and Constrains of Nullification of Criminal Immunity of the Head of States

¹Mohammad Javad Shariiat Bagheri, ²Hosein Dorji

¹ Visiting Assistant Professor, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395-3697, Tehran, IRAN

²PhD Student of International Law, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395-3697, Tehran, IRAN

dorjihosein@gmail.com

Abstract: Trail and punishment of the head of states that commit international crimes were faced with many impairs and problems. Among these, the most important legal impair is criminal immunity. The history has shown that these accused have generally had sufficient immunity and not ever submit to justice. Nullification of the criminal immunity of the head of states is necessary because of matters including public international order, international peace and security, domestic international order, prevention of non-punishment of the criminals and deterrence so that prevent of non-punishment of the criminals. Effective implementation of prosecution and trail of the head of the states and nullification of their immunity deals with some impairs, constrains, costs and challenges. Among these impairs are the non-existence of necessary and suitable statutes, non-willing of states and marshalling evidence. These impairs should be identified and rectifies by states. This paper is designed in two parts. The first one deals with necessities of nullification of the criminal immunity and the second part analysis the impairs and constrains of punishment of the head of states.

[Mohammad Javad Shariiat Bagheri, Hosein Dorji. The Necessities, Impairs and Constrains of Nullification of Criminal Immunity of the Head of States. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):206-208]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 26

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.26

Key words: Immunity, Head of states, International crimes, Campaign against not-punishment

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Investigating Process of Recruitment, a Survey in Medical Science University of Shiraz

Mohsen Jajarmizadeh ¹, Kadijeh Hosseinipour ²

 1. Department of Public Administration, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395-3697, Tehran, IRAN. E-Mail: mjajarmizadeh@yahoo.co.uk

2. Department of Public Administration, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395-3697, Tehran, IRAN.

E-Mail: hosseinipourkh@yahoo.com

Abstract: By the increase in competition, ease of access to the information and changes in organizations in the third millennium, various organization sections including human resources are affected. Human resources management is the human resources absorption, maintenance and improvement to reach the objectives. Employing enough and qualified employees in organizations is a complicated process. Jobs must be analyzed, qualified employees must be identified (primary identification) and promoted for requesting jobs (absorption) and the prospective potential employees should be ultimately selected. The following research tries to study the process of recruitment condition and propose (explain or design) a sufficient model. This research is of descriptive-survey and applied type. The statistical society to this research includes all general practitioners who have been employed by Shiraz public hospitals during 2002. The main hypothesis to this study include reassessing the process of recruitment efficiency and the three sub-hypotheses include assessing the primary identification, absorption and selection aspects. Results suggest that the main hypothesis and two sub-hypotheses of absorption and selection are refuted at 95%; that is, from the employed individuals’ points of view, the process of recruitment is lower than the average level and is not conducted efficiently. The employment hypothesis is approved at 95%; that is, from the employed individuals’ points of view, the employment primary identification is higher than the average and is conducted efficiently. It implies that the University of Medical Sciences is at a good level of notifications.

[Mohsen Jajarmizadeh, Kadijeh Hosseinipour. Investigating Process of Recruitment, a Survey in Medical Science University of Shiraz. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):209-212]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 27

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.27

Keywords: Absorption; General practitioners; Shiraz University of Medical Sciences; satisfaction

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Integration of Conductive Yarns into Fabric by Stitching

R. F. El-Newashy, ¹, M. A. Saad¹ and G. M. Turky ²

¹ Department of clothing& knitting Industry Research, Textile Research Division, National Research Center

² Microwave Physics and Dielectrics Dept., Physics Division, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt, 33 El-Behoos St. Dokki, rnewashy@yahoo.com

Abstract: In the present study, the effect of stitch types on the electric conductivity of embroidered woven fabric with specially designed yarns is investigated. Two types of yarns were used to make durable, flexible and even washable layer of electric conductive yarns embroidered on the surface of woven fabric. The first type of yarns was made by frication spinning using a fine electric wire as core and cotton as sheath, while the second type is a continuous polyester filament coated with nano scale copper particles. Four types of stitches namely; fly; open chain; herringbone and chain stitches were selected. RLC meter was employed to investigate the electrical properties of the prepared samples. The electrical spectra show a lower range of frequency at which the real part of the complex conductivity,s’ (w) values are independent of frequency. These values yield the dc conductivity sdc. The absolute values of the dc conductivity, sdc, vary over more than 4 decades upon structural variation. It is very interesting to show that the modification of the yield by loading with nano scale particle size of metals e.g. copper increases the conductivity of the yield by about four orders of magnitudes. The significant increase of the conductivity till about sub Siemens/cm is considered to be comparable with many known conductive polymers and glasses

[R. F. El-Newashy, M. A. Saad and G. M. Turky. Integration of Conductive Yarns into Fabric by Stitching. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):213-217]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 28

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.28

Keywords: Core Yarn, Smart Material, Electronic Wires, Conductivity, dielectric spectrum, stitch design, intelligent clothing, sensor technology, Communication technology.

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A Comparative Study of Three Different Bounce-Back Scheme Based Methods for a Moving Curved Solid Boundary Implementation in the Lattice Boltzmann Method

M. Beigzadeh-Abbassi¹, M. Taeibi-Rahni², M.R. Beigzadeh-Abbassi² and A.R. Beigzadeh-Abbassi³

¹Mechanical Engineering Department, Sirjan University of Technology, Sirjan, Iran

²Aerospace Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

³Institut für Land- und Seeverkehr (ILS), Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany

m.r.beigzadeh@gmail.com

Abstract: Accurate simulation of curved solid boundaries is of great importance in lattice Boltzmann method, because solid curved boundaries are used in many applications, such as turbine blades, airfoils, curved body of flying objects, depositing solid particles, blood flow in vessels, flow round heat exchanger pipes, etc. In lattice Boltzmann method, curved boundary was first simulated by using standard bounce-back boundary condition. This boundary condition was not able to simulate curved boundary accurately. Lots of corrections have been made so far to improve the bounce-back boundary condition for curved solid boundary [1]. In this study three of these corrections are compared with each other in respect of accuracy and stability. These boundary conditions are: (1) FH boundary condition, (2) mass conserving FH boundary condition, and (3) OSIF boundary condition. Numerical results obtained from simulations of a two-dimensional flow over a stationary and moving circular cylinder, also simulation of flow over a transitional oscillating circular cylinder show that FH boundary condition predicts more accurate and more acceptable results in comparison with the other two boundary conditions. Therefore to simulate moving curved solid boundary in applicational problems, FH boundary condition can be used with assurance.

[M. Beigzadeh-Abbassi, M. Taeibi-Rahni, M.R. Beigzadeh-Abbassi and A.R. Beigzadeh-Abbassi. A Comparative Study of Three Different Bounce-Back Scheme Based Methods for a Moving Curved Solid Boundary Implementation in the Lattice Boltzmann Method. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):218-227]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 29

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.29

Keywords: Lattice Boltzmann method; Curved Boundary Condition; Bounce-back Boundary Condition; Unsteady Flow

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Genetic Algorithm-based Neural Network For Accidents Diagnosis of Research Reactors On FPGA

Abdelfattah A. Ahmed¹; Nwal Ahmed Alfishawy²; Mohamed A. Albrdin¹ and Imbaby I. Mahmoud¹

¹Atomic Energy Authority, Nuclear Research Center, Inshas, Egypt

²Minufiya University, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Minuf, Egypt

fatt231153@gmail.com

Abstract: In a nuclear research reactors plant, a fault can occur in a few milliseconds, so locating the fault might be of utmost importance due to safety, and other reasons. Accordingly, there is an increasing demand for automated systems to diagnose such failures. Both Genetic algorithms and neural networks, which are inspired by computation in biological systems, are emerged as established techniques for optimization and learning. So, using Genetic Algorithm (GA)-Based Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to obtain the optimum construction of an Artificial Neural Network, and then implementing it on a field programmable gate array (FPGA) is very interesting due to its high performance and can easily be made parallel. This paper presents a hardware implementation of a neural network that had obtained from Genetic Algorithm (GA) using MATLAB's toolbox. The excellent hardware performance has been performed through the use of field programmable gate array (FPGA), on Xilinx chip, to diagnosis the Multi-Purpose Research Reactor of Egypt accidents patterns, to avoid the risk of occurrence of a nuclear accident. The neural network hardware model has been designed using Xilinx Software environment.

[Abdelfattah A. Ahmed; Nwal Ahmed Alfishawy; Mohamed A. Albrdin and Imbaby I. Mahmoud. Genetic Algorithm-based Neural Network For Accidents Diagnosis of Research Reactors On FPGA. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):228-234]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 30

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.30

Keywords: Genetic algorithms (GA), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Nuclear Reactors, field programmable gate array (FPGA), Hardware Description Language (HDL).

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Investigation the Effect of Temperature and Weight Hourly Space Velocity in Dimethyl Ether Synthesis from Methanol over the Nano-Sized Acidic Gamma-Alumina Catalyst

Seyyed Ya’ghoob Hosseini and Mohammad Reza Khosravi Nikou^*

^.Gas Engineering Department, Petroleum University of Technology, P. O. Box 63431, Ahwaz, Iran

^* mr.khosravi@put.ac.ir

Abstract: A commercial nano-sized acidic gamma-alumina catalyst was prepared and characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, NH₃-TPD, and N₂ adsorption-desorption for BET surface area and porosity measurements. Vapor phase dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether (DME) was investigated over the catalyst in the fixed bed micro reactor. At constant pressure, by changing the weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) from 20 to 50 h^-1 and operating temperature of the reactor from 250 to 450°C, changes in methanol conversion were monitored. The results showed that the conversion of methanol strongly depended on the reactor operating temperature and WHSV. Finally, a new experimental equation was developed to predict methanol conversion from operating temperature and WHSV.

[Seyyed Ya’ghoob Hosseini, Mohammad Reza Khosravi Nikou. Investigation the Effect of Temperature and Weight Hourly Space Velocity in Dimethyl Ether Synthesis from Methanol over the Nano-Sized Acidic Gamma-Alumina Catalyst. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):235-239]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 31

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.31

Keywords: Dimethyl ether; γ-Alumina; Methanol dehydration; Nano-catalyst; New correlation.

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Comparative study of the nutritive value and productivity of Desmodium uncinatum, Desmodium intortum and Brachiaria mutica in two periods of development, case study of RAB-Musanze

Baragahoranye Innocent¹, Mupenzi Jean de la Paix^1,2, Habiyaremye Gabriel¹, Ngamije Jean¹

1. Independent Institute of Lay Adventists of Kigali ( INILAK), P O Box 6392 Kigali-Rwanda

2. State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Science, 818 Beijing Road south, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China.

baraginnocent@yahoo.fr, jeandelapaixmup@yahoo.fr, gabrielhaby@yahoo.fr, jeanngamije@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study intended to compare the nutritive value and productivity of Desmodium uncinatum, Desmodium intortum and Brachiaria mutica in two periods of development in RAB-Musanze. It was found that the energy value for the studied forages decreases among the two periods of development due to the increase of crude fiber content as the plant matures. However, the protein value of forages depends mainly on the nitrogen content of the dry matter of forages. The study reveals that legumes forages (D. uncinatum and D. intortum) contain more nitrogen and digestible crude protein than grass forage (B. mutica). Regarding the mineral value, Phosphorus content decreases from 0.67 to 0.49%, 0.71 to 0.42% and 0.34 to 0.28% respectively for D. uncinatum, D. intortum and B. mutica in two periods of development and Calcium content decreases from 0.87 to 0.66%, 0.79 to 0.51% and 0.45 to 0.39% for respectively D. uncinatum, D. intortum and B. mutica. Compare to the Student Test, it showed a highly significant difference between the two periods of development for all studied species for Crude Protein content and only for Phosphorus content for D. uncinatum. It was found also that the productivity in tons of DM/ha of the studied species increases from 11.83 to 14.36 t/ha, 14.49 to16.23 t/ha and 9.22 to 10.50 t/ha respectively for D. uncinatum, D. intortum and B. mutica.

[Baragahoranye Innocent, Mupenzi Jean de la Paix, Habiyaremye Gabriel.^.Comparative study of the nutritive value and productivity of Desmodium uncinatum, Desmodium intortum and Brachiaria mutica in two periods of development, case study of RAB-Musanze. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):240-245]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 32

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.32

Keywords: Brachiaria mutica, Desmodium uncinatum, Desmodium intortum, Forage, productivity

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Structure and Stability of Magnesium Dication Solvated by Dimethyl sulfide

Ahmed H. Mangood,^* Safinaz H. El-Demerdash, El-Sayed E. El-Shereafy

Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, El-Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt

^*mangood_3000@yahoo.com

Abstract: Stability of Mg²⁺CH₃SCH₃ complex has been studied using density functional theory at BMK/6-311+G (2d, 2p)//BMK/6-31+G (d). The results indicated that the Mg²⁺CH₃SCH₃ complexes are thermodynamically unstable toward loss of CH₃XCH₃⁺_, CH₃⁺ and MgH⁺ fragments. However, the presence of higher energy barriers of 44-67 kcal/mol hinders these exothermic processes. The dissociation of the complexes to CH₃, CH₄, H₂⁺, H⁺, CH₄⁺, H and H₂ are endothermic. The last four channels acquire further kinetic stability due to the presence of sizable energy barriers. This indicates that Mg²⁺CH₃SCH₃ complexes can form metastable species and are likely observed under appropriate experimental conditions.

[Ahmed H. Mangood, Safinaz H. El-Demerdash, El-Sayed E. El-Shereafy. Structure and Stability of Magnesium Dication Solvated by Dimethyl sulfide. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):246-252]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 33

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.33

Keyword: Dimethyl sulfide, magnesium dication complex, unimolecular decomposition, BMK

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Molecular characterization of Avibacterium paragallinarum strains used in evaluation of coryza vaccine in Egypt.

Amal, M. El-sawah; Y.A. Soliman and S.M. Shafey

Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary biologics, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt

yousefadel00@hotmail.com

Abstract: In the present study, several molecular techniques were used to analyze the two serovars (A and C) that used in the quality control assays of Avibacterium paragallinarum (A. paragallinarum) vaccines attained to our laboratory (Central Laboratory For Evaluation Of Veterinary Biologics CLEVB). Western blotting analysis clearly revealed a differences in bands intensity when reacted to antisera prepared against either serovar A or C especially at area of 40-55 KDa. On the other hand nucleotide sequence analysis could revealed three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between serovar A and C at position of 17(T/C), 46 ( G/A) and 178 ( T/C) and one area of deletion in serovar C at nucleotide position 94 – 102. Hence these findings represent a good molecular marker for conformity and differentiation between the two tested serovars.

[Amal, M. El-sawah; Y.A. Soliman and S.M. Shafey. Molecular characterization of Avibacterium paragallinarum strains used in evaluation of coryza vaccine in Egypt. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):253-263]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 34

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.34

Keywords: A. paragallinarum; protein analysis; western blotting; PCR; sequencing; ha gene

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Taxonomical Studies of Some Acacia Seeds Growing in Saudi Arabia

Nahed M.Waly*, Hassen S. Al-Zahrani and Wesam F. Felemban 

Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdul Aziz University. Saudi Arabia

nwaly89@hotmail.com

 Abstract: The aim of this work is to study the morphological and anatomical characters of seeds of eleven species and subspecies of genus Acacia which were collected from the western and southwestern region in Saudi Arabia. Morphological studies of seeds show many different characters related to the seed shape and size, central aerole, where size difference between small seeds in A. raddiana, A. tortilis and large seeds in A. gerrardii, A. ehrenbergiana. Studying the characters of the central aerole shows that they are undistinguished in species A. ehrenbergiana and distinguished in all other investigated species. Also open or closed central aerole with divergent straight equal or unequal arms, and area inside the aerole and the ratio between the central aerole area and seed surface area, where consider as very diagnostic characters for seed morphology. The character related to the level of the central aerole was used as specified characters Scanning electron microscope of seeds surface show many different ornamentation such as, regulous: reticulate tuberculate, reticulate rugose, Jagged with grooves, granulate colliculate, rough, crimpled foveolate, granulose, striated papillosed, micro granulate, reticulate foveolate. Anatomical studies of seed coat, of the eleven investigated species indicate the presence of different characters such as different lengths of Malpighian cells and structure of the light line. Two keys conclude the results, one is based on the morphological characters of seed, and the second is based on the anatomical characters of the seed coat.

[Nahed M. Waly; Hassen S. Al-Zahrani; Wesam F. Felemban. Taxonomical Studies of Some Acacia Seeds Growing in Saudi Arabia. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):264-275]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 35

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.35

Key words: Acacia seeds, central aerole, ornamentation seed surface, Malpighian cell

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Physical Education in Educational System of the Ancient Iran

Mitra Rouhi

Payambar-e Azam High Education Complex, Nasibe college, Tehran- Iran

mitrarouhi@gmail.com

Abstract: Despite that all cultural and civilization progress, Iranians in the ancient era has been benefitting an exact and coherent educational system. Certainly, Iran has been the most important country that has the priority in physical education and sports in its education system in the ancient era and among the east countries. According to manuscript wrote by historians and achieved works from the ancient Iran, sports like horse and chariot riding, shooting, fencing, wrestling, javelin throwing, gymnastics, boxing especially bat & hockey have more than 3000 years of history in Iran. Ancient sport of Iran, Gym has precedence more than 3000 years. The gym sport is one of the oldest sports of world that were acceded to other countries with the Iranian’s name, sign, formalities, customs, language and characters. There were more advanced educational systems and especially, physical training systems in Achaemenid era (330 B.C. – 55 B.C.) that caused Iranian achievement to growth and development stages. In this era, there was a great interest to war, hunting and shooting among Iranians and kinds of sports and games were prevalent among them. The Sassanid era is considered as an era looking sports and physical activity from angle of body dexterity and spirit relaxation. With the dawn of the Muslim Faith, kinds of sports are more developed and Islam emphasized on spreading sports including equestrian, shooting, fencing, wrestling, swimming and running. In Safavid’s Era, various sports like chess, wrestling, fencing, shooting, bat, track and field, acrobats and gymnastic had fully spread. Iranians did not look at sports as recreation and fun, but sports considered as kind of ethical rules and behavior, extension of moral, generosity, discretion, truthfulness and good behave virtues.

[Mitra Rouhi. Physical Education in Educational System of the Ancient Iran. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):276-280]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 36

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.36

Keywords: Ancient Iran, Education Systems, Local Sports

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Study the Affect Range of Thermo Physiological Comfort Property For Produced fabrics As a Result of Hollow Fibers' ratio variation

Saadia O. K. Ibrahim and Gihan M. T. Genedy

Department of Spinning, weaving and Knitting, Faculty of Applied Arts, Helwan University, cairo, Egypt

sadia.kishk@yahoo.com

Abstract: During the latest times, there has been a development to the Textile Fibers to a great extent, and this report, aims, basically, at the production of new fabrics which shall be interacted with the body changes in the different atmospheric conditions circumstances. The development is also fast in the production of new textile fibers. The methods and the technologies of their production according to the modern chemical theories which have depended upon more than one kind of technology for gaining of new characteristics to the fibers. That is in addition the production for smart fibers that have a vital role in many of the uses, therefore these fibers are distinguished quickly according to the reaction, and also they are reacting with the nature of the use. In addition, they can change their form and nature according to the various changes, such as the change in the temperature or the secretion of the sweating or the physiological changes to the human body that accompany the different kinds of the overstrain. That is because there are some textile materials possess the ability to form a layer from the warm air inside them, this layer reacts negatively for the diminishing of the thermal transportation, thus, the different atmospheric conditions can be overcome, the matter which makes the human being feels comfortable. The feeling of comfort will never be realized except by the guaranteeing of the realization of the thermal balancing to the body between the interior generated thermal on one side, and between the thermal losing on the other side. Therefore, the research has given concern to the study of The effect of Hollow Fibers ratio variation on fabrics, thermal insulation, that is by the production of 60 samples that have been woven by the use of two materials which are Polyester hollow fibers and cotton, and the blend between them both according to different ratios, Those samples were of four different weaving structures which are: plain 1/1, twill 2/1, twill 2/2, and twill 3/1. Each of the four structures used was produced with four different numbers of picks per cm which are (16, 18, 20 and 22) picks/cm, then a test has been applied for the thermal insulation upon all produced fabrics, and the scheduling of the tests results, then making a statistic analysis for them, and the drawing of the illustrative relations concerning them.

[Saadia O. K. Ibrahim and Gihan M. T. Genedy. Study the Affect Range of Thermo Physiological Comfort Property For Produced fabrics As a Result of Hollow Fibers' ratio variation. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):281-287]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 37

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.37

Key word: Warp (end): Vertical yarns; Weft (Pick): Horizontal yarns; yarn Count: thickness of Yarn; Picking device: The Method Which Used To Pass Wefts; Picks per Cm: Number of weft yarns per Cm

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The influence of Hollow Fibers 'Ratio Variation on Some Fabrics' Comfort Properties

Saadia O. K. Ibrahim and Gihan M. T. Genedy

Department of Spinning, Weaving and Knitting, Faculty of Applied Arts, Helwan University.

sadia.kishk@yahoo.com

Abstract: Development of smarteh synthetic fibers spinning led to produce smart fabrics reacts with human body variables in different sittings and different weathers, which affects man as the reaction occurs between the fabrics and human body and the surrounding environment, so these textiles are called functional textiles that are used in production of comfortable clothes that suits the exerted effort and dynamic energy of the person who wears these clothes. So this study aims to produce fabrics characterized by required comfort properties, by production of 60 woven samples using polyester hollow fibers and cotton materials and blend both of them with different percentages, and also the fabrics production is performed under the study in different densities for wefts in measuring unit, that are (16, 18, 20 and 22) weft/cm, also it's produced with different weave structures that are: plain weave 1/1, twill weave 2/1, twill weave 2/2, and twill weave 3/1. Then some tests are done on all produced fabrics, these tests are: air permeability, water absorption, elongation, and the thickness, in addition to weight per square meter. Then tabulation of tests' results and performing statistical analysis for it and also drawing its specific chart relations.

[Saadia O. K. Ibrahim and Gihan M. T. Genedy. The influence of Hollow Fibers 'Ratio Variation on Some Fabrics' Comfort Properties. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):288-297]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 38

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.38

Key word: Warp (end): Vertical yarns; Weft (Pick): Horizontal yarns; yarn Count: thickness of Yarn; Picking device: The Method Which Used To Pass Wefts; Weft Set: Number of weft yarns per Cm

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Theory of Optimal Tax Rate “A theory and a mathematical equation using calculus to double the size of collected taxes by applying a tax rate below 6%”

Wael Mahmoud, Talaat Abdel, Maksoud Almarashly

Account Department, Faculty of Commerce, Ain Shamis University. waelmarashly@yahoo.com

Abstract: There is a common misconception that to increase the size of collected taxes, governments should increase the annual tax rate, but this in fact leads to the degression of total size of collected taxes on the long run. The optimal tax rate is determined by the initial capital, the rate of profit of the project, project costs and the number of years during which the tax shall be collected i.e. the virtual lifetime of the project.

[Wael Mahmoud, Talaat Abdel, Maksoud Almarashly. Theory of Optimal Tax Rate “A theory and a mathematical equation using calculus to double the size of collected taxes by applying a tax rate below 6%”. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):298-300]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 39

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.39

Keywords: misconception; tax; government; capital; lifetime

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Evaluation of Intra-Osseous Defects Regeneration Treated by Platelet Rich Plasma Using Silver- Stained Nucleolar Organizer Regions (Agnors)

Mohamed A. Nassan ¹, Hany G. Gobran², Abdelhamied Y. Saad² and Abdelbassit M. Abdelaal³

¹Pathology Department, Fac. Vet. Med., Zagazig University, Egypt

²Oral Biology Department, Fac. Dental Med., Al-Azhar University, Egypt

³Surgery Department, Fac. Vet. Med., Zagazig University, Egypt

Moh_nassan@yahoo.com

Abstract: The purpose of this research was to evaluate using of silver stained nuclear organizer regions (AgNORs), in mandibular intra–osseous defects regeneration treated by Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in 15 adult healthy male Mongrel dogs. Under general anaesthesia bilateral circular bony defects were created at the posterior border of the mandible. The bony cavity on the right side filled with autogenous PRP, and the left side was empty and used as a control. The animals were divided into three equal groups that were sacrificed after 1, 5 and 9 weeks postoperatively. Then, all specimens were harvested for AgNORs, histopathologic and densitometric analysis. Successful bone regeneration was observed at bone defect treated with PRP, in marked contrast to control groups. Both qualitative and quantitative AgNORs analysis showed highly significant difference between experimental and control groups. These in vivo results support the view that the PRP influence the bone formation within the PRP-treated bone grafts.

[Mohamed A. Nassan, Hany G. Gobran, Abdelhamied Y. Saad and Abdelbassit M. Abdelaal. Evaluation of Intra-Osseous Defects Regeneration Treated by Platelet Rich Plasma Using Silver- Stained Nucleolar Organizer Regions (Agnors). J Am Sci 2012;8(3):301-307]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 40

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.40

Keywords: platelet rich plasma, regeneration, bone, PRP, AgNORs

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Analyzing Software Performance and Reliability Estimation in Software Testing

Alireza Souri ¹, Monire Norouzi²

^1.2 Department of Computer Engineering, University College of Nabi Akram, Tabriz, Iran

a.souri@ucna.ac.ir, monire_norouzi@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this paper we analyze reliability estimation and software performance in software testing. One of the important verification and validation techniques is statistical test which is one of the dynamic techniques. We use statistical test in order to improve software performance. By this work we put sets of data in one case study and by presenting a model-based life cycle we will enhance reliability estimation in the case study. By using our model-based life cycle we can improve reliability of systems which is created by some subsystems.

[Alireza Souri, Monire Norouzi. Analyzing Software Performance and Reliability Estimation in Software Testing. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):308-310]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 41

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.41

Keywords: Software testing, statistical test, reliability, performance, evaluation

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Outcome of Enhancement of Maternal knowledge and Practice on health status of their children with cancer

¹Ebtisam Mohamed Elsayed and ²Faten Shafik Mahmoud

¹Pediatric Nursing Department, Faculty of nursing, Tanta University

^2,1Pediatric Nursing Department, Faculty of nursing, Benha University

ebtisamelsayed@yahoo.com

Abstract: Quality of life as an outcome variable has become an important measure in clinical research, making a transition from a "biomedical" model of health to one that incorporates the social aspects of disease. Cancer in children and adolescents is the second most common cause of death in childhood. Nurses play a vital role in management of these children, specially her duty to give correct and current information about the nature of the disease. So this study aimed to assess the role of enhancement of maternal knowledge and practice in improving health status of children with cancer. The study was conducted in Oncology Institute of Tanta and Specialized Pediatric Hospital of Benha city from November 2009 to April 2010. A convenient sample of 100 children with cancer undergoing chemotherapy and their mothers were included in this study(50from Tanta and 50 from Benha). Their age ranged from4 to 15 years. Different tools were used to collect the required data: Questionnaire sheet, mothers' Practice Check list and the Pediatric Oncology Quality of life scale which contain Lansky play performance scale, health utilities index and health status classification system. Data collection was considered of pre, and post interviewing (immediately and after 3 months). The findings of this study revealed, statistical significant correlation between total mothers knowledge and practice score and quality of life pre and post intervention. This Improvement reflected in the improved outcome of child health status and the benefits of their treatment. In conclusion: Mothers’ knowledge and practice had positive relation with the improvement of health status of children with cancer. Nurse plays an importance and direct role in health teaching and repeated evaluation of health related to quality of children undergoing chemotherapy to achieve their optimal quality of life. The following recommendations are suggested: mothers of children with cancer needs continuous guidance about the nature of the disease, treatment and home care. All medical and Para medical staff who are dealing with those children should be skilled in counseling technique to guide mothers about proper practice of management procedures of cancer children.

[Ebtisam Mohamed Elsayed and Faten Shafik Mahmoud Outcome of Enhancement of Maternal knowledge and Practice on health status of their children with cancer. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):322-333].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 43

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.43

Key word: Enhancement, Maternal knowledge and Practice, health status, children with cancer, Quality of life.

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The Possible Physiological Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor – 1 (VEGFR-1) in Adrenaline-Induced Myocardial Infarction in Rats with and Without Exercise

Wafaa M. Hassab El Nabi¹ and Eman M.S. kamha²

¹Physiology Department and² Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. emankamha85@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: We investigated the effect of post-myocardial infarction (MI) exercise on oxidative and angiogenic mediators in the heart of rats with adrenaline-induced MI. Methodology: Forty adult male rats that were divided into the following four groups: group I, sedentary control group; group II, exercised control group; group III, sedentary infarct group and group IV, exercised infarct group. MI was established by subcutaneous injection of adrenaline (2 mg/kg body weight) in two subsequent doses, 24 hours apart for 2 consecutive days. Sedentary and exercised control groups received subcutaneous saline. The animals in groups II and IV started swimming immediately after induction of MI for about 15 minutes daily for 5 days/week for 4 weeks. However, rats in groups I and III remained sedentary throughout the experiment period. After 4 weeks, blood and heart tissues were collected for the assay of cardiac enzyme markers lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase (CK), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1(VEGFR–1), malondialdehyde and antioxidant concentrations. Results: MI showed increased levels of LDH, CK,and malondialdehyde in association with decreased antioxidant concentrations. However, post-MI exercise attenuated the effects of MI on oxidative stress markers and increased antioxidant activity in cardiac tissue. In addition, cardiac VEGFR-1 was elevated significantly in the sedentary infarct rats with more increase in the exercised infarct group. Conclusion: post-MI exercise training could reverse the adverse effects of MI by reducing the extent of myocardial damage, attenuating the oxidative stress, increasing VEGFR-1 expressions, and thereby increasing angiogenesis.

 [Wafaa M. Hassab El Nabi and Eman M.S. kamha. The Possible Physiological Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor – 1 (VEGFR-1) in Adrenaline-Induced Myocardial Infarction in Rats with and Without Exercise. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):334-342]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 44

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.44

Keywords: Myocardial infarction, VEGFR-1, oxidative stress, exercise, angiogenesis.

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Father’s Education and Construct of the Early Adolescent’s Emotional Intelligence

Fataneh Naghavi¹, Ma’rof Redzuan²

¹School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

²Department of Social and Development Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra, Malaysia.

¹E-mail: ahlo_1359@yahoo.com, ²E-mail: marof@putra.upm.edu.my

Abstract:The emotional intelligence structure is a concept with little empirical research, particularly in relation to the link between family circumstance and personality characters and with respect to family educational status of early adolescents. For this reason, the specific objective of this research is to determine the relationship between father’s education status and early adolescent’s emotional intelligence. The basic principles of Emotional Intelligence are identifying, managing, understanding, and regulating emotions. The present study was carried out among 234 Iranian students in the second and grades of guidance schools (age 12-15) in Tehran, Iran. The students (girls and boys) were clustered through random and multistage sampling. Data were collected using the family background questionnaire and Schutte’s (1998) Emotional Intelligence Scale. Results of multiple comparisons of LSD indicate that there is significant difference between groups of father’s education status. Consequently, multi comparisons of LSD confirmed the results of the ANOVA. The findings indicate that the early adolescents, whose fathers have higher level of education, have higher emotional intelligence.

[Fataneh Naghavi, Ma’rof Redzuan. Father’s Education and Construct of the Early Adolescent’s Emotional Intelligence. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):343-346]. (ISSN:1545-1003) http://www.americanscience.org. 45

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.45

Keywords: Early Adolescent’s Emotional Intelligence, Father’s Education Status, Emotional Quotient (EQ), Father’s Education and Emotional Intelligence.

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Molecular Predictors of the Outcome for Anthracycline - Based Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Egyptian High Risk Female Breast Cancer Patients

Ehsan M. H. Abd Al-Rahman¹, Eman M. S. Kamha¹, Nashaat S. Lotfy² and Doaa A. Abd Al-Monsef¹

¹Medical Biochemistry Department, ²Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Egypt. emankamha85@yahoo.com

Abstract: Anthracyclines represent one of the most important chemotherapeutics in breast cancer. However, they cause cardiac damage. Besides, some tumors might be anthracycline-resistant. The aim of the present work was to study the predictive value of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) proteins. Furthermore, the predictive value of topoisomerase IIα (TOPOIIα) gene aberrations (amplification or deletion) and breast cancer 1, early onset (BRCA1) gene methylation for the outcome of 5-fluorouracil / Adriamycin / cyclophosphamide (FAC) adjuvant chemotherapy in Egyptian high risk female breast cancer patients. The present retrospective cohort study was conducted in Alexandria Main University Hospital, Egypt. It included fifty high risk female breast cancer patients (according to St Gallen guidelines 2007) with operable breast cancer. All of them have received FAC adjuvant chemotherapy between January 2007 and December 2007 and were followed for 2 years. Pretreatment breast tumor samples were obtained from formalin fixed/paraffin-embedded tissue blocks. Log rank survival analysis showed that TOPOIIα gene aberrations, methylated BRCA1 gene, negative ER protein and negative ER/PR proteins states were associated with significantly superior disease free survival (DFS) rates after FAC therapy. Cox regression analysis showed that ER protein and BRCA1 gene methylation states might be independent predictors for the outcome of FAC adjuvant chemotherapy while TOPOIIα gene state mightn't. However, if ER protein and BRCA1 gene methylation states can be used in tailoring chemotherapy or not, further studies have to be done on a bigger number of cases with longer follow-up period. Additionally, large-scale prospective studies will be needed to clearly define TOPOIIα gene and PR protein predictive values. Patients having BRCA1 gene methylation might be at risk of having distant metastasis. So, if proved by large-scale studies, such patients could be recommended for intensified follow-up and treatment.

[Ehsan M. H. Abd Al-Rahman, Eman M. S. Kamha, Nashaat S. Lotfy and Doaa A. Abd Al-Monsef. Molecular Predictors of the Outcome for Anthracycline - Based Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Egyptian High Risk Female Breast Cancer Patients. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):347 -357]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 46

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.46

Keywords: Anthracyclines, Breast cancer, TOPOIIα, BRCA1.

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Investigation of marine carrier responsibility based on Rotterdam’s Convention

Ebrahim Taghizadeh, Sahar Alipoor

Department of Law, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395-3697, Tehran, IRAN

applyforisi@gmail.com

Abstract: Paying attention to the regulations of the Hamburg and Hague, and due to the facts that the current legal system was not uniform final draft of the Rotterdam Rules, which was assembled by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, was adopted by the United Nations on December 11, 2008 and a signing ceremony commenced in Rotterdam, Netherlands (the convention's informal namesake) on September 23, 2009. This convention fully pays to the responsibilities of carrier and owner in the context of international marine trade. In this convention, the base of responsibility has been proposed “strict responsibility”). In this article the authors pay to the foundations of responsibility and its types, by reviewing the Rotterdam Convention’s articles.

[Ebrahim Taghizadeh, Sahar Alipoor. Investigation of marine carrier responsibility based on Rotterdam’s Convention. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):358-359]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 47

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.47

Keywords: Rotterdam, Responsibility, Liability, Convention

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Health Instructions to Control Tobacco Use among Cairo University Students Hostels

Inass Helmy Elshair and Sahar Ahmad Shafik

Community Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

Community Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt

dsahar100@yahoo.com

Abstract: Worldwide smoking is the most widespread form of drug dependence and a leading cause of preventable death and disability. This study Aimed to evaluate the health instruction to control tobacco use among students hostels in Cairo University. Study design: A quasi- experimental design was used. Study sample: All students using tobacco were recruited for the study. The total number was 880 students. Tools: A self -administrated questionnaire was used. Results: Showed that about one quarter and less than one fifth were ever and current smokers respectively. Less than half of the students were males, while a minority of them were females of the ever smokers, the ever smokers had significantly more smoker friends (46%) than never smokers (18.9%). 11.47 %, 27.06% and 45.41% of the ever smokers believed that smoking makes girls more beautiful, helps to relax and affects weight respectively. Slightly less than two third s of the studied smokers agreed that smoking is addiction. Almost half of the ever smokers tried to quit last year, and only a minority of them succeeded. The majority of students agreed that passive smoking is hazardous to health. The ever smokers showed significantly higher use of shisha, bango and alcohol than the never smokers. Less than two thirds of all students encourage while almost half of the students want to participate in smoking health instruction There were statistically significant difference between before and after health instruction implementation concerning knowledge and attitude (P = <0.001). The study concluded that according to the findings and research hypothesis, the health instruction improved students knowledge and attitude toward tobacco control among students hostels. The study recommended that the smoking control activities should include students from the first year to achieve proper prevention and early control not only for cigarette smoking but also for shisha, and bango use. And they should be actively involved in control activities. Health instruction sessions are needed to make those students aware about hazards of smoking (active & passive) and to correct their wrong beliefs about smoking.

[Inass Helmy Elshair and Sahar Ahmad Shafik. Health Instructions to Control Tobacco Use among Cairo University Students Hostels. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):360-370]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 48

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.48

Key words: Tobacco, student’s hostel, ever smoking, never smoking.

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The comparison of Iranian urban, suburban and rural areas’ performance in Self-concept, Self-efficacy, Self-esteem and Anxiety

Maryam Sahranavard*, Siti Aishah Hassan, Habibah Elias, Maria Chong bt Abdullah, Ali Reza Kiamanesh

Faculty of Educational Studies, University Putra Malaysia (UPM) 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

Sahra1102004@yahoo.com

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to find the comparison of urban, suburban and rural students’ performance in students’ psychological factors; general self-concept, science self-concept, self-efficacy, science self-efficacy, self-esteem, anxiety, and science anxiety among guidance school students. The participants in the study were 680 guidance school students, (317 male and 363 female, in the age 14 years old) at Tehran and Shahriar City, the province of Tehran, Iran. The research design was an ex-post facto and tested the alternative hypotheses. Five valid and reliable instruments were used to assess Self-concept Attribute Attitude Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory, General Self-Efficacy, and Science Self-Efficacy Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, and MANOVA, were used to analyze the data. The result demonstrated that, there is significant difference between groups in science self-efficacy only (p<0.001) and there is no significant difference between the other variables (p>0.05).

[Maryam Sahranavard, Siti Aishah Hassan, Habibah Elias, Maria Chong bt Abdullah, Ali Reza Kiamanesh. The comparison of Iranian urban, suburban and rural areas’ performance in Self-concept, Self-efficacy, Self-esteem and Anxiety. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):371-376].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 49

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.49

Key words: self-concept, self-efficacy, self-esteem, anxiety, geographical location.

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Prediction of Thickness and Fouling Rate in Plate Heat Exchanger of MTR Reactor

A.A. Fahmy¹, M.M. EL Fawal² and B.M. Taher³

¹Reactors Department, Nuclear Research Center, AEA, Cairo, Egypt

²National Center for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Control, Atomic Energy Authority

³Dept. of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt

Mohamed_elfawal@hotmail.com

Abstract: Heat exchangers are important and essential components in nuclear reactors and power plants. In this context, studying the performance of heat exchanger under normal and abnormal operational conditions is of great importance relevant to the economic and operational safety in power plants. Fouling and scale formation in heat exchangers could have serious impacts on the operating conditions of the nuclear reactors. This study aims at the simulation of fouling crystallization process in plate-type heat exchanger in MTR reactor by developing an Engineering Equation Solver (EES) Program. The finding of this work would enable us to evaluate the thickness and fouling rate in plate-type heat exchanger in MTR reactor. The crystallization fouling of calcium sulphate (CaSO₄) in plate heat exchanger was also investigated. Also, the effect of fluid velocity on fouling resistance and the rate of deposit thickness were studied in each of primary and secondary circuits.

[A.A. Fahmy, M.M. EL Fawal, and B.M. Taher. Prediction of Thickness and Fouling Rate in Plate Heat Exchanger of MTR Reactor. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):377-383]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 50

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.50

Keywords: Fouling; Heat exchanger; Fouling Resistance; Calcium Sulphate.

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Relationship of Combined Androgen Deprivation Therapy and Bone Turnover Markers with Bone Mineral Density, Lean Body Mass and Fat Content in Patients with Non- Metastatic Prostate Cancer

Hanan Shawky¹ and Tarek Gamil²

^1.Clinical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

^2.Urology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

hannshawky@yahoo.com

Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between androgen deprivation therapy (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists [GnRH agonist] and an androgen antagonist [Flutamide^®] treatment) and markers of bone turnover and to measure bone mineral densities (BMD) and predictors of treatment-related changes in BMD and body composition in men with prostate cancer. Methods: Between January 2007 and March 2011, sixty seven consecutive men with prostate carcinoma aged 63 to 80 years (mean age 68.1 years) and 50 age-matched controls were included in this study. Men with prostate cancer were evaluated during initial and long-term GnRH agonist (Goserelin acetate) and an androgen antagonist (Flutamide^®) treatment. The bone density in the third lumbar vertebra was measured using quantitative computed tomography (QCT). BMD of the proximal femur and total hip were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Parathyroid hormone (PTH), serum calcium, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and calcitonin were measured. Relationships between baseline characteristics (age, treatment duration, body mass index, and baseline values for outcome of interest) and changes in lean mass, fat mass, and BMD were assessed. Results: The mean age of cases was 68.1 years. Androgen deprivation therapy, resulted in decreased serum free testosterone concentrations to 2.2 pmol/L (normal range, 38 –114 pmol/L). Mean BMD of the postero-anterior lumbar spine decreased by 3.1% (P = 0.001), mean BMD of the total hip decreased by 4% (P = 0.02), mean BMD of the femoral neck decreased by 0.7% (P = 0.05), while mean BMD of the trochanter decreased by 1.4% in the androgen deprivation therapy group (P = 0.04). Patients who were treated for one year had less bone density than patients who were treated less than one year. Androgen deprivation therapy also decreased lean body mass by 2.0% (P= 0.007), increased fat mass by 6.6% at 12 months (P = 0.003), decreased the mean serum prostate specific antigen activities from 130.8 ng/mL to 4.4 ng/mL (P = 0.04). However, serum calcium, parathyroid hormone, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurements remained unchanged. The mean BMD levels were decreased significantly (all p ≤ 0.05) in prostate carcinoma patients than in age-matched controls. Conclusion: In men with prostate cancer, androgen deprivation therapy increase bone turnover, decrease bone mineral density. So there is a need to measure bone mineral density and bone metabolic markers periodically and to evaluate secondary osteoporosis. Androgen deprivation therapy also increases fat mass, and decrease lean body mass.

[Hanan Shawky and Tarek Gamil. Relationship of Combined Androgen Deprivation Therapy and Bone Turnover Markers with Bone Mineral Density, Lean Body Mass and Fat Content in Patients with Non- Metastatic Prostate Cancer. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):384-390]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 51

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.51

Keywords: Prostate cancer, androgen deprivation therapy, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, androgen antagonist, combined androgen blockade, osteoporosis, bone mineral density, bone turnover.

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Papain–Based Gel for Chemo-Mechanical Caries Removal: Influence on Microleakage and Microshear Bond Strength of Esthetic Restorative Materials

Nagwa Mohamed Aly Khattab¹ and Ola Moustafa Omar²

¹Pediatric and Community Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Minia University

²Pediatric and Community Dentistry department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University

dr_khattabn@yahoo.com

Abstract: Aim: This study was conducted to throw light on the effect of papain –based gel (Papacarié) on microleakage and microshear bond strength of two esthetic restorative materials; glass ionomer restoration (Fuji IX GP) and light cured hybrid composite resin (Valux Plus, 3M ESPE). Methods: Microleakage test: thirty primary molars with carious occlusal surfaces were randomly assigned into three groups after caries removal using the papain based gel ( Papacarié) according to restorative material used. Group I: Glass ionomer restoration. Group II: Composite resin with etch and bond. Group III: Composite resin without etching step; bonding only. Restored teeth were subjected to thermocycling for 500 cycles at 5-55^o C with dowel time 15 seconds. Then teeth were immersed in 2% methylene blue solution for 24 hours, after which teeth were sectioned and the extent of dye penetration was evaluated under stereomicroscope. Micro-shear bond strength: twenty caries free molars imbedded in cylindrical acrylic moulds were prepared into flat dentinal surfaces. Teeth were randomly assigned into two groups according to bonded restorative material; Group I: glass iomomer and Group 2; light cured hybrid composite resin. Both groups were further subdivided into two subgroups according to the addition or omission of Papacarié prior to bonding. Restorative materials were bonded in the form of micro cylinders which were subjected to shear force until failure occurred. Fracture mode was analyzed under stereomicroscope. Results: Microleakage; glass ionomer restoration (group I) showed statistically significant highest percent leakage (50.71± 20.96%) and the highest mean score (2.71± o.95). No significant difference was noted between groups II and III. Micro-shear bond strength of glass ionomer restoration to dentin surface showed no statistically significant difference among subgroups I A and I B (P>0.05). While, micro shear bond strength of composite restoration to dentin surface was significantly higher in surfaces treated with Papacarié (subgroup II B) than those of untreated dentin surfaces (P <0.000). Fracture mode of glass ionomer was mainly adhesive and that of composite was cohesive. Conclusion: Composite resin restoration exhibited less microleakage and better micro-shear bond strength than glass ionomer after the use of Papacarié gel. Application of Papain-based gel (Papacarié) to dentine surface improves the micro-shear bond strength of composite resin, but it has no influence on micro-shear bond strength of glass ionomer.

[Nagwa Mohamed Aly Khattab and Ola Moustafa Omar. Papain–Based Gel for Chemo-Mechanical Caries Removal: Influence on Microleakage and Microshear Bond Strength of Esthetic Restorative Materials. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):391-399]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 52

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.52

Key words: chemo-mechanical caries removal, microleakage, microshear bond strength, esthetic restorative

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Family of Researcher, An Approach for Output from Family Injuries

Mohammad Mokhatab

Research Institute for Education, Ministry of Education, Iran, mohammadmokhatab@yahoo.com

Abstract: During past years, country’s general education system have set the central issue to its objective. In This line, the strengthening research capability have included as a practical way for problems solving of home and school institutions. The issue of this research is contiguity of instructions related to research to the family’s domain. Authorities, professors and scholars of the following domains; parents & teachers (PT), family instruction, psychology & family consultation, sociology of family have been statistical universe which among them sixty one individuals were selected as purposive sampling approach. To assess reliability and examination of legitimacy, the Alpha Cronbach's and discretions of experts were utilized respectively. The research is of type descriptive and for data analysis; frequency, percent, median, tables and diagrams as well as t test were utilized. This research have shown that the respondents to be in agreement with instruction of research & problem solving skills. These types of instructions are completely beneficial and useful for the families and could be effective in scholastic success of children, reduction and solving of family’ life problems as well as efficiency of education system. Approaches like: Search Action, Qualitative approach, Post-event and Semi-experimental, Field observation and Group problem solving have considered as the most appropriate and useful approach for these type of instruction. Amongst various instructional medias, film & CD, book, and problem resolving workshop were recognized as the most medias’ facilitator in skills instruction for individuals like: “ Family counselor, school manager, associate’s member is more necessary and useful relative to other individuals and the entire family, concerning all with or without problem, sound and normal are needed to them and the verbal & group instruction are considered to be the most effective & appropriate approach of executing these type of instructions.

[Mohammad Mokhatab. Family of Researcher, An Approach for Output from Family Injuries. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):400-409]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 53

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.53

Keywords: Family; Problem Solving Skills;Family injury; forest

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A Case Study of Audit Offices in Saudi Arabia

Dr. Mohammed Al Moutaz El Mujtaba¹, Dr. Namat Mohamed Saeed Bushara²

1Department of Accounting, College of Financial and Administration, Taif University, KSA

2Department of Business Administration, College of Financial and Administration, Taif University, KSA

almutazanab29@hotmail.com

Abstract: The research aims to identify the problems faced by the external auditor on responding to the needs of the clients pertain to accounting services. A series of hypotheses were chosen for the fundamental reasons that affect the auditors and accounting services offices to respond to the desires of their clients. A model was developed to test the factors that affect the auditor and accounting services offices. The study reached a set of results. The most important is that competition between the offices of has an impact on the responsiveness of external auditors for the desires of their clients in terms of accounting services. Moreover, professional ethics has an effect on the responsiveness of auditors to the clients' needs for accounting services. The financial motives and personal factors affect on clients' desires too. Finally, the study has provided a number of recommendations in the procedures for selecting accounting services providers.

[ Mohammed Al Moutaz El Mujtaba, Namat Mohamed Saeed Bushara. Factors Affecting Auditor Response to the Needs of Accounting Services Clients "A Case Study of Audit Offices in Saudi Arabia". J Am Sci 2012;8(3):410-416]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 54

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.54

Keywords: auditor – accounting service – audit offices – financial motives – audit response

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The relationship between marital communication patterns with sexual problems in married Students

Mahshid Sasanpour, Dr. Gayane Shahverdyan, Dr. Seyed Ahmad Ahmadi

PhD Student Psychology Yerevan State University, Armenia

Head of department of Social Psychology in Yerevan State University, Armenia

Department of Counseling, Faculty of Psychology, Isfahan University, Esfahan, Iran

Email: m_sasan49@yahoo.com

Abstracts: Sexual problem are some of the most popular basic problems of married people that can effect on psychological condition in such a way that cause breaking marriage and marital relationship is so helpful for health of both partners. This research has been done with the aim of studying the relationship of Couples communication models and sexual problems in married students. The present research is descriptive and has been done in correlation manner. Among married students of Isfahan university 200 persons were selected randomly. Research tools were Questionnaires of Couples communication models and sexual problems. That all the sample people answered them. After gathering data, they were analyzed through correlation test. Data showed that there is a negative meaningful relationship between models of mutual constructive relationship and sexual problems. But integrity among other models of marital relationship and sexual problems was positive and meaningful. Concerning resultant conclusion, necessity of notice and modifying destructive relation models is clear. And marital satisfaction requires continuous effort of partners for establishment of constructive communicative models that psychologists and counselors for helping this subject are in priority.

[Mahshid Sasanpour; Gayane Shahverdyan; Seyed Ahmad Ahmadi. The relationship between marital communication patterns with sexual problems in married Students. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):417-422]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 55

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.55

Key words: Couples communication models – sexual problems- couples 

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Detection of Reactivation of Cytomegalovirusin Renal Transplant Recipients

Manal El Deeb¹, Mona M.R. Hammady¹, Dalia R Abdel Rahman¹, Iman Wali² and Ashraf abdel Hamid²

¹Internal Medicine and Nephrology Department, Cairo University, ²Microbiology and Immunology Department, Cairo University, Egypt. monahammady@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background: Cytomegalovirus infection in renal transplant recipients is a major clinical problem that may cause significant morbidity and mortality. Infection can occur as a result of reactivation of latent virus or new infection from donor tissues. Objectives: To assess the incidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation, and to determine the predictive factors for CMV reactivation in renal-transplant patients, also to compare CMV-DNA amplification using qRT-PCR with serologic assays of CMV-IgM antibodies to detect CMV reactivation. Study design: Sixty patients were included in this study. They were classified into 3 groups based on the post transplantation period during which the study was performed. ELISA was used to detect the pre-transplantation CMV serostatus for the donor and the recipient as well as the recipient post transplantation CMV serology. CMV DNAemia was assessed by qRT-PCR first on whole blood (WB). Whenever a positive result was obtained; the assay was then performed on plasma to detect the difference between them. Results: CMV reactivation occurred in two patients following the treatment of their rejection episode and was detected by qRT-PCR using whole blood and not in plasma. Conclusion: Cytomegalovirus reactivation was not high in the studied patients, which may be due to the presence of pre existing immunity in the form of neutralizing antibody. The treatment of an episode of acute allograft rejection was the most important risk for CMV reactivation within the first year posttransplantation. qRT-PCR is an important tool in predicting subsequent or ongoing disease, while detection of anti CMV-IgM antibodies is not sensitive enough for diagnosis.

[Manal El Deeb, Mona M.R. Hammady, Dalia R Abdel Rahman, ImanWaliand Ashraf abdel Hamid. Detection of Reactivation of Cytomegalovirusin Renal Transplant Recipients. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):423-429].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 56

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.56

Keywords:Cytomegalovirus, Kidney Transplantation, Reactivation, acuterejection, Immunosuppressive therapy.

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Safety and Analgesic Efficacy of Pre-Emptive Intranasal Ketamine versus Intranasal Fentanyl in Patients Undergoing Endoscopic Nasal Surgery

Hala S. Abdel-Ghaffar and Mohamed AM. Salem*

Anesthesia and ENT* Surgery Departments, Assiut University hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt. hallasaad@yahoo.com

Abstract: Objectives: No clinical studies investigated nasal mucosal coverage and nasal integrity as local causative factors for inter-individual variation in clinical effects commonly reported with intranasal opioid administration. Moreover, most of published clinical trails investigated the use of intranasal analgesic medications in extranasal painful settings. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate safety and analgesic efficacy of pre-emptive intranasal ketamine (non-opioid) vs. intranasal fentanyl (opioid) in patients undergoing endoscopic nasal surgery. Methods: 60 adult normotensive patients were randomly assigned to receive intranasal administration of either 1.5mg/kg ketamine 50mg/ml (INK group, n=20) or 1.5µg/kg fentanyl 50µg/ml (INF group, n=20), or saline (placebo group, n=20) 30 min. before induction of general anesthesia. Assessment parameters included; hemodynamics, postoperative pain, sedation and adverse effects. Results: Intranasal fentanyl significantly attenuated hemodynamic changes in SBP, DBP and HR at 1, 3, 5 and 7min. after intubation. INK and INF significantly prolonged time to first analgesic request (253.74±25.01min. P<0.000 vs. 233.80±24.57min, P<0.000), compared with placebo (120.71±24.64min.). Diclofenac consumption was significantly reduced in INK (85.32±10.31mg) and INF (81.42±8.48mg) compared with placebo (150.00±0.00mg). VAS scores were significantly lower with INK and INF in first 4h postoperative (P<0.000) with a trend towards lower values at all recorded time points. Incidence of adverse effects was higher in INK, While the surgeon (P<0.000) and patient (P<0.000) satisfaction indices were higher with INF. Conclusion: Intranasal ketamine or intranasal fentanyl enhanced postoperative analgesia after endoscopic nasal surgery. Psychomimetic side effects of ketamine still occur with intranasal administration and the clinical goal of ketamine must be defined

[Hala S. Abdel-Ghaffar and Mohamed A M. Salem. Safety and Analgesic Efficacy of Pre-Emptive Intranasal Ketamine versus Intranasal Fentanyl in Patients Undergoing Endoscopic Nasal Surgery. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):430-436]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 57

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.57

Key words: Anesthesia, endoscopic, nasal, analgesia, ketamine, fentanyl.

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Hormonal and Testicular Ultrastructural Changes at Puberty in Rat Offspring from Diabetic Mothers

Yasser M. Elbastawisy*^1,2, Wael M. Elsaed^1,2 and Sami A. Algaidi²

¹ Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Mansoura University, Egypt

²Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Saudi Arabia

*yasserbast@yahoo.com

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus has multiple consequences which affect the fertility of the patients and their offspring. Male rats born to diabetic mothers usually show testicular changes at the age of puberty which affect the function of the testis. This investigation was conducted to evaluate the ultrastructural changes of testes in adult male albino rats born to diabetic mothers in attempt to understand the relation between these changes with the changes in the serum levels of testosterone, FSH and LH. Forty adult female albino rats were used in this investigation. The rats were divided into two groups. Diabetes Mellitus was induced in one group by STZ injection. Both groups became pregnant by natural mating. Blood was collected from 60-day-old male offspring from both groups and the level of testosterone, FSH and LH were measured in their sera. At the same time, the testes were prepared for light and electron microscope study. Results showed significant decrease in LH, FSH and testosterone in sera of offspring from diabetic mothers compared with the control group. Light microscope examination of the testes of experimental group revealed loss of the normal arrangement of seminiferous epithelium, multiple intercellular spaces, significant reduction in the thickness of seminiferous epithelium and widening of interstitial spaces with less crowded Leydig's cells while ultrastructural examination of the testes of experimental rats showed folding of the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules, seminiferous epithelium with wide intercellular spaces, defective acrosome formation and less lipid droplets in Leydig’s cells.

 [Yasser M. Elbastawisy, Wael M. Elsaed and Sami A. Algaidi. Hormonal and Testicular Ultrastructural Changes at Puberty in Rat Offspring from Diabetic Mothers. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):437-442]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 58

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.58

Keywords: Maternal diabetes, Testis, Ultrastructure.

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Risk Assesment Of Otitis Media In Infants And Young Children

Abdullah M. Almslmani; Rasha M Eldesoky; Omyma H. Hassan and Shereen M. Abdel wahab

Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Egypt

Abstract: Background: Children are more likely to suffer from otitis media (OM) than adults because their immune systems are still developing and the Eustachian tube is shorter and straighter. Objective: To identify the risk factors of OM in children and to design a program for prevention and control. Material and Methods: Children with OM (600) were selected randomly from the cases attending the ENT and pediatrics outpatient clinic of Benha University Hospital in the period from January-to-December, 2009. Age of these children ranged between 3months up to 12 years. Also, 600 children were selected from Ophthalmology and Dermatology clinics as a control group. Both case and control groups were subjected to investigations including history, clinical examination and audio-metric tests. Results: The study showed that the rural areas (p<0.05), artificial feeding (p<0.05), lower socioeconomic classes (p<0.05), smoking parents (p<0.05), allergic rhinitis (p<0.05), adenoid hypertrophy (p<0.05), chronic tonsillitis and upper respiratory tract infection (p<0.05) and introduction of foreign body into the ear (p<0.05) are the major risk factors of O.M. Also, the study showed that the hearing impairment was more significantly frequent. Conclusion: Risk factors of OM were rural areas, unhealthy habits, artificial feeding, chronic septic foci of the nose and pharynx, respiratory tract infection and low socioeconomic standards. Recommendations: A health education program is indicated to encourage breast feeding, avoid unhealthy habits, early detection and treatment of respiratory infection and septic foci of nose and pharynx and improving the socioeconomic status.

[Abdullah M. Almslmani; Rasha M Eldesoky; Omyma H. Hassan and Shereen M. Abdel wahab. Risk Assesment Of Otitis Media In Infants And Young Children. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):443-446]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 59

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.59

Keywords: Otitis Media, respiratory tract infection, chronic tonsillitis, adenoid hypertrophy and septic foci.

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Evaluation of the Effect of Propranolol on Portal Hemodynamics in Patients with HCV-Related Cirrhosis

Ahmad Abdel Bary Abdel Rahman¹; Riham Mohamed Elshafie²; Heba Mohamed Abdella³; and Mohamed Shaker Ghazy ⁴

¹Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Department, Ex-Dean, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo, Ex-Dean, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni Suef, Cairo University

²Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Ain Shams Specialized Hospital. Cairo, Egypt.

³Tropical Medicine Department; Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

⁴Radiodiagnosis Department; Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

Abstract: Background: Propranolol is commonly used in the prophylaxis of variceal haemorrhage in cirrhosis which is a life-threatening complication by reducing portal pressure and variceal pressure. Aim of the work: Evaluation of the effect of varying doses of Propranolol on portal hemodynamics in patients with HCV-related cirrhosis measured by specific parameters in Doppler ultrasonography. Patients and methods: 60 cirrhotic patients due to HCV with portal hypertension proved by oesophageal varices (o.v) in upper endoscopy; were divided into three groups and given oral propranolol in doses of 30mg/day, 60mg/day and 90mg/day respectively for one week. All patients were subjected to full history taking, thorough clinical examination, laboratory investigations, abdominal ultrasonography using duplex Doppler ultrasonography before and one week after drug administration was done for detecting changes of medication on portal hemodynamics which include portal vein diameter, mean velocity (Vmean), maximum velocity (Vmax), portal flow volume (PFV), cross sectional area (CSA) and congestion index (CI). Results: Propranolol in all three doses (30mg, 60mg and 90mg) reduced the heart rate. Regarding portal hemodynamics propranolol in doses of 30mg and 60mg showed no significant change in all mentioned portal hemodynamics. However, propranolol in a dose of 90mg showed significant change in Vmean, Vmax and PFV. Conclusions: Commonly used doses of propranolol (30-60mg/day), showed no significant difference on portal hemodynamics. While propranolol in a dose of 90mg/day showed a significant positive change on Vmean, Vmax and PFV. Patients receiving propranolol must be cautiously monitored regarding the reduction in heart rate.

[Ahmad Abdel Bary Abdel Rahman; Riham Mohamed Elshafie; Heba Mohamed Abdella and Mohamed Shaker Ghazy. Evaluation of the Effect of Propranolol on Portal Hemodynamics in Patients with HCV-Related Cirrhosis. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):447-456]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 60

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.60

Keywords: portal hypertension, propranolol, Doppler ultrasonography, portal vein diameter, congestion index, portal hemodynamics.

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Efficacy of Bt Transgenic Egyptian Cotton Varieties expressing Cry 1Ac and Cry 2Ab Genes Against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.)

 Hassan Farag Dahi

Cotton leafworm Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. hassandahi@yahoo.com

Abstract: The present study is the first attempt in Egypt to evaluate the effect of Bt cotton against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). This study was conducted on three Egyptian cotton varieties Gossypium barbadense L. (Giza 80, Giza 90 and Giza 89) in which were Genetically Modified (GM)- during the co-ordinate project between Monsanto company and Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Center (ARC) included Cotton Research Institute (CRI), Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI) and Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI) – by transfer tow genes (Cry 1Ac and Cry 2Ab) from Bacillus thuringeinsis (Bt) to the American cotton Gossypium hirsutum by the gene particle gun, then transfer those tow genes to the three Egyptian cotton varieties by crossing between the American cotton and the Egyptian cotton varieties. The GM Egyptian cotton varieties clearly indicate high resistant against the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) as follow: the mortality percent for larvae feed on Egyptian cotton varieties (non Bt) were 9.0, 5.7and 4.3 % for Giza 80, Giza 90 and Giza 89, respectively. On the other hand, the larvae feed on GM Egyptian cotton varieties (Bt cotton) the mortality percent were 97.7, 97.7 and 99.0 % for Giza 80, Giza 90 and Giza 89, respectively. The fecundity for female moths which resulted from larvae fed on Bt cotton & non Bt was (257.5 & 726.3) for Giza 80, (440.0 & 585.3) for Giza 90 and (317.0 & 491.7 eggs / female) for Giza 89, respectively. Also the fertility percent for eggs resulted from female moths which resulted from larvae fed on Bt cotton & non Bt was (68.5 & 97.0), (78.7 & 92.0) and (71.0 & 94.0 %) for Giza 80, Giza 90 and Giza 89, respectively. Another biological aspects for S. littoralis stages (larval duration, pupal weight, pupal duration, emergence %, malformed adult %, male & female longevity and sex ratio were affected (as a latent effect) by Cry 1Ac and Cry 2Ab of Bacillus thuringeinsis genes which transfer to three Egyptian cotton varieties.

[Hassan Farag Dahi. Efficacy of Bt Transgenic Egyptian Cotton Varieties Expressing Cry 1Ac and Cry 2Ab Genes Against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). J Am Sci 2012;8(3):457-463]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 61

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.61

Key word: Spodoptera littoralis; Cry 1Ac; Cry 2Ab; Transgenic cotton; Bt cotton and Genetically Modified (GM).

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Ranking of Socio-demographic Status according to the Impact on Health Status of 5400 Families at Two Districts in Cairo, Egypt

Sahar Yassin*, Doa’a Ahmed Saleh, Hend Aly Sabry and Madiha Said Abdel-Razik

Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt

Yassins1966@yahoo.com

Abstract: Socio-demographic inequalities were shown to be associated with disease burden in developing as well as developed countries. Study design and Aim of study: This study is a cross sectional community-based study design with random cluster sample of 5400 families interviewed in two districts using specific questionnaire form. The aim of the study is raking socio-demographic characteristics according to impact on family health status to identify vulnerable family that should be given priority that could help stakeholders in health sector reform using this approach to reach the equity concept. Statistical analysis: logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the association between socio-demographic characteristics and profile of morbidity, mortality and disability among 5400 families living in two urban districts in Cairo. Results: Families headed by women compared with other socioeconomic parameters (family size, education, employment status tec.) had been proved to be the at-risk families for specific health problems i.e. Psychological problems, hypertension, Heart diseases, musclo-skeletal disorders, diabetes, Liver, eye, GIT diseases) (OR “1.66, 1.64, 1.60, 1.59, 1.49, 1.43, 1.32, 1.25) respectively and 5 -60 years premature mortality (OR 3.69). Crowding Index ranked the second family risk, as it showed significant positive association six diseases i.e. Chest, CNS, Psychological, musclo-skeletal disorders, blood and GIT problems (OR 1.50, 1.48, 1.47, 1.26, 1.25, 1.17) and with the two types of disabilities i.e. congenital and acquired (OR1.96, 1.74). Illiteracy ranked the third important factor influencing heath status due to the positive association with four diseases i.e. Psychological, CNS, musclo-skeletal disorders, and chest diseases (OR 1.55, 1.37, 1.29, 1.22 respectively), neonatal mortality (OR 1.5) and both types of disabilities (OR1.96, 1.74respectively).

[Sahar Yassin, Doa’a Ahmed Saleh, Hend Aly Sabry and Madiha Said Abdel-Razik. Ranking of Socio-demographic Status according to the Impact on Health Status of 5400 Families at Two Districts in Cairo, Egypt. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):464-473]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 62

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.62

Key word: Families headed by women, family socio-demographic risk, crowding Index, Illiteracy health problems, Family Health Status, Health Sector Reform

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Applying Nanian Smart’s Framework for Study of World Great Religions; a Review

Mahnaz Dehghanifard

 Department of Humanities, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395-3697, Tehran, IRAN

pardakhtearz2@gmail.com

Abstract: The current study reviews fundamentals of Nanian Smart’s proposed seven dimension of religion. Then reviews the five big religions in the world and compare the Smart’s dimensions in these religions and provide samples. Many of religion researchers believe the Smart’s model provide a good theoretical framework for conceptualizing main issues, symbols and necessities of the religions. So, the current study applies this approach for better understanding of world biggest religions.

[Mahnaz Dehghanifard. Applying Nanian Smart’s Framework for Study of World Great Religions; a Review. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):474-477]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 63

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.63

Keywords: Nanian Smart, Comparison, Religion, 7 dimensions.

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The Protective Effect of Melatonin against Lead Acetate toxicity

Dalia D. Abd El-Monem and Mona Ahmed Foaad

Zoology Dept, Girls Collage for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams Univ. Egypt

dalia_dem@hotmail.com

Abstract: The present study was designated to evaluate the protective effect of melatonin (MLT) against lead acetate (LA) toxicity through comet assay and histological studies. Male mice were used in this experiment; animals were divided into 6 groups of 4 animals each. First group received orally solvent (4% ethanol) and served as control and the other groups received orally MLT (10mg/kg b.wt) and/or 50, 100 mg/kg body weight of lead acetate for 21 days. Mice were scarified 24 hrs after the last treatment. The results indicated that MLT alone did not induce any significant changes in the DNA tail moment values of liver cells as compared with control. Also MLT showed normal histological picture of liver and kidney. In contrast, LA treated mice showed significant increases in the tail moment values of the liver cells. In addition, LA treated mice exhibited degenerated hepatocytes and portal inflammatory cell infiltrations. Also, the kidneys showed degenerated glomeruli, severe congestion and haemorrhages. Meanwhile, Co-administration of MLT with LA weakened the severity of DNA lesion in liver and the pathological changes in kidney and liver of LA treated mice. These results pointed out the protective effect of MLT against the toxicity of lead acetate.

[Dalia D. Abd El-Monem and Mona Ahmed Foaad. The Protective Effect of Melatonin against Lead Acetate toxicity. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):478-485]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 64

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.64

Key words: lead acetate, melatonin, comet assay, histological changes, liver, kidney, mice.

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Occupational health: Health Promotion Program to Improve Health Workers in Tourah Cement Factory

Sahar Ahmed Shafik and Afaf Salah Abd El-Mohsen

Community Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt. dsahar100@ yahoo.com

Abstract: Workers in the cement sector are exposed to many occupational hazards which may contribute to diseases and work injuries. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of health promotion program to improve health workers in Tourah cement factory. Study design: A quasi –experimental design was used. The study sample comprised 350 workers selected randomly in Tourah cement factory. Two tools were used for data collection: 1) Interviewing questionnaire sheet and 2) Observational checklist. Results: showed that two thirds of the studied workers were exposed to skin disorders and sinusitis (65.7% & 62.8%).More than half of the studied workers were exposed to hearing disorders (50.5%), more than two fifths were complaining from chronic cough (42.8%), nearly two thirds of the studied workers were had poor knowledge about different types of personal protective equipment and occupational diseases in cement factory, almost two thirds of the studied workers (67.1%) complained from musculoskeletal disorders; 56.1% from hypertension. There were statistically significant difference between before and after program implementation concerning workers health (P = <0.001). The study concluded that according to the findings and research hypothesis health promotion program will improve the workers knowledge, attitude and practices regarding safety measures This was obvious In table 5,6,7 that showed statistical significant improvement before a and after implementation of the health promotion program regarding knowledge, attitude and practice. The study recommended the need for stressing on the application of International Standard Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series, in field work to improve occupational health and safety performance for workers, periodic check up for workers for early detection of occupational hazards to monitor the health status and early case finding, periodic educational training for all workers in cement factory about the occupational hazards, emphasizing on the importance and usefulness of personal protective equipment to be used in the right way and first aid for promotion of personal fitness of the workers by healthy promotion programs.

[Sahar Ahmed Shafik and Afaf Salah Abd E-Mohsen. Occupational health: Health Promotion Program to Improve Health Workers in Tourah Cement Factory. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):486-496]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 65

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.65

Key word: Cement factory, occupational hazards, personal protective equipment, international standard organization.

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Construction and Validation of an English Language Teacher Creativity Scale (ELT-CS)

Reza Pishghadam¹, Purya Baghaei², Shaghayegh Shayesteh¹

^1. English Department, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, PO box 9177948974, Park Square, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran

² English Department, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch, Ostad Yusofi St., 91871-Mashhad, Iran

Abstract: The major purpose of the present study was to construct an English Language Teacher Creativity Scale (ELT-CS). To this end, the questionnaire was designed by picking up the most influential factors of creativity. A total of 24 EFL teachers were rated by their 343 EFL learners on the ELT-CS. The WINSTEPS program was used to perform the Rasch measurement. Due to the fact that the data did not satisfy the criteria for adequate fit to the model, unidimensionality principle was rejected. As a result, consecutive approach was adopted to examine each subscale separately. Individual subscales functioned well and Rasch model held within subscales after removing items 12 and 39. Moreover, since the 5-category rating scale did not operate sufficiently, it was altered to 3-category rating scale. Finally, statistical results were discussed, and implications were provided in the context of English language teaching.

[Reza Pishghadam, Purya Baghaei, Shaghayegh Shayesteh. Construction and Validation of an English Language Teacher Creativity Scale (ELT-CS). J Am Sci 2012;8(3):497-508]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 66

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.66

Keywords: Creativity; Rasch measurement; consecutive approach; construct validity

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The Study and Analysis of the Bases of Aesthetics in Quran

Mohammad Reza Sarmadi, Ensiyeh Falsafi, Mohammad Hassan Seif

Department of Educational Psychology, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395-3697, Tehran, IRAN

applyforisi@gmail.com

Abstract: Quran is the word of god that is unique amongst all beings and its audience is Human. That is an original resource that when we read it for everybody, he/she will be influenced by its spiritual words. The book that we don’t tire while reading it ( Makarem Shirazi, 2002). The Quran all, form the first to the end is the message of God for human specially it is for the bliss and happiness of the human. Quran has its own ideology to the extent that its developmental and training system differs from other approaches and views. These differences are in the areas of ontology, epistemology, anthropology and axiology. In this paper from the view of axiology, the aesthetics will be discussed.

[Mohammad Reza Sarmadi, Ensiyeh Falsafi, Mohammad Hassan Seif. The Study and Analysis of the Bases of Aesthetics in Quran. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):509-511]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 67

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.67

Keywords: Quran, Beauty, Beautifulness, Islam

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An Insight on the Prevalence of Body Weight Disturbance among Children with Otitis Media with Effusion

Ashraf A. Wahbaa, Mohamed A. Fatahalla, Mohamed M.H. Al-Ahmer

Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University

Wahbaa345@yahoo.com

Abstract: Objectives: To evaluate the frequency of variant constitutional parameters among children of primary school age and had otitis media with effusion (OME). Patients & Methods: The present study was assigned to include 100 children of primary school age with manifestations of OME and underwent myringotomy and insertion of Grommet’s tube for middle ear aeration. All patients underwent preoperative determination of age, gender, weight (kg) and height (cm) and body mass index (BMI). Obesity was defined according to the percentile of BMI adjusted for age and gender and for comparative purposes; enrolled patients were stratified according to BMI percentile strata within each age-stratum and gender frequencies. Results: The study included 100 patients; 54 males and 46 females with a mean age of 8.7±1.8; range: 6-12 years and mean BMI of 27.2±4.5; range: 17.7-35.5 kg/m2. Twenty-six patients had average healthy weight, 20 patients were at risk of being over-weight, 23 patients were over-weight and 31 were obese. Twenty-three of patients aged 6-8 years (57.5%), 17 patients aged >8-10 years (47.5%) and 11 patients older than >10 years (57.2%) were average weight or at risk of being over-weight with non-significant between age strata. Similarly, the percentages of over-weight and obese patients showed non-significant difference between age strata. Patients' distribution according to gender showed significantly higher percentage of females in obese patients compared to those had average weight or at risk of being over-weight and non-significantly compared to over-weight patients. Average weight patients showed higher percentage of males that was significant compared to over-weight patients and non-significant compared to those at risk of being over-weight. Conclusion: There is a relationship between obesity and OME in children of primary school age and this was age or sex-independent and could be attributed to obesity-associated disturbed immune milieu or to affection of taste sensation.

[Ashraf A. Wahbaa, Mohamed A. Fatahalla, Mohamed M.H. Al-Ahmer. An Insight on the Prevalence of Body Weight Disturbance among Children with Otitis Media with Effusion. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):512-516]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 68

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.68

Keywords: Otitis media with effusion, Obesity, Age, Gender

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Evaluation of Cardiac Changes in Hyperlipidaemic Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients

¹Khaled Amer, ²Ahmed M. Ibrahim, ³Hosni A. Younis and ³Mohamed M. Ahmed

¹Department of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Egypt

²Department Internal Medicine, Assuit Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Egypt

³Department Cardiology, Assuit Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Egypt

Khaledmoezz@yahoo.com

Abstract: Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of echocardiographic evidence of cardiac lesions among rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients free of cardiac complaints and its relation to the presence of dyslipidemia and disease activity scores. Patients & Methods: The study comprised 100 patients with RA fulfilling ACR criteria. All patients underwent clinical evaluation of disease activity using the disease activity score, using a 28 joint score (DAS-28), pain visual analogue scale (VAS) and calculation of the Disability Index (DI). Then, all patients underwent trans-thoracic Echocardiography and gave fasting blood samples for estimation of serum lipids. Results: Lipid profile assessment defined 33 dyslipidemic RA patients (Group A) and 67 RA patients with near normal lipid profile (Group B). Dyslipidemic RA patients were significantly older with significantly longer disease duration and significantly higher DAS-28 and pain VAS scores. Fifty-nine RA patients had valvular affection; 27 patients were non-dyslipidemic and 24 were dyslipidemic RA patients with significantly higher frequency of patients had valvular diseases in dyslipidemic RA patients. Fifty-three (53%) patients had myocardial affection in the form of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, wall motion abnormalities and dilatation of the wall. The frequency of myocardial affection in group A was significantly higher compared to its frequency in group B. Sixteen patients showed evidence of pericarditis; 6 in group A (18.2%) and 11 in group B (16.4%) with non-significantly higher frequency in group A. Conclusion: RA patients free of cardiac complaints are at a definite risk of having hidden or quiescent cardiac affection especially if they were dyslipidemic. The obtained results spotlight on the necessity for cardiac screening programs for RA patients for early detection of cardiac affection prior to be symptomatized and control of both RA activity and dyslipidemia is mandatory for minimizing the cardiac risk in RA patients

[Khaled Amer, Ahmed M. Ibrahim, Hosni A. Younis and Mohamed M. Ahmed. Evaluation of Cardiac Changes in Hyperlipidaemic Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):517-522]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 69

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.69

Keywords: Rheumatoid arthritis, Dyslipidemia, Cardiac affection, Echocardiography

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Pre-plant and Placement Method for Efficient Use of P-Fertilizer in Wheat Crop

 Imran Ali, Shahid Mahmood Mian, Rehmat Ullah

Soil Fertility Research Institute, Thokar Niaz Baig, Punjab, Lahore53700, Pakistan. imran.sfri@yahoo.com

Abstract: Poor use efficiency of phosphorus is one of the major causes to lower the yield of wheat crop. Time and method of P₂O₅ application influence the degree of responsiveness. Therefore, an investigation was carried out under field conditions to compare three times (pre-plant, at 1^st irrigation and at 2^nd irrigation) and two methods (broad cast and placement) of P₂O₅ applications for wheat grown in three cropping zones (central, cotton and thal zone) of Punjab province of Pakistan. The division of zones is based on agro-climatic conditions and cropping pattern followed by the farmers. The hypothesis was made to suggest best time and method of P₂O₅ application in order to enhance its use efficiency. The experiments were chalked out by applying recommended dose of N, P₂O₅ and K₂O @160, 114 and 62 Kg ha^-1 in all treatments except control throughout study. The sources of N, P₂O₅ & K₂O were Urea, Single Super Phosphate (SSP) and Sulphtate of Potash (SOP). Three, nine and one field trials were conducted during 2008-09 at framer’s fields in central, cotton and thal cropping zones of the Punjab province, respectively. It was found that time and method of P₂O₅ application significantly (P<0.05) affected the wheat grain yield in three cropping zones under study. Finally, our study suggested that application of P₂O₅ @ 114 Kgha^-1 at the time of pre-plant with placement method produced the highest yield in central, cotton and thal zone as compared to all other times and methods of P-fertilizer application.

[ Imran Ali, Shahid Mahmood Mian, Rehmat Ullah. Pre-plant and Placement Method for Efficient Use of P-Fertilizer in Wheat Crop. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):523-530]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 70

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.70

Keywords: P₂O₅ application; time & method; use efficiency; wheat

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Effectiveness of the on the job training, case study: Electric Power Distribution Company of Shiraz

Hojat Moshtaghian Abarghoie¹, Hassan Moshtaghian Abarghoie², Zahra Bahari³, Jamshid Moshtaghian Abarghoie⁴ 

1. Electric Power Distribution Company of Shiraz, IRAN. PO BOX 71455-691 Shiraz, IRAN. Tel: 0098 (0)7112134263, fax: 0098(0)7112293266

2. Master of Educational Research, Tehran University Education Area 4 Shiraz, IRAN

3. Master of public management, Shiraz Payame Noor University, IRAN

4. Master of Educational Administration, Sharif Technical College of Abarkouh, Yazd, IRAN

hojatmoshtaghian@gmail.com

Abstract: This study was systematically developed to examine the effectiveness of on-job-training (OJT) on the personnel of Electric Power Distribution Company of Shiraz and to present some offers in order to improve the periods. The participants were 80 experts and workers of company in 2008, summer, were chosen in the form of cluster sampling and then based on the Patrice model, they were assessed from the view point of their attitudes, knowledge’s and skills. By means of questionnaire, knowledge testing and check list, the data were gathered and they were analyzed by use of descriptive methods, T and Z tests and coefficients of correlation. Results showed although the training periods had caused the learners to be relatively satisfied, this was not applicable to all of them, so that the experts were more satisfied than the workers. In addition, establishing these periods has meaningfully increased the knowledge level of the learners. Meanwhile, in comparison with the experts, the workers showed little changes. Regarding to the performance of the workers, although the scores average of evaluating the learners’ skills was more than the ones belonged to those who had not participated in these periods, the difference between the scores average of evaluating control and sample groups of the experts were more than the ones related to the workers.

[Hojat Moshtaghian Abarghoie, Hassan Moshtaghian Abarghoie, Jamshid Moshtaghian Abarghoie. Effectiveness of the on the job training, case study: Electric Power Distribution Company of Shiraz. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):531-537]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 71

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.71

Keywords: effectiveness; on the job training; attitude; knowledge of learners; performance

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Brachial Plexus Block for Upper Limb Surgery, Coracoid Infraclavicular Approach versus Axillary Approach

Reda S. Abdelrahman*, Sohair M. Soliman, Magdy E. Elbably

Departments of Anesthesia, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University. Redasobhi@Hotmail.Com*

Abstract: Regional anesthesia of the extremities and of the trunk is a useful alternative to general anesthesia in many situations. Peripheral nerve blocks have attracted renewed interest because of their role in reducing postoperative pain and shortening outpatient recovery. The aim of the study is to compare brachial plexus block performed by the axillary &the coracoids infraclavicular routes using peripheral nerve stimulator as regard block performance time, onset of sensory block, motor block intensity, block duration,success and failure rates. This study was carried out in Tanta University Hospital over forty adult patients of both sex, ASA physical state type I and type II. Patients were classified into two groups: group (C) recieve Infraclavicular coracoids approach and group (A) recieve Axillary approach of brachial plexus block. Each group contains 20 patients. All patients were scheduled for elective surgery of the hand, wrist, or forearm. All blocks were done using a nerve stimulator and an insulated needle (50 mm and 22-gauge). The stimulating current set to 1.5mA and the stimulus frequency to 1Hz and the impulse duration to 0.1 ms. There was no much difference in the age of the patients group C vs group A (37.60 ±12.22 vs38.30 ±14.20) respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the time needed to perform the block in both coracoid and axillary groups ranged in both groups between 3-8 minutes. The onset of sensory blockade was more rapid in the axillary group vs coracoid group (19.05±1.93 vs30±3.61).The duration of block was significantly longer in the axillary group (58.15 ± 1.60) than the coracoid group (48.50±8.53). So, this study reinforces that axillary block was more successful and resulted in more complete block than the coracoids block and better spread of analgesia and longer duration of anesthesia.

[Reda S. Abdelrahman, Sohair M. Soliman, Magdy E. Elbably. Brachial Plexus Block for Upper Limb Surgery, Coracoid Infraclavicular Approach versus Axillary Approach. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):538-544]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 72

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.72

Keyword: PNBs peripheral nerve blocks, ARNI anesthesia- related nerve injury

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Effect of Socio-economic Factors on the Onset of Menarche in Mansoura City Girls

Amany Hamed Gad¹ and Gamalat Mustafa Abd El-Ghany²

¹Maternal and Newborn Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Zagazig University, Egypt

²Community Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Zagazig University, Egypt

Amanygad92@yahoo.com

Abstract: Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of occurrence of menarche among Mansoura city girls, and to find out the effect of socioeconomic factors on the onset of menarche among student. Methods: In this prospective study, data was gathered in Mansoura city using questionnaires that were distributed on a total of 125 female pupils from primary Shagarate El-Dor and EL-Galaa schools. The questionnaire was invented and validated by the researchers and was filled by girls and their mothers, from December 1 ~ 30, 2011. A data of 125 female pupils were analyzed cross sectional. Results: The average age at the onset of menarche in Mansoura was 12.14 year. Also, the present study revealed that, there is a statistically significant difference was observed as regard the socio-economic classes in the positive menarche group as X² =8.69, P- value=0.01. The results of the present study revealed that there was a positive association between age of onset of menarche and proper food intake, secondary sex characteristics and anthropometric measures. This study concluded that, many socioeconomic factors significantly contribute in the occurrence of menarche in Mansoura population, and gives new information about the prevalence of menarche among female pupils in Mansoura city.

[Amany Hamed Gad and Gamalat Mustafa Abd El-Ghany. Effect of Socio-economic Factors on the Onset of Menarche in Mansoura City Girls. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):545-550]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 73

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.73

Key words: menarche; socioeconomic factors; puberty

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Type-A Nucleophosmin (Npm1) Gene Mutation as a Prognostic Marker in Myelodysplastic Syndrome Patients with Normal Karyotypes

Enas Swelam¹; Ahmad Baraka¹; Mohamed H. Murad¹ and Hatem M. Salem²

¹Clinical Pathology and Internal Medicine; ²Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt. barakalab@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: MDS are stem cell disorders characterized by impaired hematopoiesis, and variable risk of AML. MDS can be primary or secondary with several risk factors incriminated. Increased apoptosis, genetic aberrations and autoimmune disorders are the key mechanisms incriminated in disease pathogenesis. NPM1, a shuttling protein that has several functions, is a commonly investigated marker in AML. NPM1 gene mutations occur frequently in AML, and are strongly associated with normal karyotypes. Exact molecular factors underlying progress from MDS to secondary AML are largely unknown. Aim of this work: was designed to investigate the prognostic value of nucleophosmin (NPM1) exon 12 mutation type A in adult patients with myelodysplastic syndrome and normal karyotype. Subjects and method: This study included 30 subjects divided into two groups: Patient group, 30 adults with de novo MDS and normal karyotype, their age ranged 17-85 years with a mean±SD 47.70±18.31 years. The diagnosis of patients was described according to the revised WHO classification. Accordingly, 12 patients (40.0%) had refractory cytopenia (RC), 9 patients (30.0%) suffering from refactory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia (RCMD), 4 patients (13.3%) had refractory anemia with excess blast type I(RAEB-I) and 3 patients (10.0%) classified as (RAEB-II) and 2 (6.6%) diagnosed as unclassified MDS (MDS-u). According to International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS), the patients were classified into low risk (15 patients, 50%), intermediate-1 risk(10 patients, 33.33 %) intermediate-2 risk (5 patients, 16.66 % ), High risk (0 % ). Control group; 10 apparently healthy adult volunteers of matched age and sex. Age range from 19 to75 with a mean ±SD 43.25±20 years. Results: By using of reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), Two (6.6%) patients were positive for a nucleophosmin gene mutation (NPM1-mutA), one case with RAEB-I and one case had RAEB-II. NPM1 mutA was restricted to patients with intermediate risk, while no healthy individual was positive for it. Conclusions; (NPM1-mutA) is a rare finding in adult patients with de novo MDS and normal karyotype, and appears to be restricted to those patients with intermediate risk of progression to AML. None of these patients had a disease that progressed to AML. We concluded that NPM1 mutA may be a favourable early molecular event that confers some protection against evolution of AML, and thus might be a good prognostic factor in a disease that lies on the verge of AML, but this needs to be confirmed with further Studies on large cohort.

[Enas Swelam; Ahmad Baraka; Mohamed H. Murad and Hatem M. Salem. Type-A Nucleophosmin (Npm1) Gene Mutation as a Prognostic Marker in Myelodysplastic Syndrome Patients with Normal Karyotypes. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):551-557]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 74

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.74

Key words; NPM-1, MDS, RT-PCR

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Measuring the Morphological Characters of Honey Bee (Apis Mellifera L.) Using A Simple Semi-Automatic Technique

El-Aw, M. A.; Kh. A. Draz; Kh. S. Abd El-Hamid and H. Abo-Shara

Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Egypt

drmelaw2000@yahoo.com

Abstract: Measuring of morphological characters of honey bees was carried out using a simple technique depends on the combination between Scanner and Photoshop program. This technique was called Scan Photo technique (SPT). The main idea is to dissect the body parts of honey bee worker, and then the separated parts were scanned as images. The images were opened at Photoshop program, and then the ruler of the program was used to measure the characters. Comparison between SPT and using Binocular with unocular micrometer showed no significant difference between the two methods in measuring the chosen morphometric characters. The measurements of 11 morphological characters of honey bee workers from Local colonies (Parents) were compared with those of their F₁ colonies, in which queens have been mated under natural mating conditions. The overall means of Parents (P) and their F₁ were 5.95 mm and 6.05 mm for tongue length; and 8.91 mm and 8.64 mm; 3.05 mm and 3.22 mm; 6.28 mm and 6.05 mm; 1.81 mm and 1.71 mm for fore wing length; fore wing width; hind wing length and hind wing width, respectively. Also, the overall mean values of P and F₁ were 2.89 and 3.25 for cubital index; and 20.8 and 20.6 for number of hooks, in respect. On the other hand, the overall means were 2.25 mm and 2.22 mm; 2.83 mm and 2.80 mm; 2.10 mm and 2.04 mm; 1.08 mm and 1.06 mm for femur length; tibia length; basitarsus length and basitarsus width of P and F₁, in respect. Significant differences were found only between workers of parent and F₁ mean in tongue length, hind wing length and basitarsus length. No significant differences were found between the other tested characters.

 [El-Aw, M. A.; Kh. A. Draz; Kh. S. Abd El-Hamid and H. Abo-Shara. Measuring The Morphological Characters Of Honey Bee (Apis Mellifera L.) Using A Simple Semi-Automatic Technique. J Am Sci 2012;8 (3):558-564]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 75

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.75

Key words: Honey bee, Apis mellifera, Morphological characters, Scan Photo technique

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Mathematical Modeling of Tall Buildings and its Foundation under Randomly Fluctuating Wind and Earthquake Ground Motions

Aly El-Kafrawy

Production Engineering and Mechanical Design Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Port-Said University, Port-Said, Egypt. dr_eng_aly@hotmail.com

Abstract: In the present paper, a non-dimensional mathematical model for high tower buildings and its foundation under randomly fluctuating wind loads and earthquake ground motions excitations is developed as a nonlinear model to study the system more extensively. The system main equations could be derived using two different derivation methods and linearized in minimal symbolic forms; which facilitate a subsequent numerical simulation in order to investigate the vibration characteristics of whole system. The analysis enables designers to have more insight into the characteristics of high tower buildings of similar configuration but with different geometry and material. The complexity of wind loading with its variations in space and time has been considered. A comprehensive mathematical model of six degrees of freedom is presented and solved for free and forced vibrations.

[Aly El-Kafrawy. Mathematical Modeling of Tall Buildings and its Foundation under Randomly Fluctuating Wind and Earthquake Ground Motions. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):565-588]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 76

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.76

Keywords tall building vibrations, modal analysis, foundation vibrations, power spectral density, random wind excitation, earthquake ground motions

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Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles after Injected Intraperitoneally in Rats

Jehad Yousef¹, Haifa Hendi², Fathea S. Hakami³, Manal A. Awad³, Ahmed F. Alem⁴, Awatif A. Hendi⁵, Khaled Ortashi⁶, and Majidh F. Al- Mrshoud⁷

¹Biochemist Department, Faculty of Science, King abdul Aziz University

²Chemistry Department; Educational Ministry

³King Abdullah Institute of Nanotechnology; King Saud University

⁴Medical College, King Saud University

⁵Physics Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University

⁶Chemical Engineering College, King Saud University

⁷Central Lab, King Saud University

ahindi@ksu.edu.sa

Abstract: Metallic nanoparticles (NPs) offer a great promise in biomedicine.The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the toxic effects of Different doses (5,10) lg/kg/day) of nm SNPs up on intra peritoneal(i.p) Administration in rate every day for (30)days. The silver level sin blood did not increase with the dose administered, where as in all the organs examined there was a proportional increase on silver, indicating efficient tissue uptake. No evidence of toxicity was observe dinany of the diverse studies performed, including survival, behavior, animal weight, organ morphology, blood biochemistry and tissue histology.

[Jehad Yousef, Haifa Hendi, Fathea S. Hakami, Manal A. Awad, Ahmed F. Alem, and Awatif A. Hendi. Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles after Injected Intraperitoneally in Rats. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):589 -593]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 77

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.77

Keywords: silver nanoparticles, histological images of normal rat tissues.

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The Bases of Responsibility in CIM Convention and its Comparison with Iranian Law

Ebrahim Taghizadeh, Sahar Alipoor

Department of Law, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395-3697, Tehran, IRAN

saharalipoor2@gmail.com

Abstract: Current research has paid to the 4 bases of liability (Proved fault prove, Presumption of fault, Strict Liability, Absolute responsibility) in addition to the exploration and explanation of liability based on CIM convention (transport via railway) and has compared the bases of responsibility in CIM with the liability of railway transfer carrier in Iran. The results of the study shows that there is no significant and outstanding difference between bases of responsibility in CIM and Iran and except in partial cases, will ask the carrier based on presumption of fault. [Ebrahim Taghizadeh, Sahar Alipoor, The Bases of Responsibility in CIM Convention and its Comparison with Iranian Law. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):594-595]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 78

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.78

Keywords: Responsibility, liability, CIM, Iranian Law

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Immobilization and Surfactant Enhanced Anthracene Biodegradation in Soil

Mohammed A. Ramadan ^{1, 2}, A. M. Hashem ², M.A. Amin ² and N. H. Rfky¹

¹ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Sixth of October City, Egypt

² Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.

m_ramdan56@hotmail.com

Abstract: The study was conducted to determine the extent of biodegradation of anthracene in salts solution (SS) as well as in environmental samples, focusing on methods used to enhance its biodegradation. A total of 32 fungal and bacterial isolates have been recovered from environmental samples by enrichment culture technique. The recovered isolates were assessed for their ability to degrade 10µg ml^-1 of anthracene in pure cultures. Degradation of anthracene was assessed by determination of the residual substrate by HPLC method. Among the fungal isolates, Fusarium oxysporum was proved to be highly active, where 78% of anthracene had disappeared in environmental samples at a concentration of 10µg ml^-1 within 7 days of incubation. While Aspergillus terreus was able to degrade 70% of anthracene under the same conditions. Degradation was enhanced significantly by immobilized fungal and bacterial cells; where immobilized Fusarium oxysporum degraded 83% of anthracene at a concentration of 10µg ml^-1 as compared to 51% as free cells within 4 days of incubation. Addition of surfactant (Tween 80) to the culture of Fusarium oxysporum, 89% of the initial concentration of anthracene was degraded under the same conditions. The results showed that anthracene biodegradation might be rapidly decomposed by the addition of surfactants and/or immobilization of the degrading isolates.

[Mohammed A. Ramadan, A. M. Hashem, M.A. Amin and N. H. Rfky. Immobilization and Surfactant Enhanced Anthracene Biodegradation in Soil. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):596-602]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 79

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.79

Keywords: Biodegradation, anthracene, fungi, bacteria, immobilized cells, surfactant.

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Hand – Related Characteristics of micro polyester woven fabrics

Hayam Demerdash Alghzaly¹, M. H. Elshakankery² and Alsaid Ahmed Almetwally ²

¹Faculty of Specific Education, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

²Textile Eng. Dpt., National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt

Abstract: Fabric hand is a generic term for descriptive characteristics of textiles obtained through tactile comparison. Fabric hand attributes can be obtained through subjective assessment or objective measurements. In this study, handle of micro polyester woven fabrics was obtained objectively using FAST evaluation system. The effect of weft density on handle properties of micro polyester woven fbrics were studied. The experimental results of handle properties were statistically analyzed using ANOVA.The findings of this study revealed that weft density of micro polyester fabrics greatly affected the handle properties of this type of fabrics except for hygral expansion and relaxation shrinkage. It is observed that with increase in weft density, the fabric thickness, surface thickness, formability, bending rigidity and fabric shear rigidigty increased. By the contray, with the incresae in weft density fabric extensibility was reduced in warp and weft directions.

[Hayam Demerdash Alghzaly, M. H. Elshakankery and Alsaid Ahmed Almetwally. Hand – Related Characteristics of micro polyester woven fabrics. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):603-610]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 80

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.80

Key words: Handle characteristics, Bending rigidity, shear rigidity, extensibility, Formability, micro fiber, micropolyester fabrics.

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Genetic Characterization of Avian Influenza Virus Isolates of Sharqiyah Province - Egypt, 2011.

Ali, A. Salama; El-Bakry, M. Ismaiel; Fatma, M. Abdallah and Abdou, M. Nagy

Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt

mm.fatma@yahoo.com

Abstract: Two hundred and twenty cloacal, tracheal swabs and tissue samples from different poultry species (chicken and duck) either in commercial breeding or in backyard system showed respiratory manifestations with variable mortalities were collected from different localities in Sharqiyah province during 2011. The tested samples were inoculated into the allantoic cavities of 9-11 days old specific pathogen free embryonated chicken eggs (SPF-ECE) for virus isolation. The harvested allantoic fluids were tested for detection of hemagglutinating viruses using slide and plate haemagglutination test followed by subtyping using haemagglutination inhibition test and genotyping using RT-PCR. All AIV isolates were proved to be H5N1avian influenza virus. Partial hemagglutinin (HA) gene sequencing was also done, and the sequences of these isolates were compared with some available Egyptian published sequences in Genbank and the sequences of currently used imported vaccinal strains in Egypt as Volvac Avian Influenza Killed Virus (AI KV) H5N2 (A/Chicken/Mexico/232/94) vaccine with accession number (AY497096.1) and YEBIO H5N1 (A/Goose/Guangdong/96) vaccine (Re-1) with accession number (AF144305.1). Sequencing results revealed 96-100% homology of H5 gene with previously published sequences of H5N1 isolates of Egypt from 2006 -2011, in addition, the percent of identity between our isolate and Chinese vaccinal strain was 40.6% and 41% with the Mexican vaccine. While the percent of identity of some reference Egyptian isolates in 2006 with the Mexican vaccine was 78.2% and 92.9% with the Chinese vaccine. Phylogenetic analysis showed independent sub-clustering of the two viruses (A/ck/Faquos/amn12/011 and A/dk/Zagazig/amn13/011 within the Egyptian sequences that may indicate a possible differential adaptation in the two hosts. The positive AIV (H5N1) isolates were passaged on different cell lines of avian and mammalian origin to determine the differential susceptibility of present isolates on these cell lines. The results showed that the isolates can produce a substantial cytopathic effect within 3 days of infection after addition of trypsin (2µg/ml) on CEF while after 3 passages of adaptation on both Vero and MDBK cells. Our study results showed that the currently used imported vaccinal strains in Egypt cannot give a good protection level due to high mutation rate that necessate for production of autogenous vaccine from freshly local isolates. In addition CEF, Vero and MDBK cells can be used as alternative systems for AIV isolation avoiding viral mutation occurred in SPF-ECE but further studies are needed to determine the best cell line that cannot produce any mutational changes during isolation step to help the authorities for production of cell culture adapted inactivated vaccine from freshly local isolates to control the current outbreaks.

[Ali, A.Salama; El-Bakry, M. Ismaiel; Fatma, M. Abdallah and Abdou, M. Nagy. Genetic Characterization of Avian Influenza Virus Isolates of Sharqiyah Province-Egypt, 2011. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):611-618]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 81

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.81

Key words: HPAIV, H5N1, SPF-ECE, HA, RT-PCR, Sharqyiah

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Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii antibodies among farm animals and human contacts in Egypt

Nahed, H. Ghoneim and Khaled, A. Abdel-Moein

Zoonoses department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

khal_105@yahoo.com

Abstract: Q fever is a zoonosis with public health concern throughout the world. The disease is caused by Coxiella burnetii a bacterium largely carried by ruminants. In Egypt the epidemiology of Q fever is not well-known. So, the present study was carried out to investigate the seroprevalence of C. burnetii antibodies among different ruminant species and human contacts collected from some governorates of Egypt. For this purpose, serum samples obtained from 184 ruminants (55 sheep, 30 goats, 54 cattle and 45 buffaloes) were examined for the presence of IgG C. burnetii antibodies against phase I and phase II antigens by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, sera from 92 persons in intimate contact with ruminants were also tested for the presence of IgG C. burnetii antibodies against phase II antigen by using ELISA. The overall seroprevalence in ruminants was 17.4% while displayed in different species as (32.7%, 23.3%, and 13%) for sheep, goats and cattle respectively whereas none of examined buffaloes was positive. On the other hand, the seroprevalence in the tested persons was 16.3% with significantly high seroprevalence among those live in agricultural districts. In conclusion, the high seroprevalence of Q fever among sheep and goats highlighted the potential role which may be played by these animals in the epidemiology of Q fever being important reservoirs for C. burnetii and its zoonotic implications in Egypt.

[Nahed, H. Ghoneim and Khaled, A. Abdel-Moein. Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii antibodies among farm animals and human contacts in Egypt. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):619-621]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 82

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.82

Keywords: Q fever, ruminants, human, Egypt.

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Experimental Investigation of New Candidate Glass from Municipal Waste as Radioactive Waste Immobilizer

N.A. El-Alaily¹, A.H. Zahran¹, Y.K. Abdel-monem ², F.A. Essa ², E.M. Abou-Hussein¹ and F.M.Ezz-Eldin¹

¹National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt

²Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Elmonoufia University, Elmonoufia, Egypt

nalaily@hotmail.com

Abstract: Up to 90 weight % of municipal waste were successfully vetrified into borosilicate and sodium borate glasses at ~1200^oC. The aim of preparing these glasses is to be used as a radioactive waste immobilizer, so the most important factor affecting such glass is its durability either in acidic or alkaline medium. Experimental durability data of the prepared glass immersed in ground water together with γ- irradiation was found to be affected according to the different irradiation doses. The damage occurred was correlated to their composition and irradiation dose. The results showed that glass containing higher amount of municipal waste possess high durability.

[N.A. El-Alaily, A.H. Zahran, Y.K. Abdel-monem, F.A. Essa, E.M. Abou-Hussein and F.M. Ezz-Eldin. Experimental Investigation of New Candidate Glass from Municipal Waste as Radioactive Waste Immobilizer. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):622-627]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 83

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.83

Key words: borosilicate glass, durability, SEM

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Evaluation of Different Restorative Materials after Exposure to Chlorhexidine

ABO EL NAGA A. and YOUSEF M.

¹King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Dentistry, Jeddah, Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia.

Abstract: Objectives: To evaluate the effect of chlorhexidine solution on the micro-hardness and surface roughness of three different restoratives (nanoionomer, Nano Ceramic composite and giomer). Methods: Three different restorative materials [Ketak N100 (KN), 3M/ESPE, Ceram X (CX), Dentsply and Beautifil II (BII), Shofu] were tested in this study. Fifty discs (5mm diameter x 3mm thickness) of each tested material were prepared, ten specimens were used as control while the other 40 specimens were divided into four subgroups (n=10); first and second subgroups were immersed in an artificial saliva for one week and one month respectively. Third and fourth subgroups were subjected to 0.2% Chlorhexidine Digluconate [(CHX), Colgate Periogard] for one week and one month respectively, as they were immersed in CHX for 1 min. 3 times daily and immersed in artificial saliva after each chlorhexidine exposure. Five specimens of each subgroup were tested for surface roughness using Quanta Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope while other five specimens were tested for microhardness using Vickers Micro-Hardness Tester. Data were statistically analyzed using Three-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test (P ≤ 0.05). Results: Microhardness mean values were 86.9, 83.3 and 72.8 for KN, CX and BII respectively. However, these values significantly decreased after 1 month. Exposure to CHX for one month showed statistically significant highest mean surface roughness values. However, CX (138.2) showed the statistical significant highest mean surface roughness values, this was followed by BII (122.9) which showed lower value. KN showed the statistical significant lowest mean surface roughness values. Conclusions: Under the conditions of this study it was concluded that the long term exposure to 0.2% Chlorhexidine Digluconate had resulted in gradual increase in surface roughness and gradual decrease in micro-hardness of the tested materials.

[ABO EL NAGA A. and YOUSEF M. Evaluation of Different Restorative Materials after Exposure to Chlorhexidine. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):628-631]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 84

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.84

Key words: Chlorhexidine, restoratives

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The Effect of Some Carbonated Beverages on Enamel of Human Premolars (Scanning and Light Microscopic Study)

Medhat A. El-Zainy¹; Ahmed M. Halawa¹ and Amany A. Rabea²

¹Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain-Shams University, ² Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Future University, Cairo, Egypt. amanydoctor@hotmail.com

Abstract: In modern societies, the increased consumption of soft drinks is becoming more important because of the concern for dental erosion. The aim of the present study is to reveal and compare the possible effect of some carbonated beverages on occlusal and cervical parts of enamel in the buccal surface of human premolars. Twenty sound (caries-free) human maxillary premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons were used in the present study. The teeth were then divided into: Control group: (before immersion in the beverages), in which the collected teeth were immersed at first in tap water and subdivided into 4 subgroups (5 teeth each) and named; Control Sprite, Control Mirinda Orange, Control Coca- Cola and subgroup R. Experimental group: (after immersion in the beverages) in which the first 3 subgroups which were used as control were then utilized as experimental after immersion in the corresponding beverage. They were named; Subgroup S (Sprite experimental Subgroup), Subgroup M (Mirinda Orange experimental Subgroup) and Subgroup C (Coca-Cola experimental Subgroup). The teeth were examined using SEM and light microscope. Morphometric study was performed, using computerized image analyzer for the assessment of affected band thickness. The SEM results of the experimental subgroups revealed that each beverage cause different pattern of erosion. In Subgroup S, the enamel surface was feather like and pitted. In Subgroup M, the enamel surface presented the honeycomb pattern. In Subgroup C, the enamel surface was nearly smooth with generalized structural loss. It was noticed also that the changes in enamel surface became more accentuated toward the cervical third. The light microscopic examination revealed that in both Subgroups S and C the outer enamel layer exhibited dark band of affection, while in Subgroup M this band was translucent. The affection of subsurface and deep enamel layers was noticed in all the experimental subgroups, in addition the changes in enamel became more accentuated toward the cervical third. The morphometric data revealed that the thickness of the affected band in the outer layer of enamel increased toward the cervical third in all experimental subgroups. This band was minimal in Subgroup S, and increased in Subgroup M, followed by Subgroup C. From the present study we can conclude that acidic beverages had deleterious effect on dental hard tissues. Among the investigated drinks of the present work, the Sprite had the least erosive potential, followed by Mirinda Orange, then Coca-Cola which had the most erosive potential. The erosive potential of a beverage was depended on its pH value, titratable acidity, type and concentration of the acid(s) present. Enamel affection for a given beverage was maximum at the cervical third and minimal in the occlusal.

[Medhat A. El-Zainy; Ahmed M. Halawa and Amany A. Rabea. The Effect of Some Carbonated Beverages on Enamel of Human Premolars (Scanning and Light Microscopic Study). J Am Sci 2012;8(3):632-643]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 85

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.85

Key words: Carbonated beverages, enamel, premolars, scanning electron microscope, light microscope.

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Screening Some Local Egyptian Seeds for Different Proteolytic Enzymes and Their Application to Produce Potent ACE-I Milk Hydrolysates

Mohamed Mohey Eldin Elmazar¹, Sanaa Tawfik El-Sayed² and Rehab Ahmed Al-Azzouny²

Ahram Canadian University¹, National Research Center, Egypt²

roubido2000@hotmail.com

Abstract: The aim of this study is to test the possible presence of different proteolytic enzymes with promising industrial application in local low cost plant seeds. The aqueous extracts of 28 dry seeds representing eight families (Cruciferae, Umbelliferae, Leguminosae, Rosaceae, Asteraceae, Gramineae, Tiliaceae, and Cucurbitaceae) were screened in order to find the most promising source for production of industrially important proteolytic enzymes. The aqueous extracts were tested for the presence of proteolytic enzymes by measuring the proteolytic activity (PE) using soluble casein at three pHs (4.5, 6.5 and 9) to test the presence of acidic, neutral or alkaline proteases. Results of screening experiments indicated that the proteolytic enzymatic activity is family related. The results showed that the family Cruciferae tested members were rich in proteolytic activity at acidic, neutral and alkaline pH, followed by the family Umbelliferae. The tested seeds members of Leguminosea family and Gramineae family show poorer availability of proteolytic enzymes. Although the seed Raphanus sativus shows the highest proteolytic activity at pH 4.5, it is not producing a milk hydrolysate with the highest Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitory activity as the seed Apium graveolens does. The seed Coriandrum sativum had higher proteolytic activity at pH 6.5 then Foeniculum vulgare but the later produces a milk hydrolysate with higher ACE inhibitory activity then the former. The seed Raphanus sativus produces a milk hydrolysate with lesser ACE inhibition then Petroselinum crispumat pH 9.

[Mohamed Mohey Eldin Elmazar, Sanaa Tawfik El-Sayed and Rehab Ahmed Al-Azzouny. Screening Some Local Egyptian Seeds for Different Proteolytic Enzymes and Their Application to Produce Potent ACE-I Milk Hydrolysates. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):644-650]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 86

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.86

Keywords: Proteolytic enzymes, Seeds, Angiotensin converting enzyme, Milk,Hydrolysate

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Comparison of Two Kinds of Functionally Graded Conical Shells with Various Gradient Index for Vibration Analysis 

Amirhossein Nezhadi^*, Roslan Abdul Rahman, Amran Ayob

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia

^*E-mail: a_h_nezhadi@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this paper, a study on the effects of the FGM configuration is taken into account by studying the frequencies of two FG conical shells. Type I FG conical shell has aluminum on its inner surface and almina on its outer surface and Type II FG cylindrical shell has almina on its inner surface and aluminum on its outer surface. The study is done based on Rayleigh-Ritz method. The objective is to study the effects of configurations of the constituent materials on the frequencies. The properties are graded in the thickness direction according to the gradient index distribution. The analysis is carried out with strains-displacement relations are given by Soedel (1981). The governing equations are obtained using energy functional with the Rayleigh-Ritz method. Results are presented on the frequency characteristics and the influences of constituent various volume fractions for Type I and II FG conical shells. the boundary conditions are simply supported.

[Amirhossein Nezhadi, Roslan Abdul Rahman, Amran Ayob. Comparison of Two Kinds of Functionally Graded Conical Shells with Various Gradient Index for Vibration Analysis. 2012;8(3):651-657]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 87

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.87

Keywords: Functionally Graded Materials, Conical shell, Rayleigh-Ritz Method, Energy Functional, Vibration.

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Trans-scleral diode laser application, other potential benefits

Ahmed I M Kamel

Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine Al-Azhar University Cairo Egypt

balchin@consultant.com

Abstract: Background: Recurrent vitreous hemorrhage after vitrectomy procedure is a devastating event. The aim of this study was to determine the potential rule of trans-scleral diode laser in reducing the risk of late recurrent vitreous hemorrhage. Patients and methods: A prospective study was conducted on 32 eyes of 32 patients (19 males and 13 females) presented for the first time with diabetic vitreous hemorrhage and was enrolled to have primary vitrectomy and pan retinal photocoagulation with or without silicon oil injection. Trans-scleral diode laser was applied around the enter sites and over the retinal periphery posterior to vitrectomy entery sites. Patients were followed at least for 12 months postoperatively. Results: There were 4 eyes in total with postoperative vitreous cavity hemorrhage (POVCH): two eyes had non-resolving of vitreous cavity hemorrhage that required vitreous cavity washout. One eye had recurrent POVCH 6 weeks after surgery and another eye had POVCH 3 months after surgery. Conclusions: Trans-scleral diode laser application should be considered during virectomy for diabetic vitreous hemorrhage.

 [Ahmed I M Kamel. Trans-scleral diode laser application, other potential benefits. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):658 -660]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 88

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.88

Keywords: trans-scleral diode laser, diabetic vitreous hemorrhage, vitrectomy entery sites, fibrovascular proliferation.

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Insecticidal Activity of Melia azedarach L. Triterpeniods against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.)

Melegi A. Abd El-Ghany^a,b, Mohamed Farag^b, Heba Yousef^b, Mohamed H. M. Ahmed^c, Samy S.

El-badawey^b and Adel A.-H. Abdel-Rahman^d

^a Central Lab., King Faisal University (KFU), Saudi Arabia, KSA

^b Department of Pest Physiology, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt

^c Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt.

^d Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El- Koam, Egypt.

melegi_a@hotmail.com, mhamedfarag_1@yahoo.com, hebayousef2004@yahoo.com,

Abstract: Ethyl acetate extract and the purified fraction extracted from ripe fruits of Melia azedarach were tested against the 2^nd and 4^th instar larvae of Spodoptera littoralis. The extract and the fraction showed highly significant toxic activities and reduction in larval weight at all concentrations used. The LC₅₀ values of the extract were 4.10 and 16.04 for 2^nd and 4^th instars, respectively, while for the purified fraction were 1.188 and 2.01 against the same instars. The chemical constituents of the purified fraction were identified by LC-MS. Ten components were identified, four of these components were previously isolated and six compounds were identified for first time from fruits of Melia. azedarach.

[Melegi A. Abd El-Ghany, Mohamed Farag, Heba Yousef, Mohamed H. M. Ahme^c, Samy S. El-badawey and Adel A.-H. Abdel-Rahman. Insecticidal Activity of Melia azedarach L. Triterpeniods against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). J Am Sci 2012;8(3):661-667]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 89

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.89

Key words: Melia azedarach, Spodoptera littoralis, triterpenes

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Using Rain Water in Jeddah in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as an indicator to air pollution and its impact on seed germination of Phaseolous vulgaris and Lentil (Lens culinaris)

Areej Baeshen and Batoul Abdullatif 

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Corresponding Author: batoulabdullatif@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this study, the impact of rainwater harvested from different sites in Jeddah, KSA, Viz, Al- Tahlia, Al-Rawda and Al-Basateen, was investigated chemically, physically and regarding different growth parameters of Phaseolus vulgaris and Lens culinaris seeds (under laboratory conditions) and heavy metals content. The average solubility of the trace metals in the rain waters increase in the order: Mn, Ni, Zn, Cu, Ba, Cr, As, Pb and Cd. Rainwater was slightly acidic in all sites except at Al-Basateen which was slightly alkaline and with high Ec compared to control and other rain waters (P>0.01). Phaseolus vulgaris showed noticeable increase in cotyledons, fresh; dry weights, and stem length in all sites.. On the other hand, Lens culinaris recorded high values of cotyledons and stem fresh and dry weights, as well as, reasonable root and stem length. Moreover, results have shown that the significant parameters in terms of acute air pollution are not identified. Thus, irrigation with harvested rainwater can be considered as one of the most valuable easy technologies that can assist in saving irrigation water and substituting water scarcity.

[Areej Baeshen and Batoul Abdullatif. Using Rain Water in Jeddah in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as an indicator to air pollution and its impact on seed germination of Phaseolous vulgaris and Lentil (Lens culinaris). J Am Sci 2012;8(3):668-673]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 90

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.90

Keywords: Rain water harvesting, air pollution,. Phaseolous vulgaris, Lens culinaris, heavy metals, trace elements.

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Peroxidase isozyme polymorphism in Grape Cultivars infected by Grapevine fan leaf virus (GFLV) and Tomato ring spot virus (ToRSV).

Amal A. Ahmed¹, Sherin A. Mahfouze² and Gehan H. Sabry³.

¹Virus & Phytoplasma Res. Dept., Plant Path.Res. Instit., Agric. Res. Center, Giza 12619, Egypt.

²Genetic Engineering & Biotech. Division, Genetics & Cytology Dept., National Res. Center, Dokki, Egypt.

³Viticulture Dept., Hort. Res. Instit., Agric. Res. Center, Giza, 12619 Egypt

Corresponding author: E-mail: Sherinmahfouze@yahoo.com

Abstract: Two different viruses were obtained from vines exhibiting typical symptoms of viral infection. One group of the collected samples was characterized with fan leaf shape, vein banding, double node and general malformation which are typical to Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV). Another group of samples showed stunting, short internodes, chlorotic mottling symptoms characteristic to infection by Tomato ring spot virus (ToRSV). The two virus isolates were identified as GFLV and ToRSV depending on symptoms and serological test (ELISA). ToRSV and GFLV were found to be widely spread in grapevine propagated material and are considered as economically important grapevine viruses in Egypt. Eight Grape cultivars were tested for their reactions to GFLV and ToRSV. All of these cultivars were found to be varied in their susceptible to the viruses and various symptoms were observed on the inoculated plants. Analysis of peroxidase (POD) isozymes of ToRSV and GFLV infected and healthy plants for eight grapevine cultivars showed increased peroxidase activity in ToRSV and GFLV diseased plants of cultivar Superior cultivar (five markers), followed by Flame seedless cultivar (four markers), then King Rupy (three unique markers), finally Black monukka (one isozyme marker). In the contrast, Thompson Seedless, Rich Baba, Matrouh Aswed and Beauty seedless cultivars were not found any POD-activity can be note. Increasing in peroxidase activity was induced resistance in grapevine for ToRSV and GFLV infection. Healthy or infected Superior and Matrouh Aswed achieved the best yield and its components as well as the best physical properties of bunch and improved the chemical characteristics of berries and ensured the best vegetative growth parameters in comparison with healthy or infected other cultivars, with caution that virus diseases can have a serious impact on vine health, yield and quality of the fruit.

[Amal A. Ahmed, Sherin A. Mahfouze and Gehan H. Sabry. Peroxidase isozyme polymorphism in Grape Cultivars infected by Grapevine fan leaf virus (GFLV) and Tomato ring spot virus (ToRSV). J Am Sci 2012;8(3):674-687]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 91

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.91

Keywords: Analysis, chemical characteristics, cultivar, exhibiting, extraction, grape, Grapevine fanleaf virus, peroxidase (POD) isozymes, susceptible, Tomato ring spot virus, yield

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In situ localization and mRNA expression analysis of chicken BAX Inhibitor-1

Abdalla A. A. Sayed

Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, 61519 Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt.

Sayde692000@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Bax Inhibitor-1 (BI-1) was originally described as testis enhanced gene transcripts involved in development. It is BI-1 is one of the few cell death suppressors conserved in animals and plants. Also BI-1 is involved in development, response to biotic and a biotic stress and probably represents an indispensable cell protectant. It was reported to response to biotic and a biotic stress and probably represents an indispensable cell protectant. BI-1 found to suppress cell death induced by mitochondrial dysfunction. The blot analysis predicted that BI-1 is a single copy gene present in all kinds of vertebrates. It was mapped to rat chromosome 7, mouse chromosome 15, swine chromosome 5 and human chromosome 12q12–q13. It works to inhibit the BAX role. Material and method: In this study Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) Stimulated spleen cells cDNA were used as a tester and non-stimulated ones were used as a driver for suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH). Then RT-PCR was performed using both forward and reverse primers designed from the SSH obtained fragment. The probed PCR product was then used for in situ hybridization. This study data leads to the identification of chicken BAX Inhibitor-1 fragment. Results: The obtained fragment was about 200 bp covering the area from 525- to the 3׳ -end of the human BI-1 homolog. The expression analysis showed a wide variation in tissues and cell lines. In situ studies revealed that mRNA expression is elevated in LPS stimulated tissues. Discussion: In this approach a homolog for a chicken baxI-1 gene was described. The chicken BAXI-1 gene found to be expressed in many tissues and cell lines in different levels. The stimulation time course also was found to have a wide effect on both spleen and IN24 cell lines under study. The BAXI-1 gene was localized by in situ hybridization and the effect of LPS stimulation was investigated in each of bursa, thymus and spleen.

[Abdalla A. A. Sayed. In situ localization and mRNA expression analysis of chicken BAX Inhibitor-1. J. Am Sci 2012;8(3):688-695]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 92

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.92

Key words: Chicken, BAXI-1, cloning, in situ hybridization, apoptosis

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Effect of Tilmicosin in Control of Mycoplasmosis in Broiler Chickens from Infected Breeders Using Elisa Test for Evaluation

M.M. Amer¹, G. A. Zohair², Kh. M. EL-Bayomi³ and Zeinab M. S. Amin Girh³

¹Poult. Dis, Depart, Facult, of Vet, Med, Cairo University.

² Depart. of animal production, Facult, of Agricul,, Sana University. Yemen.

³Poult. Dis. Depart., National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo

Profdramer@yahoo.com

Abstract: Studying the effect of Tilmicosin (Pulmotil Ac) in the treatment and prevention of chorionic respiratory disease (CRD) in broiler was the purpose of this study. In this study, 10.000, 1 day old commercial broiler chicks from both Cobb and Ross reared in 4 houses; 2 Cobb and 2 Ross (5000 chicks each). The breeder and their chicks were positive to MG and MS. Tilmicosin was used as 75 mg/ liter at 35 weeks of age for 2 days with repletion at 20 day of age. Cobb breeder sera tested with serum plate agglutination (SPA) test were positive Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) (20 % and 26.7%), while Ross breeder was negative for MG and 23.33% positive results for MS. Furthermore, the 1 day old chicks tested sera were positive to MG in 8%, 16% and 28% and for MS in 0%, 8% and 12%; respectively. Immuno- histochemistry testing of tracheal and air sac sections were positive for MG. Tilmicosin completely eliminate the serum positive titers for MG and partially eliminate it for MS as measured by Enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) titres and SPA test. In treated Cobb chicks MS ELISA titres still positive at the 17 days of age, while it was negative for MG. The recorded results of SPA test in treated flocks were generally lower than non treated ones. At PM examination the prevalence of marked air sac gross lesions in non treated control group indicated the development of CRD, the lesions increased in severity with age in non treated. The treated groups showed milder lesions varied from normal to slight turbidity without marked difference between medicated flocks. Generally; the livability taken in inconsideration the growth and mortality rates of treated flock was better than those of same non treated frocks. It can be concluded that usage of Tilmicosin can be essential in the treatment and prevention of CRD in broilers derived from positive breeders. In the other hand, the usage of such drug must be controlled to keep sensitivity of the organism

[M.M. Amer, G. A. Zohair, Kh. M. EL-Bayomi and Zeinab M. S. Amin Girh. Effect of Tilmicosin in Control of Mycoplasmosis in Broiler Chickens from Infected Breeders Using Elisa Test for Evaluation. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):696-700]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 93

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.93

Key words: Mycoplasmosis, control, Tilmicosin, broiler chickens, ELISA-test, SPA-test

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Adherence with Secondary Prophylaxis among Children with Rheumatic Fever

Ebtisam M. Elsayed and Thanaa A. Elawany

Pediatric Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Tanta University

ebtisamelsayed@yahoo.com

Abstract: Positive living with rheumatic fever however can be difficult because of pain and fatigue in addition to changes in the person's appearance leading to low self-image. Medical treatment regimens for pediatric rheumatic diseases are complex, have delayed beneficial effects, and require consistent adherence over a long period of time. So, this study aimed to assess adherence with secondary prophylaxis among children with rheumatic fever. The study was conducted at Pediatric Rheumatology Outpatient Clinic of Tanta University Hospital during the period of six months in 2010. The sample comprised 100 children suffering from rheumatic fever. Their ages ranged between 8 to 18years. An Interview questionnaire sheet was used for data collection. It included personal data, past history of rheumatic fever and history related to adherence with the prophylactic treatment. Reviewing child's health record was utilized to obtain the required information. The results revealed that, male children were more affected with rheumatic fever than females, 58% were from rural areas and most of them (71%) had negative family history of rheumatic fever. Irregular adherence to prophylactic treatment was found in 53% of the total sample. The leading causes of irregular adherence as reported by the majority of children (87%) were mainly fear from painful injection. The findings revealed that there was significant relationship between children’s adherence with follow up and Penicillin dose and their ages, sex, residence and family history. Furthermore, a significant relationship was detected between children’s adherence and duration of the disease as well as recurrent episodes (P<0.05). Regarding to their knowledge; it was revealed that most of studied children (60%) were poor, 17% fair and 23 % were good. The current study showed that children who had good and fair score were more regular adherent than who had poor score. In conclusion; factors contributing child non-adherence to prophylactic treatment included painful injection, lack of confidence in their treatment, inadequate counseling, and difficult traveling for long distance. There was significant correlation between children’s regularity to treatment and their knowledge. It was recommended that, establishing continuous educational sessions for children and their mothers in outpatient rheumatology clinics about the importance of adherence with secondary prophylaxis is mandatory for positive living with the disease.

[Ebtisam M. Elsayed and Thanaa A. Elawany. Adherence with Secondary Prophylaxis among Children with Rheumatic Fever. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):701-708]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 94

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.94

Key word: Adherence, Secondary Prophylaxis treatment, Rheumatic Fever. 

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Minimal Intervention Approaches in Remineralizing Early carious lesions

Hala M. Abbas*, Heba M. Hamza**, Hend M. Ahmed ***

Associate Professor in Pediatric Dentistry & Dental Public Health Department, Cairo University.

**Professor in operative Dentistry Department, Cairo University.

***Lecturer in operative Dentistry Department, Cairo University

Corresponding author: dr.halaabbas@gmail.com

Abstract: Since the beginning if this Millennium information about the procedures and benefits of minimum intervention, an innovative, modern health care approach for dentistry has been increasingly disseminated. As with any innovation, wide adoption of Minimum Intervention (MI) by the dental profession is reliant upon factors related to the process of diffusion. Thus the goal of Modern Dentistry is to manage non- cavitated caries lesions non invasively through remineralization. Therefore, this in-vitro study will be carried out to apply and investigate three remineralizing agents fluoride, ACP-CPP+F and silica compounds on demineralized enamel. Materials & Methods this in vitro study was carried out on 45 teeth specimens carious like lesions will be induced and specimens were divided into three main groups of 15 teeth each, according to remineralizing agent applied, leaving the distal surface as a control group. Group I: using flor-Opal sodium fluoride gel (FG), Group II: using GC MI paste plus Tooth mousse (APP-ACPF) (GC), Group III: using bioactive silica suspension (S). The specimens were evaluated using a computerized method using Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) for measuring the surface roughness of the investigated samples. Also the mineral content was measured using Energy dispersive analytical X-ray (EDAX) for elemental analysis of (calcium, phosphate), showing the3D dimension of surface roughness. Results: revealed a high statistically significant difference between the control group and the three remineralizing agent but the highest mean of surface roughness was noticed in silica group also, this group showed the highest calcium wt. while the highest phosphorus wt was shown in the GC MI paste plus Tooth mousse (APP-ACPF). Flor-Opal showed the lowest statistical means. Conclusion: Minimal intervention dentistry will be promising spotlights on remineralization of early carious lesion. Flor-Opal showed the lowest remineralization while when used incorporation with ACP-CPP paste showed better results in reducing dissolution of enamel surface. Bioactive silica used as remineralizing agents showed a promising results further studies will be needed to be applied in vivo studies.

[Hala M. Abbas, Heba M. Hamza, Hend M. Ahmed. Minimal Intervention Approaches in Remineralizing Early carious lesions. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):709-717]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 95

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.95

Key words: Minimum intervention, remineralizing agents, dental carious

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Early postoperative outcome of total arterial coronary revascularization versus conventional CABG

Ahmed Khallaf¹ and Sherif Sabri²

¹ Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

 ² Critical Care Medicine Department, Bani Suef University, Bani Suef. Egypt

dr_sabri@hotmail.com

Abstract: Although the long term superiority of arterial grafts over venous in CABG is well proven, still the fear from the complexity of the procedure and the potential complications are hindering factors for its widespread use. Our study is aiming at the assessment of the immediate postoperative results of arterial grafting in comparison to conventional single mammary + SVGs. Patients and methods: Our study included 200 patients undergoing elective CABG for multivessel disease and were divided into 2 groups. Group A: 100 patients who had CABG using arterial grafts other than the LIMA with or without vein grafts. Group B: 100 patients undergoing conventional CABG using LIMA to LAD plus additional SVGs. Results: The mean cross clamp (ischemic) time was 77.8 ± 17.49 minutes for group A; versus 39.1 ± 8.96 minutes for the conventional group B., there was no significant difference between the two groups regarding incidence of bleeding, reopening, ischemia or infection. There were no mortalities in our study. Conclusion: Extended arterial coronary revascularization (EACR) is a safe procedure with acceptable complications when compared to conventional CABG using a single mammary with veins.

[Ahmed Khallaf and Sherif Sabri. Early postoperative outcome of total arterial coronary revascularization versus conventional CABG. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):718-722]. http://www.americanscience.org. 96

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.96

Key words: Extended arterial coronary revascularization (EACR).

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Phospho-p38 Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (Phospho-p38 MAPK) and Oxidative Stress in Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion in Rats and the Neuroprotective Potential of Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Gihan M. Sharara¹, Hala M. Abou Heif², and Yasmine A. Ashram²

 Departments of ¹Medical Biochemistry and ² Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University
gihansharara@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background: Cerebral ischemia activates several intricate cell signaling cascades that are critical for cell survival/damage triggered by a multitude of stimuli. The stress-activated mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) (p-38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase [JNK]) mainly function as mediators of cellular stress by phosphorylating intracellular enzymes, transcription factors and cytosolic proteins involved in cell survival, inflammatory cytokine production and apoptosis. The brain is particularly sensitive to oxidative damage. Aim of the work: Was to study oxidative stress and phospho-p38 MAPK in the brain of rats after cerebral ischemia / reperfusion (I/R) and to associate this biochemical changes with the neurological motor function of ischemic rats. The effects of pretreatment with omega-3 fatty acids present in fish oil on cerebral I/R injury were also evaluated. Material & Methods: The study was carried out on 56 adult male albino rats divided into 2 sections A&B. Section A included thirty two rats that were divided into 2 main groups: Group I: eight-sham operated rats as controls and Group II: twenty four rats that were subjected to cerebral ischemia induced by 30 minutes of left common carotid artery (CCA) occlusion followed by variable durations of reperfusion. Group II was subdivided into 3 subgroups (IIa, IIb and IIc) eight rats/each group that were reperfused for 6, 24 and 72 hours respectively. Section B: included twenty four rats subdivided into 3 groups (8 rats/each). Group1: Sham operated rats, Group 2: rats were kept on ordinary diet before left CCA occlusion that was followed by 24 hours of reperfusion, Group 3: rats were kept on fish oil supplemented diet 0.4 g/kg/day, 14 days before cerebral ischemia and 24 hours of reperfusion. Neurological evaluation of motor sensory functions was performed. At the end of the experiment, brain phospho-p38 MAPK was measured by Western blot and ELISA, malondialdehyde (MDA) as an index of lipid peroxidation of brain tissue, glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) antioxidant enzyme activity and caspase-3 activity as an index of apoptosis in brain tissue. Results: Brain tissues of ischemic reperfused rats showed significant increase of phospho-p38 MAPK, MDA and caspase-3 activity and significant decrease of GSHPx at 6, 24 and 72 hours of reperfusion as compared with control rats. The biochemical changes were maximal by 24 hours of reperfusion. Values of phospho-p38 MAPK, caspase-3 activity and MDA level in brain tissue of ischemic reperfused rats by 72 hours were significantly lower than these values in rats reperfused for 24 hours, but were still significantly higher than control rats. The mean neurological score of the ischemic rats reperfused for 6, 24 and 72 hours was significantly lower compared with sham operated rats. The lowest value of neurological score was observed in rats reperfused for 24 hours coincident with maximal increase of phospho-p38 MAPK, MDA and caspase-3 activity in brain tissue and the maximal reduction of GSHPx activity. The neurologic score of rats assessed at 72 hours of reperfusion was significantly higher than that of rats reperfused for 24 hours, but was still significantly lower than control values, which indicated some functional improvement that correspond with attenuation of ischemic brain injury. Rats kept on fish oil supplemented diet has significantly higher neurological score compared with that of ischemic perfused rats on ordinary diet when assessed after 24 hours of cerebral I/R. This significant neuroprotection from ischemic injury was associated with lower levels of phospho-p38 MAP kinase, MDA and caspase-3 activity and higher level of GSHPx in ischemic brain tissue of rats on fish oil supplemented diet compared to those of rats on ordinary diet. Conclusion: Increased oxidative stress and activation of p38 MAPK signaling pathway represent an important mechanism of brain injury following cerebral I/R in rats. Fish oil pretreatment attenuated this injury by reducing oxidative stress, p38 MAPK activation and apoptosis. Targeting MAPK signaling pathways by inhibitors represents an important promising mechanism of neuroprotection. The use of fish oil supplement may be beneficial to prevent or ameliorate ischemic cerebral vascular disease.

[Gihan M. Sharara, Hala M. Abou Heif, and Yasmine A. Ashram. Phospho-p38 Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (Phospho-p38 MAPK) and Oxidative Stress in Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion in Rats and the Neuroprotective Potential of Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Journal of American Science 2012;8(3):723-733]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 97

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.97

Key words: Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, p38 MAPK, Oxidative stress, Apoptosis

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The filler effects TiO₂ nanoparticles on increasing compressive strength of limestone aggregate-based concrete

Farzad Soleymani

Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Payame Noor University, P.O. 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran.

E-mail: farzad.soleymani52@yahoo.com

Abstract: The effect of limewater on compressive strength permeability of TiO₂ nanoparticles binary blended concrete has been investigated. TiO₂ nanoparticles with partial replacement of cement by 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 weight percent have been used as reinforcement. Curing of the specimens has been carried out in water and saturated limewater for 7, 28 and 90 days after casting. The results indicate that TiO₂ nanoparticles up to maximum replacement level of 2.0% produces concrete with improved compressive strength when the specimens cured in saturated limewater with respect to the specimens cured in water. TiO₂ nanoparticles can improve the filler effect and also the high pozzolanic action of fine particles increases substantially the quantity of strengthening gel. Although the limewater reduces the strength of concrete without nanoparticles, curing the specimens in saturated limewater results in more strengthening gel formation in TiO₂ nanoparticles blended concrete causes high strength.

[Farzad Soleymani. The filler effects TiO₂ nanoparticles on increasing compressive strength of limestone aggregate-based concrete. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):734-737]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 98

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.98

Key words: TiO₂ nanoparticle; compressive strength; concrete

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The effects of ZrO₂ nanopowders on compressive damage and pore structure properties of concrete specimens

Farzad Soleymani

Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Payame Noor University, P.O. 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran.

E-mail: farzad.soleymani52@yahoo.com

Abstract: Flexural of concrete containing ZrO₂ nanoparticles which were cured in saturated limewater have been optimized. ZrO₂ nanoparticles with partial replacement of Portland cement by 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 weight percent have been used as nano-fillers. The specimens were cured in water and saturated limewater for 7, 28 and 90 days after casting and then their strength was evaluated by flexural strength test. The results showed that replacement of Portland cement with ZrO₂ nanoparticles up to 1.0 weight percent for the specimens cured in water and 2.0% for the specimens cured in saturated limewater produces concrete with the best strength. It has been obtained that curing the specimens in saturated limewater for 28 days and then in water until 90 days, produces more strengthened concrete than those cured only in saturated limewater for 90 days. Excess Ca(OH)₂ crystals which forms after 28 days, when the specimens cured in limewater, reduces the effect of strengthening gels which form until the 90 days hence reduces the mechanical properties of the specimens. On the other hand, curing the specimens in water after 28 days produces more strengthening gel results in a concrete with higher strength. The pore structure of different mixtures was studied. The addition of nanoparticles improves the pore structure of concretes, the refined extent of pore structure increase with decreasing nanoparticles’ content. The pore structure of concretes which were cured in saturated limewater is better than that of concretes cured in water.

[Farzad Soleymani. The effects of ZrO₂ nanopowders on compressive damage and pore structure properties of concrete specimens. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):738-744]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 99

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.99

Key words: ZrO₂ nanoparticles; flexural strength; optimized properties; pore structure; concrete

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Distribution of Aerobic Bacteria in Visceral Organs of Poultry Affected By Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H₅N₁) in Nigeria

Dashe, Y.Gunya^1*, Kazeem, H. Mohammed², Abdu, P. Ayuba³, Abiayi, E. A², Moses G.Davou¹, Barde, I. J¹ and Jwander L. Daba¹.

1. National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom Plateau State, Nigeria.

2. Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria.

mosesgyang@yahoo.com

Abstract: A study was conducted to determine the distribution of aerobic bacteria in visceral organs of poultry affected by outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) that occurred in Nigeria between December, 2006 and July, 2007. A total of 100 poultry from 114 commercial, backyard and free range flocks infected with Haemgglutinin neuramidase (H5N1) virus within the study period were sampled. The heart, liver/gall bladder, lungs, spleen, trachea and intestine from each poultry were aseptically collected for bacteriology. Collated data from the results were put on Microsoft excel and descriptive statistical analysis was carried out using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 12.0. A total of 600 tissues were cultured for aerobic bacteria. Swabs from each tissue sample were cultured directly in Selenite F broth, MacConkey agar, 7% defibrinated Sheep Blood agar, and Eosin Methylene Blue agar. Biochemical tests were performed on presumed isolates for further confirmation. The number of birds in the affected flocks was 244,990. A total of 11 aerobic bacterial species were isolated. The frequency of bacteria by types of tissue was heart 48(8%), intestine 13(2.2%), liver 18(3%), lungs 32(5.3%), spleen 15(2.5%) and trachea 23(3.8%).

[Dashe, Y. Gunya, Kazeem, H. Mohammed, Abdu, P. Ayuba, Abiayi, E. A, Moses G. Davou, Barde, I. J and Jwander L. Daba. Distribution of Aerobic Bacteria in Visceral Organs of Poultry Affected By Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H₅N₁) in Nigeria. J Am Sci 2012;8(3):745-748]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 100

doi:10.7537/marsjas080312.100