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The effects of limewater on flexural strength of TiO₂ nanoparticles binary blended limestone aggregate-based concrete

Farzad Soleymani

Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Payame Noor University, P.O. 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran.

E-mail: farzad.soleymani52@yahoo.com

Abstract: The effect of limewater on flexural strength permeability of TiO₂ nanoparticles binary blended concrete has been investigated. TiO₂ nanoparticles with partial replacement of cement by 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 weight percent have been used as reinforcement. Curing of the specimens has been carried out in water and saturated limewater for 7, 28 and 90 days after casting. The results indicate that TiO₂ nanoparticles up to maximum replacement level of 2.0% produces concrete with improved flexural strength when the specimens cured in saturated limewater with respect to the specimens cured in water. TiO₂ nanoparticles can improve the filler effect and also the high pozzolanic action of fine particles increases substantially the quantity of strengthening gel. Although the limewater reduces the strength of concrete without nanoparticles, curing the specimens in saturated limewater results in more strengthening gel formation in TiO₂ nanoparticles blended concrete causes high strength.

[Farzad Soleymani. The effects of limewater on flexural strength of TiO₂ nanoparticles binary blended limestone aggregate-based concrete. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):1-4]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 1

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.01

Key words: TiO₂ nanoparticle; flexural strength; concrete

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Effect of resin composite composition, shade and curing system on fracture toughness

Dalia M. A. Mohamed¹, Dalia Y. E²., Gihan A. H. Abdel Rahman¹, Tamer M. H. Mahmoud²

¹Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University

²Restorative and Dental Materials Research Department, National Research Centre, Cairo- Egypt

Abstract: Objectives: Evaluation of the effect of resin composite composition, shade and curing system on fracture toughness. Methods: A total of 40 nanohybrid resin composite specimens; 20 of each resin composite type; 10 of each shade, were prepared. One of the two nanohybrid resin composites was ormocer-based resin composite (Ceram X) and the other one was di-functional methacrylates-based resin composite (Artiste). Light and dark shades (A1 and A3.5) of each material were chosen. Half of these specimens (20 specimens) were activated by halogen light curing unit and the other half was activated by light emitting diode (LED) light curing unit. The fracture toughness values were determined by the universal testing machine using the Single Edge Notched Beam (SENB) specimens. Results: The three-way (ANOVA) test revealed that the ormocer-based resin composite (Ceram X) showed significantly higher fracture toughness values (2.61±0.2 MPa.m^1/2) than the di-functional methacrylates-based resin composite (Artiste) (2.36 ±0.3 MPa.m^1/2). Furthermore, the lighter shade (A1) showed significantly higher fracture toughness values (2.59 ±0.3 MPa.m^1/2) than the darker shade (A3.5) (2.38 ±0.3 MPa.m^1/2) for both resin composite types. However, there was no significant difference between the fracture toughness values of both types of resin composites when cured with either LED or halogen light curing system. Significance: Ormocer-based nanohybrid resin composite restorative material is a strong treatment option for stress bearing areas. Moreover, lighter shade of resin composites demonstrates better fracture toughness than its darker one of the same brand; this should be considered during curing.

[Dalia M. A. Mohamed, Dalia Y. E., Gihan A. H. Abdel Rahman, Tamer M. H. Mahmoud. Effect of resin composite composition, shade and curing system on fracture toughness. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):5-10]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 2

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.02

Keywords: Resin composite; Nanohybrid; Difunctional methacrylates; Ormocer; Fracture toughness; LED; Halogen; Light curing unit

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Effect of folic acid administration on In vivo motor nerves regeneration.

Atef Abd El Hameed Fouda.

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt. E-mail: atef_fouda@yahoo.com

Abstract: Peripheral nerves injury may occur due to trauma or surgical procedures. It can result in loss of muscle function, impaired sensation and/or painful neuropathies. Successful nerve regeneration requires the concerted interplay of non neuronal cells, growth factors and regenerating axons. Foliates are vitamins essential to the development of the central nervous system. Furthermore, it was shown that parenteral folic acid produces up to 10-fold dose-dependent improvement in axon re-growth and functional recovery after injury to the adult CNS. The aim of the current study is to investigate the effect of folic acid administration on the regeneration of motor nerves after its severance with 15 mm gap between nerve endings. Rabbits were evaluated by clinical examination, nerve conduction velocity, and electron microscopic examination of the regenerate. Results showed that folic acid administration improves neural regeneration and help in its rapid maturation.

[Atef Abd El Hameed Fouda. Effect of folic acid administration on In vivo motor nerves regeneration. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):11-19]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 3

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.03

Keywords: Folic acid, entubation nerve repair-Gore-Tex-experimental, nerve regeneration

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Prevalence of Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans in Animals and Chickens in Quena Governorate, with Special Reference to RAPD-PCR Patterns of the Isolates

¹Shimaa Abou-Elmagd, ²Hosam Kotb, ³Khalid Sabry and ⁴Mohamed Refai

¹Directorate of Veterinary Medicine, Qena, Egypt

²Department of Reproductive Diseases, Animal Reproduction Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt

³Department of Plant Microbiology, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt

⁴Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

randaarousi@yahoo.com

Abstract: The present study aimed to isolate the different yeast types, particularly Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans, that can infect different animal species and chickens in Qena Governorate (Upper Egypt). For this study, samples were collected from animals and chickens. The mycological examination of (4527) samples of faecal samples, rectal swabs, nasal swabs, vaginal swabs, ear swabs, milk samples, conjunctival swabs, blood samples taken from buffaloes, cattle and sheep and chicken samples yielded (535) positive samples for different yeast strains in a percentage of (11.81%). The percentage of positive yeast samples of chicken (24.86%) was higher than that of animals (6.65%). It is evident that, out of the total samples examined in the present study Candida species were obtained in a highest percentage of (6.44%), followed by Cr. neoformans (2.54%). The percentage of samples positive for Candida albicans was higher in chicken (12.15%) than that obtained from animals (3.2%). Also the number of samples positive for Cr. neoformans was obtained in a higher percentage in chicken (6.31%) than that of animals (1.04%). The use of RAPD-PCR for C. albicans strains isolated from different sources using OPA-18 primer indicated the presence of 2 constant bands in all stains tested. The primer OPE-18 indicated the polymorphism in the banding pattern of all stains tested. The results of RAPD-PCR on C. neoformans isolates using R2 primer indicated 100% similarity of banding patterns of buffalo, chicken and sheep isolates.

[Shimaa Abou-Elmagd, Hosam Kotb, Khalid Sabry and Mohamed Refai. Prevalence of Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans in Animals and Chickens in Quena Governorate, with Special Reference to RAPD-PCR Patterns of the Isolates. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):20-31]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 4

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.04

Key words: C. albicans, C. neoformans, Animals, Chickens, RAPD-PCR

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Modelling of Economical Design of Shell and Tube Type Heat Exchanger Using Specified Pressure Drop

M. M. El-Fawal^*1, A. A. Fahmy² and B. M. Taher³

¹National Center for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Control, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt

²Reactor Department, Nuclear Research Center, AEA, Cairo, Egypt

3Dept. of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

^{*mohamed_elfawal@hotmail.com}

Abstract: Shell and Tube-type heat exchanger have wide application in nuclear industry where they play an important role in the transfer of heat from core to the heat sink, their cost minimization is an important target for both designers and users. In this paper a computer program for economical design of shell and tube heat exchanger using specified pressure drop is established to minimize the cost of the equipment including the sum of discounted annual energy expenditures related to pumping. The design procedure depends on using the acceptable pressure drops in order to minimize the thermal surface area for a certain service, involving discrete decision variables. Also the proposed method takes into account several geometric and operational constraints typically recommended by design codes, and may provide global optimum solutions as opposed to local optimum solutions that are typically obtained with many other optimization methods. While fulfilling heat transfer requirements, it has anticipated to estimate the minimum heat transfer area and resultant minimum cost for a heat exchanger for given pressure drops. The capability of the proposed model was verified through two design examples. The obtained results illustrate the capacity of the proposed approach through using of a given pressure drops to direct the optimization towards more effective designs, considering important limitations usually ignored in the literatures.

[M. M. El-Fawal, A. A. Fahmy and B. M. Taher. Modelling of Economical Design of Shell and Tube Type Heat Exchanger Using Specified Pressure Drop. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):32-40]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 5

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.05

Keywords: Heat exchanger; Shell-and-tube; Economical design; Single phase flow

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A Study of Seam Performance of Micro-Polyester Woven Fabrics

Thanaa Mustafa AL Sarhan

Faculty of Art & Design, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Abstract: This paper presents an experimental study of the seam performance of micro-polyester woven fabrics. In this study plain micro-polyester fabrics were woven with three different weft densities. Three different seam types were used during the sewing of the fabrics, each with three stitch densities. Therefore, 27 samples having different specifications were obtained. Seam strength, seam elongation, sewing needle penetration force and seam efficiency were determined for these fabrics for seam performance. The purpose of this study was to identify the suitable sewing conditions in order to achieve good seam performance.

[Thanaa Mustafa AL Sarhan. A Study of Seam Performance of Micro-Polyester Woven Fabrics. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):41-46]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 6

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.06

Keywords: Fabric sewability, Seam efficiency, seam strength, seam elongation, penetration force, micro fiber, micro polyester fabric.

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Septic Cardiomyopathy: Role of Echocardiography and Brain Natriuretic Peptide

Hassan Abu-Khabar ¹, Mohammed Moustafa Abdel Salam Megahed ¹and Ashraf Essam Roshdy ¹

¹ Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Egypt.

ashrafroshdy76@hotmail.com

Abstract: Introduction: Myocardial dysfunction occurs in about 40% of patients presenting with sepsis and septic shock. The most important hypothesis to explain it is based on a circulating myocardial depressant substance. Hypothesis: To evaluate the possibility of early diagnosis of myocardial dysfunction in patients in sepsis or septic shock using the transthoracic echocardiography or the brain Natriuretic peptide (BNP). Methods: 46 patients presented with severe sepsis or septic shock according to the criteria of the 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS sepsis definition were included in the study. The patients undergone serial transthoracic Echocardiographic examinations, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA score) and BNP measurements on admission to the ICU and till death or discharge. The patients were retrospectively divided into survivors and non survivors for statistical analysis of the sensitivity and specificity of the Echocardiographic data and the BNP in correlation to the SOFA score and the prognosis. Results: The mortality of patients with systolic left ventricular failure (LVEF < 55%) was 82.4%, in contrast to 51.7% in patients with normal systolic function. (p=0.037) Patients who had diastolic dysfunction on admission represented 39.1%. In the non survivors group 44.8% of them had diastolic dysfunction in comparison to 29.4% in the survivor group. The BNP in the survivor group ranged from 345.01±222.10 pg/ml on admission and increased till it reached a mean of 406.2±295.39 pg/ml at day 3 before decreasing to 163.69±134.39 pg/ml at discharge. The non-survivors had a higher mean which ranged from 708.62±305.17 pg/ml on admission to 1022.11±363.41 pg/ml at the third day. The BNP had a significant correlation with both the SOFA score (p=0.037) and delta SOFA score (p=0,025). A BNP level of 250.5 has a sensitivity of 82.8% and a specificity of 64.7% in predicting the mortality of patients in our study. Conclusion: BNP is sensitive but not specific for the diagnosis of heart failure and is correlated to the prognosis and SOFA score in patients admitted to the ICU with severe sepsis and septic shock. A cut off value of 250 pg/ml has a sensitivity of 82.8% and specificity of 64.7% in detecting the mortality of such patients.

[Hassan Abu-Khabar, Mohammed Moustafa Abdel Salam Megahed and Ashraf Essam Roshdy. Septic Cardiomyopathy: Role of Echocardiography and Brain Natriuretic Peptide. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):47-62]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 7

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.07

Keywords: sepsis; shock; critical care; BNP; echocardiography.

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Effect of Spandex Ratio on the Properties of Woven Fabrics Made of Cotton / Spandex Spun Yarns

Mofeda Abdul Rahman AL-ansary

Fashion Design Department, Design and Art College, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, kingdom of Saudi Arabia. m_ansary2011@yahoo.com

Abstract: Woven fabrics made of core- spun yarns containing spandex gained great attention in the last decade due to its extensibility and comfort properties. The key factor in producing such fabrics is the spandex ratio. The present study focuses on the effect of spandex ratio on different fabric physical and mechanical properties such as: breaking strength, breaking extension, shrinkage %, fabric growth and air-permeability. The findings of this study revealed that the ratio of spandex had a significant influence on the physical properties of woven fabrics. The statistical analysis detected a very good correlation between spandex amount ratio and physical properties of fabrics woven from cotton/ spandex core- spun yarns.

[Mofeda Abdul Rahman AL-ansary. Effect of Spandex Ratio on the Properties of Woven Fabrics Made of Cotton / Spandex Spun Yarns. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):63-67]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 8

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.08

Keywords: Spandex, Spandex ratio, Core-spun yarn, Woven fabrics, Drawing ratio, Physical properties

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Stroke Knowledge and Awareness among Hospital Workers in Fayoum University

Naglaa A. El Sherbiny¹, Hadeer M. Abdel Ghaffar² and Sherine El-Mously ³

Departments of Public Health ¹, Pediatric², Neurology ³, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt

Abstract: Background: Stroke is a life-altering public health problem in Egypt, hospital workers are important source of knowledge on health issues towards stroke. We aim to assess knowledge of Fayoum University hospital workers about stroke. Methodology: A cross sectional hospital based survey conducted on (202) of Fayoum University hospital workers; divided into two groups: health care providers (HCPs) and non health care providers (NHCPs). The two groups interviewed using a structured questionnaire related to; knowledge of stroke in both adults and children. Results: The (HCPs) represented (65.8%) of the study sample, (93.6%) of our sample had knowledge about stroke while (30.7%) only knew that stroke might occur in the pediatric age group. The main source of information was through dealing with someone having stroke in both groups (34.6%, 21.7% respectively). The first action during a stroke attack was going to a hospital (85% of HCPs and 40.6% of NHCPs). Conclusion: Huge gap of knowledge about stroke symptoms was present between the HCPs and NHCPs indicating the urgent need for community awareness program of stroke.

[Naglaa A. El Sherbiny, Hadeer M. Abdel Ghaffar and Sherine El-Mously. Stroke Knowledge and Awareness among Hospital Workers in Fayoum University. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):68-72]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 9

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.09

Keywords: Stroke, knowledge, health workers

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Women’s Participation for Rural Educational Development in Iran

Abrisham Aref *, Khadijeh Aref **

* Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran; abrishamaref@yahoo.com

** Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran; banafsheharef@gmail.com

Abstract: This research set out to explore the participation of women in rural educational development in Iran. In developed countries women have important role in the processes of rural educational development. But, in Third World countries there are some important barriers in face of women’s participation in rural educational development. This paper looks at the barriers of women’s participation in educational development in rural areas of Iran. The findings indicated that there are some barriers in women’s participation towards rural educational development. This research draws from our scientific experience in a variety of disciplines namely; anthropology and education and psychology

[Abrisham Aref & Khadijeh Aref. Women’s Participation for Rural Educational Development. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):73-75]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 10

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.10

Keywords: participation, rural development, rural education

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The Effect Of The Trigger Variable On The Ineffective Triggering Index In Mechanically Ventilated Patients

Aboukhabar Hassan, Abouelela Amr, Abdou Mohamed

Alexandria university, critical care medicine department, Alexandria, Egypt

habukhaber@yahoo.com; amrela313@yahoo.com; medicine_man12@hotmail.com

Abstract: Ineffective triggering of a ventilator-delivered breath may occur in as many as one-third of inspiratory efforts. There is a considerable and growing interest in optimizing the patient-ventilator interaction. The ineffective triggering is the commonest form of patient-ventilator dyssynchrony. The aim of this study was To determine the correlation between high rates of ineffective triggering within the first 24 hours of mechanical ventilation with the duration of mechanical ventilation and ventilator free survival and to study the effect of the trigger variable on the ITI (Ineffective Triggering index) in mechanically ventilated patients. The study was carried out on 150 mechanically ventilated adult patients in Alexandria University Main Hospital (EGYPT). Patients undergo a 10-minutes observation period within the first 24 hours of mechanical ventilation to identify (ITI) (=number of ineffective breaths/number of total breaths). The number of days on mechanical ventilation out of 28 days in the pressure triggering group was 6.89 ± 5.73 with ITI < 10% while it was 17.44 ± 9.0 with ITI ≥10% (Z = 4.954^*, p < 0.001^*) while the results in the flow triggering group was 8.10 ± 6.87 with ITI < 10% while it was 14.29 ± 9.11 with ITI ≥10% (Z = 3.180^*, p = 0.001^*). The ITI < 10% in pressure triggering group was 36/75 (48%) while 39/75 (52%) had ineffective triggering ≥10%. The ITI < 10% in flow triggering group was 41/75(54.7%) while 34/75 (45.3%) had ineffective triggering with no significant statistical difference between the 2 groups (x² = 0.667, p = 0.414). We conclude that the number of days on mechanical ventilation out of 28 days was significantly higher with ITI ≥10%.

[Aboukhabar Hassan, Abouelela Amr, Abdou Mohamed. The Effect Of The Trigger Variable On The Ineffective Triggering Index In Mechanically Ventilated Patients. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):76-81]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 11

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.11

Keywords: Ineffective triggering, Ventilator asynchrony, Mechanical ventilation, COPD weaning

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The effect of Mentha extract(Mentha piperita) on immune response in Broiler Chickens

¹Rahim Abdulkarimi and ¹Farzad Abdullahzadeh

1- Islamic Azad University, Boukan Branch, Boukan, Iran

Rahim.abdulkarimi@yahoo.com

Abstract: This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of Mentha extract (Mentha piperita) on the relative weight of the immune organs and serum antibody titer against Newcastl disease viruse and infectious Bronchitis viruse. One hundred and sixty mixed one-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) in four groups and 10 birds for each based on a completely randomized design were used. All the chickens were fed the similar starter (day 1-21 of age) and grower (day 22-42 of age) diets in pellet form, but received 0.0 (ZM), 0.2 (LM), 0.4 (MM) and 0.6% (HM) alcoholic extract of Mentha piperita in drinking water during the experimental period. At 21 and 42 days of age, two birds per pen were selected, weighed and killed by decapitation to obtain the immune organs relative weight such as spleen and bursa fabricius. Consequently blood samples were collected and blood serum was separated to measure of Newcastle and Bronchitis disease viruses antibody titers by using the elaisa reader. All experimental data were subjected to the GLM procedure of SAS as a complete randomized design and the mean values were compared by Tukey Multiple Range Test (P<0.05). No significant difference between treatments was observed for the measured factors at 21 and 42 days of age. The results of this study revealed that Mentha extract consumption in drinking water could not stimulate the immune system response in broiler chickens.

[Rahim Abdulkarimi and Farzad Abdullahzadeh. The effect of Mentha extract(Mentha piperita) on immune response in Broiler Chickens. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):82-85]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 12

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.12

Key words: Mentha piperita, immune response and broiler chickens

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The Impact of Value Added and Regulatory Framework on the Adoption of Internet Banking in Iran

Mohammad Ali Molaei ¹, Rohollah Dehghan Manshadi ², Bozorgmehr Ashrafi ³

^1. Faculty of Industrial Engineering & Management, Shahrood University Of Technology, Shahrood, Iran. malimolaei@yahoo.com; ^2. Faculty of Industrial Engineering & Management, Shahrood University Of Technology, Shahrood, Iran. rohollah.dehghan@yahoo.com; ^3. Faculty of Industrial Engineering & Management, Shahrood University Of Technology, Shahrood, Iran. bozorgashrafi@ymail.com

Abstract: The motivation for this study is the belief that the poor response to Internet banking in Iran springs from an inadequate regulatory framework for customer protection and the lack of initiatives on the part of the banks in promoting this new delivery channel. In addition to the two key factors mentioned above, this study also tries to examine the impact of other factors such as the customers’ attitude towards risk, trust in the service provider, customers’ perceived value of Internet banking, and the interface design of the bank web site on Internet bank adoption. Results showed that the scope and quality of the innovations in services provided by banks and financial institutions in their internet-banking systems ought to be reinforced if they aim to persuade their customers to apply such new services more frequently. Establishment of sufficient (as well as efficient) regulations for internet-banking can also prompt the traditional bank customers to move up to this higher technology. With regard to the significant role of the value added in facilitating the process of accepting a new technology, one may claim that exposing the customers to the advantages of internet-banking has a considerable positive effect on expanding the use of this innovative banking system.

[Mohammad Ali Molaei, Rohollah Dehghan Manshadi, Bozorgmehr Ashrafi. The Impact of Value Added and Regulatory Framework on the Adoption of Internet Banking in Iran. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):86-93]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 13

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.13

Keywords: Value added, Regulatory Framework, Bank Initiatives, Internet Banking

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Evaluation of Rheological Properties of Two Elastomeric Impression Materials during Working Time

Mona El Sayed El Deeb^*, Gihan Hafez Waly and Nour El Dine Ahmed Habib

Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt

^*mona_el_deeb@yahoo.com

Abstract: Objectives. Evaluation of rheological properties of two elastomeric impression materials, in their light and medium consistencies in terms of: viscosity, flow and development of elasticity, and their relation to the working time.

Materials:Two elastomeric impression materials were used; one polyether material, and one addition silicone (VPS), both in light and medium (regular) consistencies. Methods: Oscillating rheometer (Bohlin rheometer) in cone-plate configuration was used to monitor the viscosity, phase angle, tan delta, and elastic modulus throughout the working time recommended by the manufacturer. Also, the shark fin device was used to evaluate the flow properties of the tested materials. The height of the shark fin (measured by a micrometer) indicates the flowability of the material. Results: It was found that the light-bodied polyether material maintained the lowest viscosity values as well as the most viscous (plastic) behavior through the working time, compared to the other material-consistency combinations (P ≤ 0.05). The medium-bodied polyether showed the highest viscosity and the most rigid (elastic) behavior among the tested material-consistency combinations (P ≤ 0.05). The shark fin device results were consistent with the rheological parameters for most groups. It reflected the combined effect of the material’s viscosity as well as its plasticity.

[Mona El Sayed El Deeb, Gihan Hafez Waly and Nour El Dine Ahmed Habib. Evaluation of Rheological Properties of Two Elastomeric Impression Materials during Working Time. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):94-100]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 14. doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.14

Keywords: Elastomeric impression materials, Vinyl Polysiloxane, Polyether, Working time, Rheology, Flow, Shark fin test

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Biochemical Study on Vibriosis in Cultured Eels (Anguilla Anguillal.)

Khalil, R. H¹.; Hana R. El-hofy² and Nadia B. Mahfouz^3*

¹Fish and Poult. Diseases Dept. Fac. of Vet. Med. Alex. Univ.

²Anim. Health Res. Inst., Damanhour

³Dept. Fish Diseases and Management. Fac. of Vet. Med. Kafr El-Sheikh Univ.

nbmahfouz@yahoo.com

Abstract: One hundred and twenty cultured eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) were collected from Behera Governorate was investigated for the isolation of Vibrio species. The isolation of Vibrio spp. was achieved from the ulcers, blood, liver, kidney and spleen of naturally infected eels (alive and freshly dead). The recovered bacteria were studied for the virulence, pathogenicity and antimicrobial sensitivity. Blood samples were collected for determination of serum aspartate amino transferease (S.AST) serum alanine aminotransferase. (S.ALT), total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, cortisone, Glucose, direct and indirect bilirubin. Forty eight isolates of Vibrio species were obtained from all investigated eels summarized as follows; 22 isolates of V.anguillarum (7 from kidney, 5 from spleen, 4 from blood, 4 from ulcers and 2 from Liver), 12 isolates of V.ordalii (5 from kidney, 3 from spleen, 3 from ulcers and one from blood), 7 isolates of V. parahaemolyticus (4 from Liver and 3 from ulcers), 4 isolates of V.vulnificus from Liver and 3 isolates of V.algnolyticus from spleen. The results of LD50 in eels (A. anguilla) injected with V.anguillarum was 10^-2 cfu / ml, while the sub lethal dose 1/10 X LD₅₀ equal 10^-3 cfu/ml. The experimentally infected eels showed severe hemorrhages over the body and congestion of the head. Internally, enlargement of spleen which became cherry red and loss its sharp edges as well as severe congestion of kidney. Histopathology, the V.anguillarum, during the acute phase of the disease, induced hepatic cell necrosis and hyper activation of the melanomacrophage centers of kidneys, while in the chronic stage, thrombus formation in the branchial artery of gills and severe glycogen deposition in Liver. The five recorded isolates of the Vibrio species were sensitive to Ampicillin, Doxycycline, Colistin sulphate and Amoxicillin, but totally resistant to Oxytetracycline and Nalidixic acid. The Antibody titers in A. anguilla injected with booster dose of bacterin of V.anguillarum were higher than in group injected by one dose of bacterin. Significantly increase in enzymatic activity SAST, SALT, hypoproteinaemia,hypoalbuminaenia and hypoglobulinaemia. Significant increase level of adrenocorticotrophic hormone,glucose and cholesterol in chronic infection (1/10LD₅₀).

[Khalil, R. H.; Hana R. El-hofy and Nadia B. Mahfouz. Biochemical Study on Vibriosis in Cultured Eels (Anguilla Anguillal.). Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):101-110]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 15

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.15

Key words: Vibio,, LD50, Pathogenicity virulence, chronic infection, sensitivity, histopathology

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Immunocytochemical Studies of Cyclin D1 and P16 ^INK4a in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemic Patients

Abdel- Azim Ahmed Ismail¹, Magda Mohammed Sultan², Ashraf Hussen El-ghandour³, Eman Ahmed Youssef ¹*, and Lutfi Abdul Salam A. Al- Maktari²

¹Department of Histochemistry & Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University

²Department of Hematology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University

³ Internal Medicine &Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University

^*eman_khalifa_124@yahoo.com

Abstract: Acute lymphobalstic leukemia (ALL) is the most common cancer found among children. It is a systemic, neoplastic proliferation of lymphocyte progenitor cells in bone marrow or thymus. The present work was planned to study the immunocytochemical expression of cyclin D1 and P16^INK4a in acute lymphoblastic leukemic patients before and after induction chemotherapy. This study was conducted on 25 patients having acute lymphoblastic leukemia and ten subjects as controls with matched age and sex. Blood smears from all cases were subjected to Leishman's stain, French American British (FAB) classification, immunophenotyping and immunocytochemical stain of cyclin D1 and P16 ^INK4a. Results showed leishman׳s stained blood smears of ALL cases revealed L1, L2 and L3 subtypes according to the French–American–British classification (FAB) and decreased percent of blast cells after induction chemotherapy. Immunophenotyping showed B-lineage phenotype was observed in 16% of patients, common-ALL in 44%, pre-B in 20%, pro-B in 12%, and T-cell ALL in 8%. The immunocytochemical expression level of cyclin D1 before induction chemotherapy showed positivity ranged from 5% to 90% with a mean of 37.08±25.71.While after induction chemotherapy, it ranged from 0% to 90 % with a mean of 9.6±25.12 with relapsed patients. The immunocytochemical expression of P16^INK4a before induction chemotherapy showed positivity ranged from 0% to 88% with a mean of 26.88±26.76. While after induction chemotherapy, the percentage of positivity ranged from 0% to 94% with a mean of 10.2±27.0 with relapsed patients. It was concluded that cyclin D1 and P16^INK4a could be considered of the most important prognostic factors and important parameters as a panel of diagnostic markers for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Their expressions before and after chemotherapy could be considered one of the multisteps oncogenic process of ALL evolution and progression.

[Abdel- Azim Ahmed Ismail, Magda Mohammed Sultan, Ashraf Hussen El-ghandour, Eman Ahmed Youssef, and Lutfi Abdul Salam A. Al- Maktari. Immunocytochemical Studies of Cyclin D1 and P16 ^INK4a in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemic Patients. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):111-121]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 16

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.16

Key Words: ALL, FAB classification, immunophenotyping, immunocytochemistry, Cyclin D1 and P16^INK4a

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Postpartum Depression: Prevalence and Predictors among Women at El Eman's Specialized Hospital

Naglaa A. Mohamed¹; Ghadah A. Mahmoud ²; Nadia A. Said ¹ k Hamida A. Abdelhafez ² and Ahmed M. A. Maklof ²

¹Department of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing. Assiut University

²Department of Obstetric and Gynecological, Faculty of Medicine. Assiut University

*noga_abdo69@yahoo.com

Abstract: Postpartum depression is a serious public health concern because of its demonstrated adverse consequences on the development of maternal confidence and the cognitive, emotional and social development of their infant. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and severity of postpartum depression among women at El Eman's Specialized Hospital and examine the main predictors for postpartum depression among these women during the first three months postpartum. The study was carried out in the Family Planning out patient's Clinic, El Eman Specialized Hospital at Assiut City, Egypt. The study sample comprised 110 pregnant women. Three tools were used for data collection, namely: Sociodemographic Data Structured Interview schedules, postpartum depression predictors inventory (PDPI), and Edinburgh Postnatal depression scale. The main results yielded by the study proved that, 42.73% of the studied sample were in the age group from 25 to 30 years, the majority of sample were house wives (84.5 %), 29.1 % of sample feeling of depression during pregnancy, 50% of them suffering from anxiety during pregnancy, 44.5% of them feeling of maternity blues and 80.7% of women had post- partum depression. the study recommended to help women to improve the outcome of families suffering with post-partum depression by engaging in routine screening and providing education and referral sources to women.

[Naglaa A. Mohamed; Ghadah A. Mahmoud; Nadia A. Sayed; Hamida A. Abdelhafez and Ahmed M. A. Maklof Postpartum Depression: Prevalence and Predictors among Women at El Eman's Specialized Hospital. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):122-128]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 17

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.17

Key words: Post partum depression, Predictors, prevalence rate

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The Contribution of Rural Cooperatives in Building Empowerment in Rural District of Bakhtegan, Fars, Iran

Fatemeh Allahdadi & Khadijeh Aref

Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran

fatemeharef@gmail.com; banafsheharef@gmail.com

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to determine the role of rural cooperatives in building rural empowerment in rural district of Bakhtegan, Fars, Iran. Empowerment is the process of enhancing the capacity of individuals or groups to make choices and to transform those choices into desired actions and outcomes. Capacity building for rural development requires a range of empowerment. Hence, it is expected that the rural cooperatives contribute to building rural empowerment. The paper is based on the survey questionnaire carried out among 185 rural cooperatives members in rural district of Bakhtegan in Fars, Iran. The findings revealed that rural cooperatives have a little contribution in building empowerment for rural development in rural district of Bakhtegan.

[Fatemeh Allahdadi & Khadijeh Aref. The Contribution of Rural Cooperatives in Building Empowerment in Rural District of Bakhtegan, Fars. Iran. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):129-132]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 18

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.18

Keywords: empowerment, participation, rural cooperatives, rural development

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Potential Carcinogenic Risk of Formaldehyde Due To the Occupational Exposure in a Chemical Manufacturing Plant

Mahmoud A. Hassanien¹, Nasser M. Abdel-Latif*¹, Abdelhameed M. Othman², Alia A. Shakour¹, and Yasser H. Ibrahim¹

¹Air Pollution Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt;

²Genetic Engineering Institute, Menoufia University, Sadat City, Egypt

*nabdellatif@gmail.com

Abstract: Formaldehyde exposures are common and epidemiologically linked to cancer. Workers occupationally exposed to formaldehyde in industrial and medical fields have a significant probability of acquiring degenerative diseases. The main objective of this study was to determine formaldehyde in the occupational environment of a chemical manufacturing plant in Egypt and assess its risk for the exposed workers. Formaldehyde was monitored in workplace environment of a chemical manufacturing plant. Formaldehyde concentration (mg m^-3) was determined and the exposure (E) for an individual worker due to intake process (inhalation), chronic daily intake (CDI) and carcinogenic risk (CR) were calculated for the different cases according to the US EPA Carcinogenic Assessment Section of the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Formaldehyde concentration was variable between different production departments with a range from 0.11 to 5.7 mg m^-3. The calculated exposure results were coincided with the high formaldehyde concentrations at the concerned departments. Formaldehyde cancer risks for all reported concentrations were greater than the acceptable cancer risk 1×10^-6. Consequently, inhalation exposure to formaldehyde has a critical influence on workers of this factory. The results prove that risk assessment estimation is a powerful assisting tool in developing abetment plans to reduce pollutants emission and improve air quality. The lack of quality epidemiological studies on exposed populations emphasizes the need for more extensive studies on formaldehyde and its related health effects in Egypt.

[Mahmoud A. Hassanien, Nasser M. Abdel-Latif, Abdelhameed M. Othman, Alia A. Shakour, and Yasser H. Ibrahim. Potential Carcinogenic Risk of Formaldehyde Due To the Occupational Exposure in a Chemical Manufacturing Plant. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):133-140]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 19

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.19

Keywords: Formaldehyde; exposure calculation; cancer risk; chronic daily intake; uncertainty

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A Synthesis and Evaluation the Hypnotic and Anticonvulsion Activities of Some Aminopyrido[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine derivatives

El Kousy S. M. ^*1, Omar R. H. ², Omer A. H. ³, Abdelazim T.R. ⁴, Amin S.W. ³

¹Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minufiya University

²Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University

³Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minufiya University

⁴Hospital of Students, Minufiya University

Sozan.wageeh@yahoo.com Sozan.123@hotmail.com

Abstract: The present work compress the synthesis of 5-amino2,4-dimethyl-11H-pyrido[2,3b][1,5]benzodiazepine derivatives3 by condensation of 2-chloronicotinic acid 1 with o-phenylenediamine 2 which react with malononitrile to form 4 and with phenylisocyanate to give phenyl urea 5 and react with some aromatic and heterocyclic aldehyde to produce Schiff bases which react with formaldehyde to producehydroxymethyl derivatives that converted into chloromethylderivatived,then reacted with prop0anolamine and with diethanolamine.Some of the prepared compounds were preliminary screened for CNS depressant andanticonvulsant activities.

[El Kousy S.M., Omar R.H., Omar A.H., Abdelazim T.R., Ameen S.W. Synthesis and Evaluation the Hypnotic and Anticonvulsion Activities of Some Aminopyrido[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine derivatives. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):141-147]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 20

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.20

Keywords: Pyridobenzodiazepine-CNS depressant- Anticonvulsant

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Assessment of heavy metal Levels in the Environment, Egypt

Yasser H. Ibrahim, Alia A. Shakour and Nasser M. Abdel-Latif and Nadia M. El-Taieb

Air Pollution Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt

Abstract: The air pollution in Cairo is a matter of serious concern. Particulate and heavy metals are particularly high air pollutants. Soil represents a huge sink for heavy metals ions, which can then enter the food chain through plants or leach into ground water. The present study was designed to investigate heavy metals in the environment. Samples were collected from three compartments, air, soil, and the selective cultivated plant (cucumber), at three different districts of Egypt, and their contents of heavy metals, including Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Aluminum(Al) and Cadmium (Cd), were analyzed. The six heavy metals were selected from points of public concern. The concentrations of heavy metals were determined using atomic absorption. The study showed differences in metal concentrations according to the plant part (root, leaf, and fruit).

[Yasser H. Ibrahim, Alia A. Shakour and Nasser M. Abd Ellatief and Nadia M. El-Taieb. Assessment of heavy metal Levels in the Environment, Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):148-153]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 21

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.21

Key words: Air Pollutants, Heavy Metals, Soil, and Plant

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Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):154-157]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 22

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.22

This article has been withdrawn.

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The filler effects of TiO₂ nanoparticles in concrete

Mohammad Mehdi Kaykha¹ and Farzad Soleymani^*,2

1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.

2. Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Payame Noor University, P.O. 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran.

^* E-mail: farzad.soleymani52@yahoo.com

Abstract: The effect of limewater on compressive strength permeability of TiO₂ nanoparticles binary blended concrete has been investigated. TiO₂ nanoparticles with partial replacement of cement by 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 weight percent have been used as reinforcement. Curing of the specimens has been carried out in water and saturated limewater for 7, 28 and 90 days after casting. The results indicate that TiO₂ nanoparticles up to maximum replacement level of 2.0% produces concrete with improved compressive strength when the specimens cured in saturated limewater with respect to the specimens cured in water. TiO₂ nanoparticles can improve the filler effect and also the high pozzolanic action of fine particles increases substantially the quantity of strengthening gel. Although the limewater reduces the strength of concrete without nanoparticles, curing the specimens in saturated limewater results in more strengthening gel formation in TiO₂ nanoparticles blended concrete causes high strength.

 [Mohammad Mehdi Kaykha and Farzad Soleymani. The filler effects of TiO₂ nanoparticles in concrete. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):158-161]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 23

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.23

Key words: TiO₂ nanoparticle; compressive strength; concrete.

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Electron Microscopic Study On The Effect Of Urocortin-1 And Selective Endothein Type A Receptor Blockade On kidney Cortex Of Preeclamptic Pregnant Rats

Manar E¹. Selim and Hayam I. Gad²

Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, and Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University. manar.selim@hotmail.com

Abstract: Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific disorder that complicates approximately 5% of all pregnancies, making it perhaps the most common glomerular disease in the world. The current study was carried out on 125 female Wistar rats divided into five equal groups. Group I included virgin non-pregnant rats. Group II included pregnant rats that were received saline solution (0.5 ml/100 g body weight) from day 7 to day 20 of gestation. Group III included pregnant rats that were treated with L-NAME dissolved in sterile saline solution in a dose of 10 mg/0.5 ml/100 g body weights subcutaneously and daily starting from the same day of gestation and for the same duration as mentioned for group II. Group IV included pregnant rats that were treated by both L-NAME (the same dose and for the same duration as mentioned for group III) and urocortin-1, in a dose of 5 µg/kg body weight/ day subcutaneously starting from day 14 to day 20 of gestation. Group V included pregnant rats that were treated by both L-NAME (the same dose and for the same duration as mentioned for group III) and ABT-627, 5 mg/kg / day subcutaneously starting from day 14 to day 20 of gestation. Ultrathin sections from the kidney were processed for electron microscopic examination. The ultrastructural examination of group III showed damage of the parietal epithelium of Bowman’s capsules, thickening of the capillary endothelial wall and fusion of the foot process of the podocytes. Mesangial cells and matrix were greatly increased. Moreover, the cells of the proximal convoluted tubules (PCTs) showed degeneration of the brush border and its lumina appeared with hyaline casts. The distal convoluted tubules (DCTs) were affected also as represented by destruction of the basal infoldings, mitochondria and the apical microvilli. The electron microscopic results revealed that the treatment of preeclamptic rats with urocortin-1 lead to apparent repair of the injured renal tissues rather than ABT-627 that might suggest its use as helpful therapeutic line for alleviation nephrotoxicity in preeclampsia.

[Manar E.Selim and Hayam I.Gad. Electron Microscopic Study On The Effect Of Urocortin-1 And Selective Endothein Type A Receptor Blockade On kidney Cortex Of Preeclamptic Pregnant Rats. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):162-171]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 24

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.24

Keywords: Pregnancy, preeclampsia, PCTs, endothelial cell, podocyte.

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Neurolytic Inferior Hypogastric Plexus Block: An Alternative Technique for Treatment of Lower Pelvic and Perineal Cancer Related Pain

Mohamed A. Bakr¹; Sahar A. Mohamed²; Mohamed F. Mohamad²; and Doaa G. Ahmed^2*

¹Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt

²South Egypt Cancer Institute, Anesthesia, Intensive care, and Pain management South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut, Egypt.

drsaher2008@yahoo.com mfaroukma@gmail.com ^*doaagomaa78@yahoo.com

abstract: The inferior hypogastric plexus block through the transsacral approach under fluoroscopy, using a local anesthetics/ steroid combination for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic pain conditions involving the lower pelvic viscera was first described by Schultz in 2007. Neurolysis of the inferior hypogastric plexus may be useful for pelvic and perineal pain caused by cancer. We described two cases in whom the block performed by Injection of 6-8 ml of phenol 10% bilaterally, by passing a spinal needle through the sacral foramen to treat their intractable lower pelvic and perineal pain. We assessed them for VAS, and their oral morphine (MST) consumption pre and post-procedural and if there is any complication or side effect of the block. Both patients had significant pain relief and reduction of their analgesic consumption. The neurolytic inferior hypogastric plexus block may be a good alternative technique for treatment of lower pelvic and perineal cancer related pain.

[Mohamed A. Bakr; Sahar A. Mohamed; Mohamed F. Mohamad; and Doaa G. Ahmed. Neurolytic Inferior Hypogastric Plexus Block: An Alternative Technique for Treatment of Lower Pelvic and Perineal Cancer Related Pain. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):172-175]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 25

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.25

Key words: Inferior hypogastric plexus block, Neurolysis, Cancer pain, Pelvic pain, Perineal pain.

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Coeducation versus Single Sex Education: Impact on Self Esteem and Academic Achievements among Nursing' Students

Amal I., Khalil¹, Mohamad O., Abou-Hashish²; Eman S., Dawood³

¹Psychiatry and Mental Health Nursing, Menoufyia University, Egypt

²Adult Nursing, Al-Isra University, Jordan

³Psychiatry and Mental Health Nursing, Menoufyia University, Egypt.

Abstract: Background: Single sex education is to educate males and females in separate school setting, whereas coeducation is the integration of both in a one educational environment. Linguistically, the term Co-ed" is a shortened form of "co-educational", and is also sometimes used as an informal and increasingly old reference to a female college student, particularly in the United States. Despite the fact that modern education is primarily coeducational, many single sex educational institutions still exist and are regaining popularity especially in nursing field as it was encouraged by the Hashemite Jordanian king Dom. Aim: The aim is to investigate the impact of educational type on the students’ self-esteem and academic achievements. Methods: A quantitative-non-experimental correlational research design was utilized to accomplish the purpose of this current research. The study was conducted at Queen Alia and Al Arabia Community Colleges affiliated to Al- Balqa Applied University in Jordan, where a convenient sample of 100 nursing students participated in the study. Students’ self-esteem was assessed by using the self-esteem instrument designed and developed by (Jebril) in 1984. Validity of the instrument was obtained and reliability has been demonstrated (0.84). Results: The analysis of obtained data revealed that there is a significant relationship between self esteem and academic achievement for the favor of (85-100%) achievement category). In other words, students who display high self-esteem have high academic achievement; moreover, self-esteem is notably high among students who are satisfied in learning nursing. On the other hand, there were no statistical significant differences found related to self esteem and gender as well as related to self esteem and type of education among study sample. Conversely, self-esteem is higher among female students in co-education than others in single sex education. Conclusion: We would acknowledge that the academic progress of boys is probably improved by coeducation, while that of girls is not affected. When other factors, such as self esteem, satisfaction with the performance and learning nursing are taken into account, the research clearly supports coeducation. Finally, the research has implications to the importance of personality characteristics, especially self-esteem, communication style and self-concept due to their positive impact on academic progress, satisfaction of performance and quality of provided nursing interventions.

[Amal I., Khalil, Mohamad O., Abou-Hashish; and Eman S., Dawood Coeducation versus Single Sex Education: Impact on Self Esteem and Academic Achievements among Nursing' Students. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):176-184]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 26

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.26

Keywords: Co-education, single sex education, self-esteem, academic achievement.

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Characteristics of Hydrocarbon Accumulation of the Sunrise-Troubadour Fields, northern Bonaparte Basin, Australia

Suliman Ahmed Hamid Fadul^1,2, Ye Jia Ren¹, Cao Qiang¹,Yousuf Ahmed Hamid Fudol³

1. Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources, China University of Geosciences

MOE, Wuhan 430074, China

 2. Sudan, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Technical Education Corporation

3. Oil&Gas Field Development Engineering, Faculty of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences

marfsud@yahoo.com, jrye@cug.edu.cn, charleycq@163.com and sudanplus@yahoo.com

Abstract: The Sunrise-Troubadour Fields are located in Sahul Platform, northern Bonaparte Basin, Australia. Wells Toubadour-1, Sunrise-2, Sunset-1, Heron-1 and Seismic Line N11612 are selected to evaluate the hydrocarbon potential, timing of generation and expulsion, determine migration pathways and accumulation and predict trap efficiency with respect to migrated and accumulated hydrocarbon heads. Basin Mod 1D, 2D and 3D techniques are used for modeling. Plover Formation represents the main source and reservoir rocks and currently in mid-mature oil window in Sunrise-Troubadour Fields and in wet-gas window in well Heron-1 with dominant OM Type II& III. The average TOC in Troubadour-1, Sunset-1, Sunrise-2, Heron-1 and Seismic line N11612 are 1.53wt %, 0.685wt %, 1.25wt%, 1.885wt% and 2.08wt %, respectively. In Sunrise-Troubadour Fields the average thicknesses of the reservoir, porosity and permeability are 80m, 11.43%, and 68.98md, respectively. In well Heron-1 the average thicknesses of reservoir, porosity and permeability are 316.196m, 9.15% and 188.7md, respectively. Field-wide porosity-permeability correlation has shown a reducing trend with depth. In Sunrise-Troubadour Fields the onset for hydrocarbon generation and expulsion occurred during Late cretaceous and reached the peak at Quaternary, whereas it is occurred during the late Cretaceous and reached the peak at the end of Late Cretaceous in well Heron-1. The intensities of gas generation and expulsion are greater than that of oil generation and expulsion. Oil and Gas are charged to Sunrise-Troubadour Fields from Malita Graben and Troubadour Terrace. Migration pathways are directing towards the low hydrocarbon heads. The traps are efficient to accommodate the migrated hydrocarbons.

[Suliman Ahmed Hamid Fadul, Ye Jia Ren, Cao Qiang, Yousuf Ahmed Hamid Fudol. Characteristics of Hydrocarbon Accumulation of the Sunrise-Troubadour Fields, northern Bonaparte Basin, Australia. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):185-202]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 27

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.27

Keywords: Hydrocarbon Generation; Expulsion; Migration; Accumulation; Sunrise Troubadour Fields

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Application of Artificial Intelligence in Predicting Weld Properties of Nuclear Installations

Eman Sarwat, M.A. and Shafey Harnza

National Center for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Control

Abstract: Predicting weld properties such as Ferrite, Austenite and Martensite content in stainless steel welds is desirable in order to estimate the welded properties for safety of nuclear installations like (reactor vessels and piping system). Several methods have been used over the last years to estimate the Ferrite content as a function of the alloy composition. A new technique is developed which uses a neural network analysis to determine different phases of steel properties. The ِArtificial Neural Network (ANN) was trained on the same data set that was used to generate the Schaeffler constitution diagram. The accuracy of the neural network prediction is compared to that for the Schaeffler diagram. The results show that the neural network model was more accurate than that measured by Schaeffler diagram.

[Eman Sarwat, and M.A. Shafey. Harnza Application of Artificial Intelligence in Predicting Weld Properties of Nuclear Installations] Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):203-210]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.28

Keywords: Artificial Neural Network – Weld Properties – Schaffler Diagram

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Study on performance enhancing effect of Rare Earth Elements as alternatives to antibiotic feed additives for Japanese Quails

Eleraky, A. Wafaa and Rambeck, W.*

Department of nutrition and clinical nutrition, Faculty of Vet. Med., Zagazig University

*Institute for animal nutrition and nutritional deficiency diseases, Faculty of Vet. Med., Munich University, Germany.

Abstract: The presents study was designed to determine the effect of different levels of rare earth elements (REE) on growth performance of Japanese quails. A total of 300 one day old j. quails were nearly of the same live body weight and divided into equal four triplicate groups, each replicate contained 25 birds.Control group fed on basal diet (isonitrogenous and isocaloric) and the three quail groups were fed the same diet, which supplemented with 50,100 and 200 mg /kg of REE-citrate, lanthanide mixture. The quail chicks were reared in plastic reticular boxes for four weeks and during it feed and water was ad-libitum.The results showed there were a significant differences in the final body weight and body gain between quail groups. The REE supplements increased the weight gain of Japanese quails compare to control group by 18.5-22% during the experiment. The feed consumption and the feed conversion improvement were not significantly affected by REE. REE-citrate improved the feed conversion ratio by 8.06-10.22%. The lowest concentration of REE-citrate (50 mg/kg) improved the efficiency of protein and energy utilization by 12.61% and 10.89% compare to control group Based on the results of present study, the optimum concentration range of REE- citrate for improving both growth performances and efficiency of protein and energy utilization was 50-100 mg/kg of feed.

[Eleraky, A. Wafaa and Rambeck, W. Study on performance enhancing effect of Rare Earth Elements as alternatives to antibiotic feed additives for Japanese Quails. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):211-215]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.29

Keywords: Alternative growth promoter, rare earth elements, quails, feed conversion

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Impact of Tremendous Consumption of Tea Drink on Blood Lead

Eman Abd El Baset Mohamed ¹ and Adly Abd El Aziz²

¹Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt

²Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt

Abstract: Heavy metals especially lead, are considered to be one of the important sources of pollution of foods and drinks. Tea is a very common drink and could be a source of some heavy metals particularly lead. Objectives:1- To determine lead traces in the samples of packed tea; collected from the local market of Egypt; one of EMR countries; by using two techniques, a) the differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) at a hanging mercury drop electrode and b) the atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). 2- To evaluate level of plasma lead in heavy and chronic consumers of tea drink. Materials: Reasonable amounts of different tea (black and green) packets, were collected from the local market to determine its lead content. Subjects: 103 randomly chosen Sohag residents; in different work places; who tremendously used to consume tea and other beverages; being guards, carpenters, constructors and iron workers in constructions. All were informed about the research aim and their verbal consents were approved; they subjected to: a) full history reporting for their habits of tea drinking, b) medical examination and c) determination of lead in their plasma by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. On staistical analysis, plotting the current signals against the lead ion concentration added to the sample gave straight line. From this linear relationship, each concentration, the standard deviation and correlation coefficient values were obtained. SPSS program, version 10 was used to elucidate the statistical correlations. Results: lead element level ranged from 0.027 to 0.603 μg g⁻¹; in tea packets samples by using (DPASV) and from 0.028 to 0.607 μg g⁻¹ by using (AAS), but was within the tolerated amount set by FAO/WHO. The concentrations in chronic consumers plasma were above maximum permissible figures; 18.4 % had about 40-150 μg/dl and they were symptomatizing.

[Eman Abd El Baset Mohamed and Adly Abd El Aziz. Impact of Tremendous Consumption of Tea Drink on Blood Lead. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):216-221]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 30

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.30

Keywords: Analytical Determination; Pb; Tea; Boiling tea; Heavy consumption

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Agriculture for Poverty Reduction in Rural District of Bakhtegan in Fars Province, Iran

Khadijeh Aref & Davod Eslamian

Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran

banafhseharef@gmail.com; davodeslamian@yahoo.com

Abstract: In most developing countries, especially in Iran, majorities of the population live in rural areas where their main economic activity is agriculture. The evidence that growth in agriculture is on average at least twice as effective in reducing poverty as growth outside agriculture is thus no surprise. The study looks at the positional of agriculture for poverty reduction in rural district of Bakhtegan in Fars province, Iran. The data for this study collected through focus group discussion. The participants were the farmers in rural district of Bakhtegan. The finding of this study indicated that, due to lack of capacity building in agricultural sector, agriculture does not have an important role in poverty reduction. The finding can assist the agricultural organizations for planning in agricultural development policies for poverty reduction.

[Davod Eslamian & Khadijeh Aref, Agriculture for Poverty Reduction in Rural District of Bakhtegan in Fars Province, Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):222-225]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 31

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.31

Keywords: Poverty reduction, agricultural development, rural development

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The Cranial Nerves 0f Mabuya quinquetaeniata IV: Nervus Facialis

Ali, R. S.; ^*Abdel-Kader, T. G.; and Ibrahim, N. M

Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt

tgabdelkader@yahoo.com

Abstract: The present study deals with the nervus facialis of Mabuya quinquetaeniata. The nervus facialis leaves the cranial cavity through the facial foramen to enter the geniculate ganglion. The ramus palatinus passes through the vidian canal. There is no palatine ganglion. The medial palatine ramus carries the ethmoidal ganglion which is represented by two parts. The main part lies on the medial palatine ramus. The ramus hyomandibularis carries the fibres of the medial cranial sympathetic nerve and receives those of the lateral cranial sympathetic ramus. It separates into the ramus hyoideus, the chorda tympani and the head sympathetic trunk. The ramus hyoideus innervates the depressor mandibularis, constrictor colli and the mandibulohyoideus muscles.

[Ali, R. S.; Abdel-Kader, T. G.; AND IBRAHIM, N. M. The Cranial Nerves 0f Mabuya quinquetaeniata IV. Nervus Facialis] Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):226-237]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 32

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.32

Keywords: Mabuya, Cranial nerves, Nervus facialis

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"Electron Microscopic Study On The Effect Of Urocortin-1 And Selective Endothein Type A Receptor Blockade On kidney Cortex Of Preeclamptic Pregnant Rats."

Manar E¹.Selim and Hayam I.Gad²

Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, and Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University. manar.selim@hotmail.com

Abstract: Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific disorder that complicates approximately 5% of all pregnancies, making it perhaps the most common glomerular disease in the world. The current study was carried out on 125 female Wistar rats divided into five equal groups. Group I included virgin non-pregnant rats. Group II included pregnant rats that were received saline solution (0.5 ml/100 g body weight) from day 7 to day 20 of gestation. Group III included pregnant rats that were treated with L-NAME dissolved in sterile saline solution in a dose of 10 mg/0.5 ml/100 g body weights subcutaneously and daily starting from the same day of gestation and for the same duration as mentioned for group II. Group IV included pregnant rats that were treated by both L-NAME (the same dose and for the same duration as mentioned for group III) and urocortin-1, in a dose of 5 µg/kg body weight/ day subcutaneously starting from day 14 to day 20 of gestation. Group V included pregnant rats that were treated by both L-NAME (the same dose and for the same duration as mentioned for group III) and ABT-627, 5 mg/kg / day subcutaneously starting from day 14 to day 20 of gestation. Ultrathin sections from the kidney were processed for electron microscopic examination. The ultrastructural examination of group III showed damage of the parietal epithelium of Bowman’s capsules, thickening of the capillary endothelial wall and fusion of the foot process of the podocytes. Mesangial cells and matrix were greatly increased. Moreover, the cells of the proximal convoluted tubules (PCTs) showed degeneration of the brush border and its lumina appeared with hyaline casts. The distal convoluted tubules (DCTs) were affected also as represented by destruction of the basal infoldings, mitochondria and the apical microvilli. The electron microscopic results revealed that the treatment of preeclamptic rats with urocortin-1 lead to apparent repair of the injured renal tissues rather than ABT-627 that might suggest its use as helpful therapeutic line for alleviation nephrotoxicity in preeclampsia.

[Manar E.Selim and Hayam I.Gad. “Electron Microscopic Study On The Effect Of Urocortin-1 And Selective Endothein Type A Receptor Blockade On kidney Cortex Of Preeclamptic Pregnant Rats. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12): 238-248]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.33

Keywords: Pregnancy, preeclampsia, PCTs, endothelial cell, podocyte.

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Correlation between Optical Coherence Tomography and Multifocal ERG Changes in Diffuse Diabetic Macular Oedema

^*Sherif H. Emerah MD, Ehab S. El Zakzouk MD, Onsy A. Badie MD

Ophthalmology Department, Research Institute of Ophthalmology, Giza, Egypt

^*sherifemera@yahoo.com

Abstract: Purpose: To detect and correlate retinal morphological changes measured with Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and functional changes recorded with Multifocal ERG (mf-ERG) in diffuse diabetic macular oedema. Materials and Methods: the study included 33 diabetic patients with diffuse macular oedema as documented by fluorescein angiography (FA). Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was detected for every patient. Central and pericentral macular thickness was measured by OCT. Macular functional changes were recorded with multifocal electroretinogram. Results: 85.7% of our cases with bad BCVA (worse than 0.5) had increased central foveal thickness. 71.4% of our cases with bad BCVA had increased pericentral macular thickness. There is a highly significant negative correlation between BCVA and central and pericentral macular thickness. For mfERG; we found significant changes in patients with bad BCVA and the changes were in the latency rather than amplitude. So, we did not find significant changes in mfERG in patients with good BCVA (better than 0.5). Patients with increased central and pericentral macular thickness had increased P1 latency of ring 3. Conclusion: OCT and mfERG are valuable diagnostic techniques that can help to assess morphological and functional changes in diffuse diabetic macular oedema.

[Sherif H. Emerah, Ehab S. El Zakzouk, Onsy A. Badie. Correlation between Optical Coherence Tomography and Multifocal ERG Changes in Diffuse Diabetic Macular Oedema. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12): 249-253]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.34

Keywords: Diabetic macular oedema, mfERG, OCT.

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Some Physiological and Biochemical Effects of Oshar Extract and Abamectin Biocide on Male Albino Rats

El- Shafey¹, A. A. M.; Seliem¹, M. M. E.; El-Mahrouky², F.; Gabr², W. M. and Kandil², R. A.

¹Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Egypt

²Plant Production Research institute, Agric. Res. Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt

Rosy.mohamed78@yahoo.com

Abstract: The impact of the two natural products; extract of oshar leaves (Calotropis procera) and Vertimic biocide (abamectin) were studied on some physiological and biochemical parameters of mature male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus). The LD₅₀ was determined for both compounds and its values were 95.52 and 8.7 mg/kg for oshar and abamectin, respectively. Animals were treated orally with (1/4 LD₅₀) of each compound as a single dose. Blood and semen samples were collected after 1, 2, 3 and 7days of treatment. Plasma was separated and stored at -20^°C until analysis for biochemical and hormonal parameters. The results revealed that total count of red blood corpuscles (RBCs) and white blood corpuscles (WBCs) were non significantly decreased in animal group treated with oshar extract compared to control group. Total count of RBCs was significantly decreased, while that of the WBCs was significantly increased post abamectin treatment compared to control ones. Haemoglobin content was significantly decreased, while haematocrit value was significantly increased post extract and abamectin treatments compared to control group. Plasma levels of ALT, AST, total protein, urea, uric acid, creatinine, GST, CAT and testosterone were significantly decreased post extract and abamectin treatments compared to control group. Sperm count was non significantly decreased post extract treatment, while the decrease was significant post abamectin treatment compared to control group. Sperm motility was significantly decreased in animal groups treated with oshar and abamectin compared to control group. In conclusion, abamectin was found to be more effective than oshar on the measured parameters so, abamectin was more toxic for rat.

[El- Shafey, A. A. M.; Seliem, M. M. E.; El-Mahrouky, F.; Gabr, W. M. and Kandil, R. A. Some Physiological and Biochemical Effects of Oshar Extract and Abamectin Biocide on Male Albino Rats. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12): 254-261].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.35

Key words: Oshar, abamectin, RBCs, WBCs, Hb, Hct, GST,CAT, testosterone, sperm count

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Morphological and morphometric characterization of a new digenetic trematode, Proenenterum sp.n., infecting the common sea bream Pagrus pagrus from the Red Sea in Egypt

Kareem Morsy; Sayed Abd El-Monem and Abdel-Rahman Bashtar

Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

Kareemsaid156@yahoo.com

Abstract: In the present study, the morphology and morphometric characterization of Proenenterum sp. (family: Lepocreadiidae), a new digenetic trematode infecting the pyloric portion of the stomach and the middle part of the intestine of the common sea bream Pagrus pagrus fish, were described by light and scanning electron microscopy for the first time from the coasts of Gulf of Suez and Hurghada city of the Red Sea in Egypt. Numerous specimens were collected during the year of 2010. Out of 140, examined fish, only 46 (32.8%) were found to be naturally infected. The adult worms exhibited an elongated body with anterior pointed and posterior broad ends. The adult worm measured 2.30- 3.84 (mean 3.25±0.20) mm in length and 0.42- 0.54 (mean 0.48±0.02) mm in width. The present Proenenterum species is characterized by its smaller dimensions and the presence of a large ventral sucker, two lobed testes. The recorded parasite herein has the same general morphology of its family but with different characteristics than their members. The genus Proenenterum was included firstly within family Enenteridae but after that, it is separated from this genus as a separate family Lepocreadiidae due to the presence of distinct morphological criteria that specify organisms to be enenterids, these are presence of anal aperture, processes on oral suckers and an external seminal vesicle which are not present in the current study.

[Kareem Morsy; Sayed Abd El-Monem and Abdel-Rahman Bashtar. Morphological and morphometric characterization of a new digenetic trematode, Proenenterum sp.n., infecting the common sea bream Pagrus pagrus from the Red Sea in Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):262-267]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 36

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.36

Key words: Proenenterum sp.n. – Lepocreadiidae – Pagrus pagrus – Light and scanning electron microscopy

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Evaluation of Three Resin-Based Root End Filling Materials in Surgical Endodontics

Mohamed Sherif Mohamed Salah El Din Hassan Farag^1* and Nagwa Mohamed Aly Khattab²

¹Associate Professor of Pediatric and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University.

²Associate Professor of Pediatric and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Minia Universiy

^{*msherifsfarag@yahoo.com}

Abstract: Surgical endodontics becomes necessary when conventional therapy is not feasible or successful. The most frequently performed procedures; in this situation is apicoectomy and retrograde filling in the resected root end. The purpose of this study was to compare between the sealing abilities as well as the working time of three root end filling materials; self-adhesive cement (Rely X Unicem) and composite resin (Tetric Ceram composite resin) combined with two different types of two-step bonding agents, etch-and-rinse (Excite- Ivoclar- Vivadent) versus self-etch (Clearfil SE-Bond-Kuraray) systems. Methodology: thirty recently extracted human, permanent single-canalled teeth were selected for this study. Endodontic access cavity preparation was done in all teeth, and finally coronal access was sealed with composite^. Teeth were randomly assigned into two equal groups: Group A (no bevel): 3 mm of the roots were resected in a plane perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth with no bevel, and then Class I root-end cavities were prepared using fissure bur to the depth of 3 mm parallel to the long axis of the root. Group B (45⁰bevel): 3 mm of the roots were apically resected using high-speed carbide bur at 45^o beveled plane labio -lingually and then Class I root-end cavities were prepared. Each group was further subdivided into 3 subgroups of 5 teeth each according to the material used. Teeth were immersed in2% methylene blue dye for a period of twenty four hours, after which they were retrieved, washed, sectioned and the apical dye penetration measured. Also the working time was measured for each material. Results: the results showed that RelyX groups had the best sealing abilities and the minimum working time, followed by Clearfil SE-Bond and Excite groups.

[Mohamed Sherif Mohamed Salah El Din Hassan Farag and Nagwa Mohamed Aly Khattab. Evaluation of Three Resin-Based Root End Filling Materials in Surgical Endodontics. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12): 268-274]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 37

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.37

Keyword: Evaluation, Three Resin-Based Root, Filling Materials, Surgical Endodontics.

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canning Electron Micrioscopic Investigation Of “Adhesive Apparatus Epidermis” Of Glyptothorax Pectinopterus (McClelland) (Sisoridae)

S.C. Joshi, Hoshiyar Singh, Ila Bisht, and S.K. Agarwal

 Department of zoology, Kumaun University, S.S.J. Campus, Almora – 263 601, India. joshi.drsuresh301@gmail.com

Abstract: Surface architecture of the epidermis of adhesive apparatus of Glyptothorax. Pectinopterus (McClelland) (Sisoridae) examine by scanning electron microscopy. The hill-stream fishes have developed specialized organs for adhesion in several strategic regions of the body. Adhesive apparatus are the modifications of the skin on ventral surface. The epithelial cells have been demonstrated in the epidermis of adhesive apparatus of G. pectinopterus, by scanning electron microscopic methods, to study its structural and functional organization with special reference to adhesion. The epidermis of groove of G. pectinopterus is equipped with epithelial cells and mucous cells. The epidermis of ridges of G. pectinopterus consists of mainly keratinized cells. The secretion of amount of mucus by the epidermis covering the groove. This might help in maintaining the vacuum creating by the muscles under margins and thus preventing the entrance of water and air.

[S.C.Joshi, Hoshiyar Singh, Ila Bisht, and S.K. Agarwal. Scanning Electron Micrioscopic Investigatio Of “Adhesive Apparatus Epidermis” Of Glyptothorax Pectinopterus (McClelland) (Sisoridae). Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12): 275-280]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.38

Key words: Fish, G. pectinopterus, Epidermis, Adhesive Apparatus, SEM.

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Prediction Of Outcome Of Poly Traumatized Patients Using Different Trauma Scoring Systems

Okasha A.S¹, Abouelela Amr², Hashish Walid ²

¹Alexandria university, Anesthesia and Surgical Intensive Care department, Alexandria, Egypt

²Alexandria university, critical care medicine department, Alexandria, Egypt

amrela313@yahoo.com; asokasha@yahoo.com; d_walid11@yahoo.com

Abstract: Trauma remains the third largest cause of death in all regions of the world. If young people only are considered, trauma becomes the leading cause of death and is thus the greatest source of potential years of life lost. Scoring systems have been developed in response to an increasing emphasis on the evaluation and monitoring of health services. These systems enable comparative audit and evaluative research of intensive care. For the trauma outcomes researcher the scores are risk stratifiers, used to divide patients into subsets of risk so that other predictors of outcome may be evaluated. To administrators, score-based measures are a first step toward quality control “report cards” and improvements in health care delivery or injury prevention. The aim of this study was to compare the validity of six current trauma scoring systems [ Glasgow coma scale (GCS), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II), Revised Trauma Score (RTS), Injury Severity Score (ISS), Trauma Revised Injury Severity Score (TRISS) and Therapeutic Intervention Score (TISS)] in predicting the outcome in critically ill polytraumatized patients. The study was carried out on 175 polytraumatized patients who were admitted to Critical Care and Emergency Medicine Departments at Alexandria University Main Hospital from 1st of July 2010 to the end of December 2010. All patients are subjected to the routine care and management of trauma patients and The previously mentioned six scoring systems were applied to all patients. The patient outcome was assessed by Glasgow Outcome Score, in hospital &one month mortality. Correlation of the outcome with the different individual score results and comparison between different individual scores were done. It was found that all the six scores correlate significantly with the outcome parameters with different degree of significance and It was also found that the most significant sensitive and specific score was the combined score (anatomical& physiological) TRISS (sensitivity 95.0%, specificity 96.0% and accuracy 95.0%), while the grading of the other scores was in the following sequence: APACHEII, RTS, GCS, TISS (All are physiological) and finally ISS score (Anatomical score). The different scores were compared as regards sensitivity, specificity & accuracy & the comparison revealed that TRISS had the highest sensitivity, specificity & accuracy of all the scores in this study(95, 96, 95%) respectively, while, ISS had the lowest values (68, 70, 68%). Comparison also revealed that APACHEII score had higher sensitivity (92%) than RTS but the latter had better specificity (94%) &accuracy (92%)than the former (88% and 90%) respectively. In general, the physiological scores in this study tend to have a better performance than the anatomical one &the combined scores had the best performance.

[Okasha A.S, Abouelela Amr, Hashish Walid. Prediction Of Outcome Of Poly Traumatized Patients

 Using Different Trauma Scoring Systems. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12): 281-291]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 39

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.39

Keywords: Trauma Scores, RTS, TISS, TRISS, Trauma Outcome

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Life cycle of Eimeria rousetti sp. nov. (Alveolata: Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) infecting the frugivorous bat, Rousettus aegyptiacus Geoffroy, 1810 (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in Egypt.

Hamed Mohamed Fayed; Mohamed Abd-Allah Shazly and Sayed Abd El-Monem

Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt

Kareemsaid156@yahoo.com

Abstract: Developmental stages of the life cycle of Eimeria rousetti sp. nov. were described for the first time from the frugivorous bat, Rousettus aegyptiacus in Egypt. The infection rate was 32%. Oocysts were collected and identified from naturally infected bats. They were subspherical to ovoid in shape; measured 24.43 x 19.33 µm and limited by a smooth colourless double-layered wall; no micropyle but a polar granule was observed. Events of sporulation were described and sporulation time was found to be 85-90 hrs. at 28±3^oC. An oocyst residuum was also observed. The sporocyst measured 11.34 x 6.62 µm with sporocyst residuum; Stieda and substieda bodies were also observed. Experimental inoculation of sporulated oocysts was carried out and the developmental endogenous stages (merogony and gamogony) were followed up and described. The prepatent period was 4 days, while the patent period was 12-14 days. Merogony took place in the lamina propria and epithelial cells of the middle third of the small intestine of the experimentally infected bats at 25-60 hrs. p.i. Only one generation of meronts was observed. Early uninuclear meronts were seen 25-30 hrs. p.i. and measured 4.40 x 3.69 µm, while the mature meronts measured 9.44 x 7.10 µm and contained 6-15 fully- differentiated merozoites. Gamogony occurred at 60-96 hrs. p.i. and took place at the same site. The microgamonts measured 8.60 x 6.62 µm and contained 7-18 small nuclei. At the same time, macrogamonts measured 9.12 x 8.22 µm, while mature macrogametes measured 10.25 x 9.68 µm and contained 2 types of wall-forming bodies (types I&II). At 90-96 hrs. p.i., newly-formed zygotes or young oocysts were observed in the epithelial cells of the experimentally infected bats. In the present study, fusion of the wall-forming bodies (types I & II) to produce the bilayered wall of the oocyst could be observed at the periphery.

[Hamed Mohamed Fayed; Mohamed Abd-Allah Shazly and Sayed Abd El-Monem. Life cycle of Eimeria rousetti sp. nov. (Alveolata: Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) infecting the frugivorous bat, Rousettus aegyptiacus Geoffroy, 1810 (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in Egypt. A light microscopic study. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12): 292-305]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 40

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.40

Keyword: Eimeria rousetti, life cycle, Oocysts. Subspherical, merogony and gamogony

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Effect of Magnetic Field on Seed Germination and Transplant Growth of Tomato

Abou El-Yazied¹, A.; Shalaby², O. A.; A.M. El-Gizawy¹; S.M. Khalf² and A. El-Satar³

¹Hort. Dept., Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ. Hadayek Shoubra, Cairo, Egypt

²Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt

³Physics. Dept., Fac. Science, Ain Shams Univ. Cairo, Egypt

Abstract: Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) cv. Castlrock seeds were exposed to different magnetic strengths (0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 Tesla) for periods of 1, 5, 10 and 15 minutes and the treated seeds were germinated under distilled water or in saline concentration levels of 2500, 5000 and 7500 ppm. The results indicated that the magnetic field treatments led to a significant increase in the germination percentage reduced the time needed for germination and improved seed germination under saline conditions. The best results were found by magnetic seed treatment with 0.1 Tesla for 15 min. On the contrary, high salinity concentrations decreased the germination of seeds, as for the saline concentration of the 2500 ppm activated the seed germination. In the nursery experiment, applying the optimal magnetic seed treatment (0.1 T for 15 min) and/or irrigation with magnetized water gave significant increases in transplant stem length, stem diameter, leaf area and fresh and dry weight than those in the control treatment which grew by untreated seeds and irrigated by ordinary (untreated water) water.

[Abou El-Yazied, A.; Shalaby, O. A.; A.M. El-Gizawy; S.M. Khalf and A. El-Satar. Effect of Magnetic Field on Seed Germination and Transplant Growth of Tomato] Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):306-312]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.41

Key words: Tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, Germination, Transplant, Magnetic field, Magnetic seed treatments, Magnetic water treatment, Magnetize water.

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Propolis Protects Against Methotrexate Induced Hepatorenal Dysfunctions during Treatment of Ehrlich Carcinoma

Mohamed O. T. Badr^*; Nariman M.M Edrees; Amany A.M Abdallah; Mohamed A. Hashem; Nasr A.M.N. El-Deen; Ahmed N F. Neamat-Allah and Hager T.H Ismail

Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 1 Alzeraa Street Postal Code 44511, Zagazig City, Sharkia Province, Egypt. ^*drosamabadr@yahoo.com

Abstract: Two hundred and fifty female Swiss albino mice were used to study the ability of Egyptian propolis to protect methotrexate induced dysfunction to liver and kidneys of mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC). They equal divided into 5 groups: 1^st kept as negative control, 2^nd were implanted intraperitoneally with 2.5×10⁶ EAC and kept as positive control and, 3^rd implanted intraperitoneally with 2.5×10⁶ EAC and treated with propolis by dose (50 mg/kg body weight), was given by gastric intubations 2 hours prior to the intraperitoneal injection of EAC,4^th implanted intraperitoneally with 2.5×10⁶ EAC and treated with methotrexate by dose (0.4 mg/kg body weight) and 5^th implanted with the same count of the EAC cells and treated with combination of propolis and methotrexate(50 mg/kg body weight and 0.4 mg/kg body weight, respectively) for eleven successive days gastric intubations. Antioxidant analysis revealed a decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) and an increase in malondialdhyde (MAD) in second and forth groups, the opposite in third group, while fifth group showed reverse in antioxidant level toward the normal control group. Biochemical analysis of serum showed that implantation of EAC in Swiss mice without treatment revealed a significant decrease in total protein and albumin levels without change in globulin level and a significant increase in creatinine level and ALT, AST activities, while the third group that received propolis revealed an improvement in these biochemical parameters compared to the normal control group. Forth group revealed a significant increase in ALT, AST activities and creatinine level and decrease in total proteins, albumin and globulin while fifth group revealed amelioration of these parameters and confirmed with histopathological examination of liver and kidneys.

[Mohamed O. T. Badr; Nariman M.M Edrees; Amany A.M Abdallah; Mohamed A. Hashem; Nasr A.M.N. El-Deen; Ahmed N F. Neamat-Allah and Hager T.H Ismail. Propolis Protects Against Methotrexate Induced Hepatorenal Dysfunctions during Treatment of Ehrlich Carcinoma. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):313-319]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 42

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.42

Keywords: Protective, EAC, Biochemical, Egypt, Propolis, Methotrexate, Trexan, ALT, AST and Creatinine

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Degenerative effect of dimethyl disulfide on central neurons of cockroach Periplaneta americana

Amina, E. Essawy ^1,2, Jehan, M. Sorour ^1,2 and Abir, S. Al-Nasser ¹

¹Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences for Girls, Um Al Qura University, Makah, Saudi Arabia; ²Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.

amina_essawy@yahoo.com

Abstract: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the degenerative effect of dimethyl disulfide, extracted from Allium porrum, on the mesothoracic neurons of Periplaneta americana. Examination of the mesothoracic ganglia of male cockroach treated with 1/4 LC₅₀ of DMDS revealed severe ultrastructural alterations in their neurons. These alterations included: pyknotic nuclei, vacuolized cytoplasm with degenerated and indistinct organelles, Peripheral accumulation of multivesicular bodies and dilated and disorganized extracellular space. Degeneration of synaptic vesicles and swelling of the mitochondria were observed in axons of the neuropile. On the other hand, the nuclear envelope of glial cells nuclei showed deep invagination, while the cytoplasm appeared with abundant and aggregated mitochondria. These results indicate that DMDS has an insecticidal neurodegenerative effect and could be used in pest control.

[Amina, E. Essawy, Jehan, M. Sorour and Abir, S. Al-Nasser. Degenerative effect of dimethyl disulfide on central neurons of cockroach Periplaneta Americana. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):320-324]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 43

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.43

Key words: Periplaneta americana, DMDS, neurons, ultrastructural alterations.

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Construction and validation of a scale for the measurement of alexithymia in university – students

^*Behnam Makvandi¹, Alireza Haydarei², Manijeh Shehni yailagh³, Bahnam Najarian⁴ and Parviz Askery²

1- Department of Psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University Khuzestan IRAN

2- Assistant Professor Department of Psychology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, IRAN

3- Professor in Education Psychology, Department of Education and psychology, Shahid Chamran University, IRAN

4- Professor Department of Psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University Khuzestan IRAN.

^*Corresponding Author: Makvandi_b@yhoo.com

Abstract: This text reports a research that is construction and validation of a scale for measurement of Alexithymia in students coordinated to cultural – social characteristics of society, and factor analysis method mean 175 girls and 205 boys students of Ahvaz Islamic Azad University were selected for this research by stratified random sampling method. At the firs step of research, 65 articles were written for measuring peculiarities of alexithymia by psychology method that 20 articles of them were removed by psychologists within stages of investigation of articles and introductory study. Factor analysis of data indicated that 26 articles were based on single factor scale and hence an alexithymia single scale was made. Coefficient of internal consistency and test – retest were satisfactory and were significant at the level of P = 0.001. Simultaneous execution was used for evaluating the validity of alexithymia scale made of Toronto Alexithymia scale (TAS).

[Behnam Makvandi, Alireza Haydarei, Manijeh Shehni yailagh, Bahnam Najarian and Parviz Askery. Construction and validation of a scale for the measurement of alexithymia in university – students. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):325-329]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 44

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.44

Keyword: construction, validation, Alexithymia.

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The comparison between motherhood depression, couples' intimacy and satisfaction in both working and non-working (housewife) mothers

Alireza Heydarie¹, Parvin Ehtesham Zadeh², Fatemeh Vazir Nia³

1- Instructor of Psychology, Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran

2- Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University- Khuzestan, Iran

3- M.A in Psychology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran

Corresponding Author: Fardan2011@yahoo.com

Abstract: Present study has been conducted to consider and compare the motherhood depression, marital intimacy and satisfaction in both working and non-working (housewife) mothers in Ahvaz. For this purpose, 220 people (110 working and 110 non-working mothers) among the women who referred to 4 urban medical centers located in Ahvaz were chosen and classified in form of multi-process random sampling. The Radloff’s motherhood depression (CES-D) questionnaires, Intimacy Scale and Enrich's marital were applied too. To analyze the data, the descriptive statistic approaches, multivariable variance (MANOVA), Pearson correlation coefficient and multi-variable regression methods were all utilized. The significance level was determined to be P<0/05. The research results showed that a significant difference exists between working and non-working (house wife) mothers at least in the terms of one of dependent variables (motherhood depression, intimacy and marital satisfaction). It was also found that and working mothers suffer from higher motherhood depression than the non-working housewives, but they had approximately the same intimacy and marital satisfaction.

[Alireza Heydarie, Parvin Ehtesham Zadeh, Fatemeh Vazir Nia. The comparison between motherhood depression, couples' intimacy and satisfaction in both working and non-working (housewife) mothers. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):330-335]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 45

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.45

Keywords: motherhood depression, marital intimacy, marital satisfaction, working & non-working mothers

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The effect of non-carbohydrate diet on weight loss and its effects

Chitra Iranpour¹, Chakaveh Iranpour²

1- Dietitian 2- Homeopathy. Corresponding Author: diet_nutrition_1380@yahoo.com

Abstract: Carbohydrates, starch and sugar in it as most people know one of the three major sources of energy and food makes up the largest component. Sometimes up to 90% of dietary energy supply is a poor source of carbohydrates (especially in tropical areas), while only 40 percent energy diets may be the source of the rich class. Carbohydrates, about 43 power plants in the world live animals for food, it depends on the form. Green plants under the influence of sunlight to make carbohydrates from water and carbon dioxide are. This test was performed on 25 patients at different ages. They were removed from the carbohydrate diet and weight loss in a 3-month period they were studied. Results showed that people with moderately high weight (>100 Kg), the process was so quick weight loss in a 45-day period of weight loss was 9 kg. In individuals with lower weight (<75 Kg), 4 kg in a 25-day period showed weight loss.

[Chitra Iranpour, Chakaveh Iranpour. The effect of non-carbohydrate diet on weight loss and its effects. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):336-338]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.46

Keywords: diet, weight loss, carbohydrates 

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Identification of Adulteration with Camel Meat Using Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay

Alaa El-deein El- Morshedy, El-Saied A. El-daly, Adel I. El-Atabany, and Ahmed E. Tharwat

Food Control Department (Meat Hygiene). Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University

ahmed_tharwat1983@yahoo.com

Abstract: Meat species adulteration is a common problem in the retail market. This study investigated the validity of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the adulteration of camel meat even in low level and heat treated meat emulsion of camel meat. The primer pair was designed based on mitochondrial D-loop gene for detection of adulteration of camel meat in admixed meat and meat products by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Amplification of 208-bp DNA fragments was observed from camel, without any cross-reaction with cattle, sheep, goat and chicken. The amplification was further confirmed by endonuclease enzyme Taq I restriction enzymes. No adverse effect of processing was found on PCR amplification of camel meat DNA extracted from processed meat and meat products, even from meat emulsion autoclaved at 121 °C, for 15–20 min. The detection limit for camel meat was found to be 0.05% in the admixed meat and meat products; however, very faint and inconsistent results were obtained in autoclaved meat emulsion at 0.05% level. The developed PCR assay was found to be specific for camel and could be a useful tool for detection of meat adulteration.

[Alaa El-deein El- Morshedy, El-Saied A. Eldaly, Adel I. El-Atabany, and Ahmed E. Tharwat Identification of Adulteration with Camel Meat Using Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):339-343]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.47

Keywords: Meat species. Adulteration. Detection. Processed meat products. Species-specific PCR assay

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Tourism Impact on economic growth of Asian countries During the years from 1992 to 2004

Seyed vafa. Meshkat¹, Davood Kianoosh ²

^1. instructor of shiraz Islamic Azad University – sama,Iran

^2. instructor of Natanz Islamic Azad University,Iran

meshkatpub@yahoo.com

Abstract: Tourism industry can be considered as a major activity to achieve economic growth. Some of the world countries can attract tourists according to their natural recourses and ecotourism but the others introduce their ancient precedence based on their rich cultural background. It is interesting that nowadays most of countries without these kinds of natural recourses and time honored attempts to attract foreign tourists. All these indicate the importance of tourism in the country's economy. By developing tourism in a country, increased employment and production as well as attraction more foreign exchange will be promised. In this research, considering to importance and oldness of Asia continent, the effect of tourism on some of given countries has been studied. For this purpose, the data had been achieved during the period of 1992 to 2004 from these countries and economic growth model was used. Estimated results indicated that in low income countries the effect of per capita tourism on per capita economic growth is positive and significant. In middle-income countries, per capita tourism had a negative effect on economic growth which is not statistically valid. Also in high-income countries, the effect of per capita tourism on per capita economic growth was estimated positive and statistically valid.

[Seyed vafa. Meshkat, Davood Kianoosh. Tourism Impact on economic growth of Asian countries During the years from 1992 to 2004. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12): 344-351]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 48

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.48

Keywords: Tourism, Economic growth, cross-sectional data, GDP, Gross domestic investment, Public expenditures, General cost of education.

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Histological Evaluation Of The Temporomandibular Joint After Mandibular Osteodistraction And Mandibular Advancement Osteotomy

Mohamed A. Katamish ¹, Awatef Abdul- Hamid Mady²

¹Lecturer of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University.

²Researcher in Research centre & Bilharzias Researches, Faculty of medicine, Ain shams university

 Corresponding author: E-mail: Katamish72@yahoo.com

Abstract: Objectives: Is to compare between histological results of the temporomandibular joint after mandibular advancement versus distraction osteogenesis. Materials and methods: Sample of the study was 21 adult male goats, the animals were divided into 3groups (9 animals in each); group A(two surgical groups (Distraction group), group B (Orthognathic group), and group C (control group which contained 3 animals). In group A especial design distraction device was applied extra-orally after osteotomy at right angle of mandible. While in group B Unilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy with mandibular advancement and screws fixation was done. In the third group scarification of the animal. Histological evaluation using stained sections with Heamatoxylin Eosin (H&E).Results: There were a variations in structures of the joint in each group and at each week. Most of these variations were in thickness of the fibrocartilagenous layer of the temporal bone, number of multinucleated giant cells, chondrocytes that form the articulating disc. No signs of bone denudation or erosion were observed. Conclusions: The gradual lengthening of the mandible through distraction osteogenesis have smooth effects on the joint, but finally after a sufficient time both distraction and sagittal split osteotomy showed the same results.

[Mohamed A. Katamish, Awatef Abdul- Hamid Mady. Histological Evaluation Of The Temporomandibular Joint After Mandibular Osteodistraction And Mandibular Advancement Osteotomy. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):352-362]. (ISSN:1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 49

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.49

Keywords: Temporomandibular Joint, Distraction Osteogenesis, Orthognathic Surgery

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A Theoretical Study of Social Capital in Agricultural Cooperatives

Fatemeh Allahdadi

Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran

fatemeharef@gmail.com

Abstract: Does agricultural cooperatives generate positive influences on social capital? This question has important theoretical and policy implications for the contemporary world, especially for the developing countries. This research explores how agricultural cooperatives may influence networks among members and consequently the influence of that social capital on the cooperatives activities. This article attempts to determine the important indicators of social capital in development of agricultural cooperatives. It also demonstrates that the cooperatives in six indicators can increase the level of social capital for rural development..

[Fatemeh Aref. A Theoretical Study of Social Capital in Agricultural Cooperatives. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12): 363-366]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.50

Keywords: social capital, agricultural cooperatives, rural development

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Embedding Binary Tree and Bus into Hex-Cell Interconnection Network

Mohammad Qatawneh¹

Department of Computer Science, KASIT, University of Jordan, P.O. Box 13047, Amman 11942, Jordan

¹mohd.qat@ju.edu.jo

Abstract. The Hex-Cell network is an interconnection network that is recursively defined and has excellent properties for scalable distributed systems. Amongst the attractive features of the hex-cell network is the embedding capability of topological structures such as binary tree and bus. In this paper, we present algorithms for embedding a binary tree and bus topologies into hex-cell interconnection network with dilation and congestion of one for tree and bus.

[Mohammad Qatawneh. Embedding Binary Tree and Bus into Hex-Cell Interconnection Network. Journal of American Science. 2011;7(12):367-370] (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.51

Key words: Embedding, Hex-Cell network, Dilation, Congestion, Tree.

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[Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12): 371-382]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Withdrawn

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Bond strength of different intraoral repair systems for metal-ceramic restorations

Mohamed M.K. El-Hosary¹, Tamer E. Shokry^1*, Dalia Y. Zaki², Ahmed S. Abd El-Shakour³

¹Department of crown and fixed prosthodontics, Faculty of dental medicine, Al-Azhar University

^1*Fixed Prosthodontics Dept., College of Dentistry, Al-Azhar University& Chief Dental Department, Magrabi Hospital, Jeddah

²Restorative and Dental Materials Research Department,National Research Centre

³Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics Dept. National Research Centre

Corresponding author: sameh4@hotmail.com

Abstract: When clinical fractures of the ceramic veneer on metal-ceramic prostheses can be repaired, the need for remake may be eliminated or postponed. Different ceramic repair materials are available, and bond strength data are necessary for predicting the success of a given repair system. The aim of this study was evaluation of the shear bond strength of three intra oral repair systems for metal-ceramic restorations applied on exposed metal and porcelain surface. Material and methods: Nickel-chromium alloy and feldspathic porcelain were used to fabricate 60 cylindrical specimens (9 × 3 mm). Specimens were embedded in a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ring and received one of the following bonding and resin composite repair systems: indicated that the highest mean shear bond strength values among repair systems with metal surface, were recorded using CoJet repair system, followed by Bistite II DC and the lowest value were obtained for Clearfil type. On the other hand the highest mean shear bond strength values were recorded for Clearfil type, followed by CoJet and the lowest value were obtained for Bestite II DC type. Conclusions: In this study, CoJet repair system produced the highest shear bond strength to the exposed metal surface, while using Clearfil repair system achieved the highest shear bond strength to the exposed porcelain surface.

[Mohamed M.K. El-Hosary, Tamer E. Shokry, Dalia Y. Zaki, Ahmed S. Abd El-Shakour. Bond strength of different intraoral repair systems for metal-ceramic restorations. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12): 383-388]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 53

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.53

Keywords: Shear bond strength, alloys, thermocycling, ceramo-metallic, intraoral repair

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Effect of Various Daily Consumption Agents on Tooth Extraction Wound Healing: Radiographic and Histological Experimental Study

Walaa Samir^*1, Mushira Mohamed Abdel- Latif Dahaba², Mohamed Ayad Abdel- Hamid³, Gihan Omar² and Amal Hassan²

¹Oral Radiology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Cairo, Egypt

²Radiology Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt

³Surgery, Anaesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt

^*walaa8824@yahoo.com

Abstract: The current radiographic and histopathological study was conducted in an attempt to demonstrate the effect of some irrigants and daily used agents on the healing process of sockets following teeth extraction in Mongrel dogs. Thirty two extraction sites were investigated in eight healthy, mature male Mongrel dogs. Extraction sockets were grouped according to the cleaning mode of each socket into, saline, water, and tea-irrigated sockets. A fourth group acted as a control group and was not irrigated at all and left to heal normally. The sockets were studied and analyzed y histopathologically and radiographically using digital densitometric analysis. The results of this study revealed progression in radiographic bone density during healing of extraction wound with the highest value demonstrated at week 3 after extraction for the saline group, then for the control group at week4.The saline –irrigated sockets demonstrated the highest levels of bone tissue at the end of the study period.

[Walaa Samir, Mushira Mohamed Abdel- Latif Dahaba, Mohamed Ayad Abdel-Hamid, Gihan Omar and Amal Hassan. Effect of Various Daily Consumption Agents on Tooth Extraction Wound Healing: Radiographic and Histological Experimental Study. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):389-399]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 54

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.54

Keywords: extraction socket; bone density; irritants; healing of socket wound

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The Choice Between Mandibular Advancement Devices And Bite Openers For Treatment Of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients

Maged Mohamed El Sayed, Dr. Essam Adel Aziz, Dr. Iman Abd El-Wahab

Clinical demonstrator, Department of removable prosthodontics, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University.

Assistant professor, Department of removable prosthodontics, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University.

Assistant professor, Department of removable prosthodontics, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University.

dressamaziz@msn.com

Abstract: Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effect of changing either the amount of mandibular protrusion or the vertical jaw separation on apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) and snoring index (SI) In patients suffering from obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Material and methods: Twenty fully dentulous patients were randomly divided into two equal groups; group I: In which patients were treated by screw-type adjustable two-piece mandibular advancement devices (MADs) that were initially adjusted at 50% (1^st stage), then readjusted at 75% (2^nd stage) of the maximum protrusion, and group II: in which patients were treated by two ready-made bite openers (BOs); the first provides 7 mm (1^st stage), while the second 11mm (2^nd stage) vertical jaw separation. Polysomnography (PSG) was used to evaluate AHI and SI and to compare between both groups and between the stages within each group. Data were collected to calculate the mean values for all stages and the mean differences between both stages in each group. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA test to detect significant differences between both groups. On the other hand, Pearson’s correlation test was used to compare between the stages within each group. Results: Regarding the AHI mean differences the comparison among different stages of group I and II revealed a statistically significant difference among all stages except stage I of group I and stage II of group II, while regarding SI mean differences, no statistically significant difference was found among them except stage II of group I and stage I of group II. Within each group, a statistically significant difference was found between the base line and both stages regarding AHI and SI. On the other hand, the comparison between the stages revealed a statistically significant difference regarding the SI mean differences only. Conclusion: MADs are capable of achieving better results than BOs regarding AHI, while both appliances can achieve comparably equal results regarding SI. Clinical implication: For patients complaining of OSA, it is recommended to use MADs adjusted at 50% advancement rather than 75% to minimize the possible side effects and the possible extra annoyance that may happen. On the other hand, for snorers, it is advisable to use BOs rather than MADs as they are simpler, more tolerable and cheaper.

[Maged Mohamed El Sayed, Dr. Essam Adel Aziz, Dr. Iman Abd El-Wahab. The Choice Between Mandibular Advancement Devices And Bite Openers For Treatment Of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):400-406]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 55

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.55

Keywords; Mandibular advancement devices (MADs), Bite openers (BOs), Polysomnography (PSG), Apnea\hypopnea index (AHI), Snoring index (SI), Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

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Hala H. Mossalam ¹ -^*Olfat A. Abd-El Aty ²_- Enas N. Morgan ³ - Sahar M. S.Youssaf ⁴ - Amal M H. Mackawy⁵

^{1, 2, 4} Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar –University (girls).

³ Department of Physiology,⁵Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig, University.

^{*Olfat_fair@yahoo.com}

Abstract: Organophosphorous (OP) pesticide is applied to numerous crops, including wheat and corn. Residual amounts of organophosphorous pesticides have been detected in soil, vegetables, grains and other food products. Several mechanisms of the OP toxicity have been proposed, including the induction of cellular proliferation, oxidative stress and immune-toxicity. Roselle (ROS, Hibiscus sabdariffa L., family Malvaceae) is an annual shrub commonly used to make jellies, jams and beverages. Many biological activities have been recorded for ROS, such as anti-atherosclerosis, anti-carcinogenic, hepato-protective and anti-oxidative properties. The Aim: this study was set to evaluate the possible protective effect of Roselle on nephro-toxicity induced by sub-lethal dose of Malathion in rats. Material and Methods: 24 adult male albino rats were used and divided into four groups of 6 rats/each. Group I: animals were given corn oil at a dose of 0.2 ml per animal via gavage once a day for one month and served as a control. Group II: animal received only aqueous extracts of Roselle at a daily dose of (500 mg /kg/day). Group III: animal were given Malathion at a sub lethal dose of 27mg/kg/day. Groups IV: animal were given both of aqueous extracts of Roselle as the same dose of group II three hours before the administration of Malathion. At the end of the experimental period the kidney function and markers of oxidative stress were investigated. Moreover, histopathological examination of the renal tissue was carried by light and electron microscopes. The results of the present study showed that treatment with Malathion alone caused increase in the kidney weight (P=0.000), cellular degeneration, necrosis of the renal tissues and increase in the serum urea and creatinine (P=0.000 for both). However, administration of aqueous extract of Roselle prior to Malathion resulted in a significant alleviation of the kidney injuries evidenced by a decrease of the kidney weights when compared to the Malathion-treated (P=0.000) and biochemical indices; urea and creatinine (P=0.000; P>0.05) for both when compared to the Malathion-treated and control groups respectively. Furthermore, there was significant improvement of the histological picture toward the normal among the Malathion+ROS-treated group. All these effects may be due to the antioxidant effect of the Roselle as treatment with the extract of Roselle significantly elevated (P=0.000) the decreased CAT activity observed with Malathion treated rats. Moreover, treatment with the extract of Roselle significantly elevated the SOD levels when compared to the Malathion-treated animals (P=0.000). Furthermore, the GSH level reduced significantly (P=0.000) along with increased in MDA concentration (P=0.000) in the Malathion treated group as compared to the control group. However on treatment with Roselle extract, the GSH level was found to be enhanced significantly (P=0.000) and the MDA contents were reduced (P=0.000) when compared to the Malathion treated group. Conclusion, the results of the current study showed that the aqueous extracts from Hibiscus sabdariffa possess a potent protective effect from the oxidative stress induced by sub lethal dose of Malathion on the kidney.

[Hala H. Mossalam -Olfat A. Abd-El Aty_- Enas N. Morgan - Sahar M. S.Youssaf - Amal M H. Mackawy. Biochemical and Ultra Structure Studies of the Antioxidant Effect of Aqueous Extract of Hibiscus Sabdariffa on the Nephrotoxicity Induced by Organophosphorous Pesticide (Malathion) on the Adult Albino Rats. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):407-421]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.56

Keywords: kidney, Malathion, Roselle, ultra structure, anti oxidant protective effect.

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The Protective role of brown alga (Sargassum crassifolia) against the degenerative toxic effects induced by Nimbecidin in muscles of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L.

Hawazin H. Mutawie* and Asmaa M. Hegazi**

*Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Corresponding author: e-mail hhmutawie@uqu.edu.sa

**Department of Aquatic Pathology, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Al-Qanater, Cairo, Egypt. e-mail dr.amhegazy@gmail.com, sabsak@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study was undertaken to evaluate the potential effect of the brown alga Sargassum crassifolia against biochemical and histological alterations in the muscles of fresh water fish, Oreochromis niloticus, exposed to 1/10 LC₅₀ (0.03 ppm) of Nimbecidin (azadirachtin). S. crassifolia was added to the basal diet of fish in different proportions (0, 10 and 25%) and the experiment lasted for 4 weeks. Exposure of fish to Nimbecidin induced significant decrease in the activity of reduced glutathione, catalase and in the total protein content of fish muscles. Also many histopathological changes including degeneration and necrosis, disorganized myofibers with chromophobic cytoplasm, haemocytic infiltration, oedema and inflammations were noticed in Nimbecidine - treated fish. Exposing fish to Nimbicidin and Sargassum crassifolia (10% and 25%) led to marked improvement in the examined biochemical parameters together with the histological structure of muscles. This improvement was more obvious at high concentration of Sargassum crassifolia. In conclusion, the results of the present work indicated that the brown alga Sargassum crassifolia had ameliorative effect against muscle damage induced by Nimbicidin and this may be mediated by its potent antioxidant activities.

[Hawazin H. Mutawie and Asmaa M. Hegazi. The Protective role of brown alga (Sargassum crassifolia) against the degenerative toxic effects induced by Nimbecidin in muscles of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):422-431]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 57

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.57

Key words: Sargassum crassifolia, Oreochromis niloticus, antioxidant, neem, Nimbecidin, muscles, Glutathione, Catalase, Total protein.

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Adiponectin Gene Polymorphism and the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Obese Patients in Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia

*Amal MH Mackawy ¹, Mohammed Abd-Alrahman Alzohairy², Entisar Abd –Alfarag Ahmed³, Mohammed EH Badawy ⁴

1-Lecturer of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University and Assistant Professor of Medical Biochemistry, Medical Laboratory department Qassim University

2- Assistant Professor of Microbiology and the Head of Medical Laboratory department, Qassim University.

3- Assistant Professor of Clinical Chemistry and the organizer of Medical Laboratory department, Qassim University.

4- Assistant Professor of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University and Consultant of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Specialist Hospital, Qassim KSA.

Abstract: Obesity posses a global health care problem and is considered a major risk factor in the development of type 2 diabetes (type2 DM). In the Gulf States, diabetes is reported to be an epidemic with a high prevalence in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The roles of adipose tissue and obesity are of paramount significance via secretion of adiponectin hormone, the protein product of the APM1 gene. Adiponectin has been claimed to be associated with obesity and insulin resistance. However, contrasting results have been emerged on the genetic variability in APM1 and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome and adiponectin plasma levels. Objectives: Our aim is to determine the frequency of 276G→T of the adiponectin gene and plasma adiponectin levels in obese patients with and without type 2 DM to identify the effects of this polymorphism on insulin sensitivity, type 2 DM and obesity in Saudi Society mainly in Qassim region. Subjects:1 20 volunteers were included and divided into: Group I: 40 healthy volunteers. GroupII: 40 obese patients not suffered from type 2 DM. Group III: 40 obese patients suffering from type 2 DM. Methods: Fasting blood samples were collected for routine and research investigations. ELISA technique was used to estimate plasma adiponectin levels, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were used to examine the adiponectin gene SNP276 G>T polymorphism. Results: There was a significant association of the T allele frequency in group II and group III patients when compared to controls (X²=12.86, P = 0.000), (X² =36.95, P= 0.000) respectively with more significant increase in group III when compared to group II (X² =8.052, P=0.005). The Fasting blood glucose (FBG), plasma insulin levels and HOMA index were significantly higher in patients carrying the TT than in GG carriers of each group II and III (P< 0.05). In group III patients, carriers of TT genotypes having a significant decrease in plasma adiponectin levels than GG carriers (P<0.05). Conclusion: Obese and diabetic patients had lower plasma adiponectin levels than healthy controls. It was the T allele and TT genotypes of 276G>T SNP that was associated with lower plasma adiponectin, higher risk of obesity, Insulin resistance and higher parameters of metabolic syndrome and type 2 DM.

[Amal MH Mackawy, Mohammed Abd-Alrahman Alzohairy, Entisar Abd –Alfarag Ahmed, Mohammed EH Badawy. Adiponectin Gene Polymorphism and the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Obese Patients in Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):432-443]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 58

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.58

Key Words: Adiponectin SNP276, metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes mellitus.

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Impact of Utilizing Nursing Guideline Protocol on Minimizing Ventilator Associated Pneumonia among Children at Zagazig University Hospital

Amal Eldakhakhny ¹ and Hala Zaiton ²

Departments of ¹Pediatric Nursing and ²Medical –Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Zagazig University, Egypt. dr_amal2001@yahoo.com; hala_zaton@yahoo.com

Abstract: Responsibilities of nurses for minimizing the rate of mechanical ventilator pneumonia may differ among different countries as it is a serious complication of mechanical ventilator. Mechanical ventilator pneumonia increases children’s length of stay in the Intensive Care Unit and overall length of hospitalization. This study aims to identify the impact of utilizing nursing guideline protocol on minimizing ventilator-associated pneumonia among children. A quasi- experimental design was used in this study. The present study was conducted in both Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Units at Zagazig University Hospital. The study subjects included two groups. Group I, consisted of 30 nurses providing direct nursing care for children receiving mechanical ventilation. Group II, included all children admitted to both Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Units during a period of three months on mechanical ventilation and free from any sign of pneumonia during admission. The total number of children included in the study was 60, and they were divided into two groups, 30 children received routine nursing care (control group) and 30 children received the nursing guideline protocol to minimize ventilator-associated pneumonia (study groups). Two tools to collect the data were used; the first tool was child assessment sheet. The second tool was an observational checklist for nurses' performance. The study findings concluded that, the rates of VAP, duration of mechanical ventilation in days, as well as the length of stay in the hospital decreased significantly among children subjected to nursing guideline protocol. The main study recommendations:1- Development of training program should be conducted periodically for nursing staff in ICU.2- Nursing guideline protocol should be available and implemented in Egyptian ICU settings.

[Amal Eldakhakhny and Hala Zaiton. Impact of Utilizing Nursing Guideline Protocol on Minimizing Ventilator Associated Pneumonia among Children at Zagazig University Hospital] Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):444-453]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 59

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.59

Key ward: Guideline protocol - ventilator associated pneumonia – children.

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The Effect of an Assertiveness Training Program on Assertiveness Skills and Social Interaction Anxiety of Individuals with Schizophrenia

¹Amal A. Mousa, ²Sanaa A. Imam, ²Amira Y. Sharaf

¹Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health, Damanhur University, Faculty of Nursing, Egypt

²Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health, Alexandria University, Faculty of Nursing, Egypt

Abstract: This study aimed to determine the effect of an assertiveness training program on assertiveness skills and social interaction anxiety of individuals with schizophrenia. A quasi-experimental design was used in this study. Sixty-two male individuals with schizophrenia were recruited from inpatient wards of El-Maamoura hospital for Psychiatric Medicine in Alexandria, Egypt. Patients who had duration of illness ranging from 5 to 15 years and were able to read and write comprised two matched groups with 32 in the study group and 30 in the control group. Patients in both groups received their psychotropic medications, but only those in the study group received group training sessions of assertiveness skills, one session every other day, 60 minutes each for ten sessions. Both groups were pre and post-tested. As for the study group, an additional assessment was done after the fifth session (intra-test). Patients were interviewed on individual base using reliable adapted versions of both assertiveness and social interaction anxiety scales. The results indicated that although the mean scores of assertiveness skills tended to increase in the study group and decrease in the control group at post-test, there were no significant changes between the study and the control group (t = 0.81, p =.42). Patients receiving the assertiveness training program had less initiation anxiety than those in the control group (t = 3.34, p =.001). Social interaction anxiety had shown a tendency to gradually decrease with the lengthening of the group treatment time. The findings documented that although assertiveness training program led to insufficient acquisition of assertiveness skills, it was demonstrated to be effective in reducing the social interaction anxiety in individuals with schizophrenia. Implications for further improving the effectiveness of the assertiveness training program are suggested.

[Amal A. Mousa, Sanaa A. Imam, Amira Y. Sharaf. The Effect of an Assertiveness Training Program on Assertiveness Skills and Social Interaction Anxiety of Individuals with Schizophrenia. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):454-466]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.60

Key words: Assertiveness skills; Assertiveness training; Schizophrenia; Social anxiety.

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Political Relation of the Saljuqid and Qarazmshahian

Ali mahmodi alami

Meshkatpub@yahoo.com

Abstract: The Saljuqid were tribal people who dwelled on the other part of Jeyhoun; although after a short time, they gained great power and formed a conquerors’ empire. They succeeded in dominating the Qaznavid and by pushing Al-e-Buyeh aside, they gained control over Abbasid caliphate and expanded their sovereignty from Seyhun to Mediterranean Sea borders. That expansion urged relationships with neighboring rulers and in this approach, the bureaucratic organizations of Saljuqid that rooted in Sassanid Era played an effective role in those relations. The political communications were performed through an ambassador who had already received necessary trainings and Khajeh Nezamolmolk who had a deep knowledge on political organizations played roles. Khajeh believed that an ambassador must have characteristics such as wisdom, good memory, brave and good-looking. In addition to the political system of the Saljuqid, one must not underestimate the flourished Christianity beliefs beyond eastern borders of Iran and the efforts of Iranian Christians in introducing Christianity; for, in less than two centuries, it became the most important issue in establishing relationship between Iran and western countries.

[Ali mahmodi alami. Political Relation of the Saljuqid and Qarazmshahian. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):467-470]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 61

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.61

Keywords: Byzantine, Qarazmshahian, Political Relations, Bureaucracy, Saljuqid, Qaznavid, Qorian

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Agricultural Production Cooperatives in Iran: Challenges and Opportunities

Fatemeh Allahdadi & Kobra Aref

Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran

fatemeharef@gmail.com; kobra.aref@yahoo.com

Abstract: Agricultural production cooperatives are certainly a major contributor to agricultural development in many countries. But, there are a number of barriers to effectively using agricultural production cooperatives as a tool for agricultural development in Iran. The results obtained from qualitative research, indicated that there are some barriers at the national, local and organizational levels towards agricultural production cooperatives. Dependency of cooperatives to government and lack of cultural capacity for group collaboration, lack of resources, lack of cooperatives leaders’ knowledge, were an important element contributing to limited production cooperatives in agricultural development and rural development as well. The findings of this study can assist agricultural developers in the implementation of educational strategies towards develop the production cooperatives in rural areas of Iran. This paper also will serve as a catalyst for further thought and discussion on how agricultural production cooperatives can enhance income and quality of life for their members.

[Fatemeh Allahdadi & Kobra Aref. Agricultural Production Cooperatives in Iran: Challenges and Opportunities. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):471-474]. (ISSN:1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 62

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.62

Key words: Production cooperatives, rural development, agriculture

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Comparison of Fuzzy and (PID) Techniques in controlling a HVAC System

Khaled M. K. Pasha

Mechatronics Department, Faculty of Engineering, October 6, University, Egypt

khmki1@yahoo.com

Abstract: The performances of four fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) techniques were investigated and compared with a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, Four user-defined-functions (UDF's) were written and attached to code, ANSYS 12.1 64 bit to simulate the (FLC) actions of four different membership functions (MF's). In all cases, it is required to keep the temperature and humidity in a test room almost at certain setpoints using a simple heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC). The results showed that, the performance of (FLC) in most cases was more stable with a very low oscillations around the set points. The temperature response with (FLC) was faster and more stable than that of the (PID) for all the four cases. The humidity response with the (PID) was slightly faster than all (FLC) cases. When defining the fuzzy sets in a power interval, the controller showed an oscillatory temperature response and a slower humidity response than that of all used control techniques.

[Khaled M. K. Pasha. Comparison of Fuzzy and (PID) Techniques in controlling a HVAC System. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):475-482]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 63

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.63

Keywords: Energy management, HVAC, temperature, humidity, control.

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The Association between Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Lymphoma

Hydi Ahmed¹, Medhat Ismail¹, Samir Abdel Maguid², Usama Ahmed Arafa³, and Sayed Mostafa⁴

Departments of ¹Clinical Pathology, ²Surgery, ³Internal Medicine and ⁴Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt

Abstract: Objectives: To identify the frequency of HCV infection among patients with Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin’s disease (HD). Subjects and Methods: The study involved 152 patients; 111 with NHL and 41 with HD proved by lymph node biopsy and a control group of 50 individuals attending the internal medicine clinic of Sohag University hospital. ELISA technique was used for detection of antibodies against HCV. HCV RT-PCR was used to detect the presence of viral RNA in blood. Results: HCV antibody positivity was significantly higher (p = 0.017) in NHL (36%) and HD (31.7%) groups compared to the control group (14%). There was no significant difference in HCV antibody positivity between NHL and HD groups (p = 0.495). Using RT-RCR, HCV RNA was detected in 8 control subjects, 44 patients with NHL and 12 patients with (p = 0.011). Conclusion: Despite the high prevalence of HCV in the general population in Egypt, HCV is significantly more frequent in patients with NHL and Hodgkin’s disease. Further larger studies are needed to establish this epidemiological relationship between HCV and lympho-proliferative disorders.

[Hydi Ahmed, Medhat Ismail, Samir Abdel Maguid, Usama Ahmed Arafa, and Sayed Mostafa. The Association between Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Lymphoma. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):483-487]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 64

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.64

Keyword: Association between, Hepatitis C Virus, Infection, Lymphoma.

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The Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment amongst School Teachers in Shiraz, Iran

Khadijeh Aref & Abrisham Aref

Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars Iran

 banafsheharef@gmail.com; abrishamaref@yahoo.com

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment amongst school teachers in rural districts of Shiraz, Iran. Employees’ productivity is largely related to their level of job satisfaction. Therefore, it is important for an organization to study the relationships between Job satisfaction and organizational commitment. A survey questionnaire was made to collect the information for job satisfaction and organizational commitment of each employee. One hundred fifty teachers responded to the survey. After analyzing the data, we found that there is a relatively strong correlation between job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Generally, higher level of job satisfaction will lead to higher level of organizational commitment. The Results of the study also show that the mean values of job satisfaction and organizational commitment are at low side.

[Khadijeh Aref & Abrisham Aref, The Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment amongst High School Teachers in Shiraz, Iran, Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):488-491]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 65

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.65

Keywords: Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, school teachers, education

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Relationship between accountability and public trust from the view point of staffs and clients: A survey in Electric power distribution company of Shiraz in I.R.IRAN

Hojat Moshtaghian Abarghoei ¹, Reza Zare ² Hossein Hosseini ³ Bahram Esmaeili ⁴

^1. Department of Public Administration, PhD student of Human Resource Management, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395-3697 Tehran, IRAN

^2. Department of Public Administration, PhD student of Organizational Behavior, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395-3697 Tehran, IRAN. rezazare77@gmail.com

^3. Department of Public Administration, M.sc of HR management, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395-3697 Tehran, IRAN

^4. M.sc of HR management, The Holy Prophet Higher Education Complex, Tehran, IRAN. 0098 (0)7117335087; fax: 0098 (0) 7112281090

Abstract: Regarding the Electric power distribution company of Shiraz as the sample, this survey is aimed to examine the various aspects of accountability and to define its importance relative to the public trust toward the public organizations. Accountability includes six parts: moral, financial, legal, functional, and informing accountability. Due to the results, research hypotheses (using Pearson correlation) were confirmed and it was clear that there was a meaningful relationship between accountability along with its six fold dimensions and public trust. The degree of trust was medium. In order to determine the coefficient of various dimensions of accountability, the step by step regression method was used and it was clear that there were meaningful relationships between 4 out of 6 as peats of accountability and public trust.

[Hojat Moshtaghian, Abarghoei, Reza Zare, Hossein Hosseini, Bahram Esmaeili. Relationship between accountability and public trust from the view point of staffs and clients: A survey in Electric power distribution company of Shiraz in I.R. IRAN. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):492-499]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 66

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.66

Keywords: Trust; Accountability; Inter organizational trust; Extra organizational trust; Hierarchical analysis method

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The Effect of Postoperative Pain Assessment and Management Monitoring Program on Surgical Nurses’ Documentation, Knowledge, Attitudes, and Patients' Satisfaction at Mansoura University Hospitals

Karima Elshamy¹ and Eiad Ramzy ²

¹Adult Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Egypt

²Department of Anesthesia and Surgical Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt

Karima_elshamy2002@yahoo.com

Abstract: Introduction: Post operative pain is an expected adverse outcome following surgery and it often delays mobilization and overall recovery. Acute post operative pain is subjective and cannot be measured objectively. Aims: The aim of this study was to: 1- Assess nurses' postoperative pain assessment and management documentation of pain in the first three days postoperatively in the surgical wards at Mansoura University Hospitals. 2-Assess nurses’ knowledge of and attitudes toward pain in the surgical wards at Mansoura University Hospitals.3- Assess nurses’ communication with patients and their satisfaction of pain management, and 4-Evaluate the effectiveness of implementing a postoperative pain assessment and management program (POPAM) on improving nurses’ documentation, knowledge, attitudes, communication with the patients and their satisfaction of pain management. Materials and Method: The POPAM program was implemented for six months from 10 November 2010 to 10 April 2011.Data were collected by interviewing 18 nurses working in surgical wards at Mansoura University Hospitals. The program was evaluated by means of a quasi-experimental pre-post test design Documentation of pain in the first three days postoperatively in the patients' records were audited, nurses’ knowledge of and their attitudes toward pain, and, assessment of nurses’ communication about pain with patients and their satisfaction about nurses’ intervention were assessed before and after implementing the program. Results: The findings illustrated that the implementation of an educational program for nurses was successful. First of all, the patients’ records showed a significant difference in the amount and the quality of nursing documentation which reflected the fact that nurses became more aware about the importance of documentation and might also means that they change their practices toward better postoperative pain management. Secondly, the nurses developed the habit of assessing postoperative pain intensity using numeric rating scales, in addition to the assessment of other pain characteristics. Thirdly, the nurses improved their knowledge about postoperative pain, and their attitudes toward it were evidently changed. Finally, the quality of communication with patients about pain and pain management was significantly improved. Conclusions and Recommendations: The study concluded that nurses in Mansoura University Hospitals which included in this study possess moderate knowledge and positive attitude towards post operative management. Continuous education in pain management is crucial to improve nurses’ knowledge and attitude towards post operative management. The results of this study provided a framework for the development and implementation of continuing education programs for nursing staff which can enhance the quality of patient care in post operative pain management. Therefore, it is imperative that pain assessment should be included as the fifth cardinal vital signs in the nursing curriculum. Another implication related to nursing management is that this study might increase the awareness of the health care professionals and the health institutions administration toward the establishment of team work to induce change with a common purpose in upgrading the quality of pain assessment and management. Managers and supervisors can facilitate the application of educational programs and incorporate with the team to move more quickly in the desired change. Implications of the study may be relevant to nursing education and in continuing education of health care institutions.

[Karima Elshamy and Eiad Ramzy. The Effect of Postoperative Pain Assessment and Management Monitoring Program on Surgical Nurses’ Documentation, Knowledge, Attitudes, and Patients' Satisfaction at Mansoura University Hospitals] Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):500-516]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 67

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.67

Keywords: postoperative pain, nurses´ knowledge, nurses´ attitudes, surgical wards, pain management program, acute pain

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Perceived issues and challenges to professional development of faculty members in tertiary academic institutes of Punjab, Pakistan

Anam siddiqui ¹, Hassan Danial Aslam ², Hafiz Muhammad Farhan ³, Mehrdad Jalalian ⁴

^1. MS Scholar & Visiting Faculty Member, Department of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan

^2. Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan

^3. Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan

 ^4. Editor-in-Chief, Electronic Physician Journal, Mashhad, Iran

hassan.danial@iub.edu.pk

Abstract: Professional development of faculty members is an emerging concept in developing countries. It has been embraced quickly in developed nations unlike developing and under developing nations. The major purpose of this paper is to explore various perceived issues and challenges to professional development of faculty members and to provide suggestions to improve such emerging problems. This paper provides suggestions and recommendations for the universities where professional development practices have not yet started or have been started but facing some problems. Author has explored various perceived issues and challenges highlighted by prior studies that have further served as basis to design structured questionnaire and semi-structured interview questions for this study. Four renowned universities of Punjab were selected from which sample of 108 respondents were chosen for data collection. Data has been analyzed by taking simple means and standard deviations through SPSS. The findings of this paper reveal that the issue that is most alarming and has got lowest mean score is granting rewards and incentives and level of satisfaction of faculty members to professional development programs. Author has provided various recommendations as to conduct proper need assessment before training, to properly plan quality training programs and take input of trainees as well, to increase grants and funds for training, to create positive working environment for teachers, to train the trainers, to provide financial and non financial benefits to trainees and to properly scheduling training programs. This study could be beneficial for policy makers, managers and administrators of universities who could device better policies and practices to promote quality teaching in institutes.

[Anam siddiqui, Hassan Danial Aslam, Hafiz Muhammad Farhan, Mehrdad Jalalian. Perceived issues and challenges to professional development of faculty members in tertiary academic institutes of Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):533-538]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 69

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.69

Keywords: Professional Development; Higher Education; Pakistan

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Light and Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies of Lingual Mucosa of Rat Pups of Phenylketonuria Mothers

Somaya Shalaby

Zoology Dept., Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt

sshalaby66@Yahoo.com

Abstract: The present study aimed to describe the morphology and structure of lingual mucosa of albino rat at 7 & 21 days pups. Specimens taken from tongue of pups of both control and experimental PKU mothers and examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. Filiform papillae appeared as small finger-like projections with rounded tips, its peripheral epithelial coat showed early keratinization. With the advancement of growth at 7 & 21 days postnatal, three types of filliform papillae were distinguished associated with much more keratinization of their free ends. At the same time, the gustatory fungiform papillae were more differentiated at 7 &21days, fungiform papillae is more differentiated form and became identical in morphology to that in the adult. The experimental rat pups of PKU mothers at 7 & 21 days, showed a considerable reduction of lingual keratinization. The stratification pattern of both filliform and fungiform papillae showed apparent degeneration of their cellular elements including vacuolar degeneration and necrotic cells with pyknotic nuclei. The outermost cells showed apparent cell loss. The lingual muscles were distorted and degenenerated. Leukocytic infiltrations were abundant in between the lingual muscles. Fungiform papillae lacked differentiation.

[Somaya Shalaby. Light and Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies of Lingual Mucosa of Rat Pups of Phenylketonuria Mothers. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):539-546]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.70

Key words: Lingual mucosa -rat pups -Phenylketonuria - SEM

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Variations in Polyamines and Growth Regulators under Different Conditions of Water Stress in Cell Suspension Cultures of Two Acacia Species

Magda M. El-Araby^*, Somia S. El-Akad, Abla H. Nassar, Hebatollah A. Ismail

Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

^*magda_elaraby2005@yahoo.com

Abstract: Changes in polyamines and growth regulator contents were investigated as associated with water stress exerted on cells of two Acacia species namely A. farnesiana and A. nilotica. This has been conducted in cell suspension cultures established from the callus cultures of both species as mentioned in the methods. Cells of both species were subjected to different levels of water stress induced by PEG as well as control cells grown in PEG-free medium were transferred to different levels of water stress to evaluate tolerance potential of the selected cells upon the non-selected cells. Some of the cells were transferred to PEG-free medium for recovery (recovered cells) to asses physiological activity on relief of the stress. On the other hand, cells of both species were exposed directly (shocked cells) or gradually (adapted cells) to high levels of water stress. The most interesting results were the accumulation of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine in the selected and non-selected cell lines of both Acacia species exposed to low and moderate levels of water stress. Stressed cells of both Acacia species contained higher concentrations of all polyamines than the recovered cells. Shocked cells of Acacia farnesiana accumulated high levels of putrescine, spermine and total polyamines, while in the adapted cells, a slight decrease in spermine and total polyamines and an increase in putrescine were observed. The most interesting,. In general, a reduction in the concentrations of IAA and gibberellic acid (GA₃), and enhancement of IBA levels were observed, particularly in the stressed and shocked cells and to a lower extent in the non-selected and selected recovered, and adapted cells of both species. Meanwhile, a general increase in total cytokinins was obtained in the non-selected and selected cell lines of both species, with a drop after stress relief. Furthermore, total cytokinins of the stressed, shocked and adapted cells of A. nilotica were higher than those of A. farnesiana. Abscisic acid (ABA) levels showed a positive correlation with the extent of water stress tolerance where higher levels were recorded in the more tolerant A. farnesiana than the less tolerant A. nilotica, under different conditions.

[Magda M. El-Araby, Somia S. El-Akad, Abla H. Nassar, Hebatollah A. Ismail. Variations in Polyamines and Growth Regulators under Different Conditions of Water Stress in Cell Suspension Cultures of Two Acacia Species. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):547-556]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.71

Keywords: Acacia, Water Stress, Cell Suspension, Polyamines, Indoleacetic Acid (IAA), Indolebutyric Acid (IBA), Giberellic Acid (GA3), Cytokinins.

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Assessment of Higher Education Centers by Principal Components Analysis (a case study in Iran)

Shahin Shahahmadi¹, Zahra Shayeste², Mahdi Bashiri³, T.H. Hejazi⁴ 

^1. Department of Information Technology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

^2. Planning office, State Tax Organization, Tehran, Iran.

^3. Department of Industrial Engineering, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.

^4. Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Amir Kabir University, Tehran, Iran.

Shahahmadi@gmail.com

Abstract: For the prospective university student, obtaining information about the quality of information is of utmost importance. In recent decades, competition between universities has increased dramatically. Ranking universities based on various fields and by new scientific methods can provide interested students with helpful information that can be used to select a desirable university. The purpose of the ranking process is to evaluate the performance of a unit university within a given time span. For performance measurement we have to determine accurate criteria that can be used to evaluate all the influential aspects of the units (i.e. Universities). In this article, various popular measures have been selected for the assessment of units. A hybrid PCA and Custer Analysis method has been proposed for the ranking of universities. The PCA (Principal Component Analysis) method was used to make the new measures independent. A hypothetical unit of ideal scores was created for each year using the high scores obtained using the new independent measures. All the units were compared with this ideal series of scores. Finally, the AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) weighing method was used to find a combined score of four years, and cluster analysis was employed to cluster universities according to their scores.

[Shahin Shahahmadi, Zahra Shayeste, Mahdi Bashiri, Taha Hossein Hejazi. Assessment of Higher Education Centers by Principal Components Analysis (a case study in Iran), Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):557-564]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 72

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.72

Key words: principal component analysis, ranking of the university, clustering analysis, hierarchical analysis process

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Value Chain Analysis for the Egyptian Herbs & Spices Sub-Sector: Modeling and Estimating Export Potential

Waleed Y. Sallam¹ and Ayman A. Shelaby^{* 2}

1 Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt

2 Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Egypt

^*aas07@fayoum.edu.eg

Abstract: This article studies the Egyptian Herbs and Spices (H&S) sub-sector in order to increase the Egyptian market position in both local and international markets specially the European market (the main market for the Egyptian H&S). A value chain analysis has been performed. The value chain analysis included production, processing, and consumption phases. Production phase concerned with the main problems related to quality in cultivation, harvest, and post-harvest operations, especially as related to drying and storage processes. Processing phase mainly investigates the processors’ numbers, size, location, types of products dealt with and main problems and challenges facing them, especially those related to quality of the product that determine its entrance into international markets. Consumption phase deals with H&S target market, quantities and market share on national and international markets, plus problems and challenges related to market access. At last, gravity model estimation is performed in order to determine the trade potentials between Egypt and importing countries.

[Waleed Y. Sallam and Ayman A. Shelaby. Value Chain Analysis for the Egyptian Herbs & Spices Sub-Sector: Modeling and Estimating Export Potential. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):565-578]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 73

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.73

Keywords: Herbs & Spices – Agriculture - Exports – Egypt

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Microflora Isolated from Preoperative Conjunctivas, the Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci and their Antibiotic Profile

Maha Haggag٭, Mohamed Ibrahim Ali, Mohamed Eweis and Besm Hassanein

Medical Microbiology & Immunology Department Research Institute of Ophthalmology٭ and Microbiology, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University. mahahaggag62@yahoo.com

Abstract: The existence of bacterial flora in apparently healthy conjunctiva has been reported in several studies. Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCNS) have been isolated from clinically healthy conjunctivas. Chloramphenicol eye drops are useful for the treatment of MRSA ocular surface infection. The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of MRSA and MRCNS isolates. Also to assess the in vitro susceptibility of the conjunctival bacterial isolates to the most common used antibiotics in the outpatient eye clinics and the hospital of Research Institute of Ophthalmology (RIO), in Egypt, with evaluation of in vitro susceptibility of MRSA and MRCNS to chloramphenicol antibiotic. Our results showed bacterial & fungal growth as 14.3%. CNS dominated the isolated microbial flora, with 76.2% while S. aureus was 10.5%. Methicillin-resistant staphylococci represented 24.2% of the isolated staphylococci where MRSA was 40% & MRSE was 22%. Other microbial flora included streptococci 4.2%, M. catarrhalis 2.8%, G-ve bacilli 2.8%, G +ve rods 2.1% & Candida 1.4%. All the isolated bacteria were highly sensitive to chloramphenicol especially MRSA & MRSE. In the present study chloramphenicol completely inhibited the growth of all (100%) methicillin-resistant staphylococci whether it was S. aureus or S. epidermidis (MRSA &MRSE), also 100% of methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and 96.5% of methicillin-sensitive S. epidermidis (MSSE) as well as 100% of Moraxella catarrhalis and Gram-negative bacilli also 83% of streptococci and 66.7% of diphtheroids were sensitive to it. Also ofloxacin, gentamicin, rifampicin & fusidic acid were effective against all the isolated bacteria with different percentages. In conclusion: MRSA and MRSE are isolated from clinically healthy conjunctivas. Chloramphenicol is very effective antibiotic against MRSA & MRSE as well as all the isolated bacteria.

[Maha Haggag, Mohamed Ibrahim Ali, Mohamed Eweis and Besm Hassanein. Microflora Isolated from Preoperative Conjunctivas, the Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci and their Antibiotic Profile. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):579-584]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 74

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.74

Key words: normal, preoperative conjunctival, flora, methicillin-resistant staphylococci. Chloramphenicol.

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Arterial oxygenation response to manual hyperinflation as an added procedure to chest physiotherapy in critically ill mechanically Ventilated patients

Amany Raafat¹ and Hamdy S. Elbasiouny^*2

Departments of ¹Physiotherapy and ²Critical Care, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

^*hamdysaber@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background: Manual hyperinflation as a component of physiotherapy program is commonly applied but its value and its early use in treatment of mechanically ventilated remain unclear. Objective: to investigate the effect of manual hyperinflation on arterial oxygenation in mechanically ventilated patients. Methodology: forty mechanically ventilated patients were assigned to the study, the patients’age ranged from 40-60 years with mean age (52.5±7.6),they were divided into two equal groups of twenty patients. The Study group patients received manual hyperinflation and chest physiotherapy as three sessions daily for three successive days, control group patients received standard chest physiotherapy. Oxygen saturation was assessed before and after physiotherapy program. Result: The results of this study revealed that there were statistically significant changes in oxygenation in patients of the study group compared to control group. Conclusion: The use of manual hyperinflation in combination with chest physiotherapy is a valuable tool to improve the arterial oxygenation in mechanically ventilated patients.

[Amany Raafat and Hamdy S. Elbasiouny. Arterial oxygenation response to manual hyperinflation as an added procedure to chest physiotherapy in critically ill mechanically Ventilated patients] Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):585-590]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 75

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.75

Keywords: Arterial Oxygenation, Chest Physiotherapy, Critically ill mechanically Ventilated

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CHANGING IN POLITICAL STRUCTURES OF IRAQ, FROM CENTERALISM TO FEDERALISM AND THE FOREIGN POLITICS OF IRAN REGARDING MAINTAINING THE NATIONAL SECURITY IN IRAN

Soheila Nanva *, Ezatolah Ezati **

* PhD student in political geography – Sciences and Research University

No.51, Khosravi Alley, Mahabad, Azarbayejan West, Iran. Zip code: 5916858344

Email: Soheila.Nanvaa@Gmail.com. Cellphone: 0098-912 586 2079

** Supervisor: Dr. Ezatolah Ezati; Email: Faranbt@yahoo.com

Abstract: Time and place determine the types of national goals in every country and it could not be expected for the national goals of a country to be stable and fixed during a period of time and in different conditions. Efforts for understanding historical events and happenings in a specific period requires the recognition of political – administrative structural context and qualities, and finding cultural and political activity lines in the society in the new political world and the world`s transformed geopolitical environment, together with quick communications and informative aspects. Hence by changing the political structures in Iraq, it draws a new term in deciding strategies for Iran, with a realistic view from the new geopolitics, and provides a road – mapping in Iranian foreign policies by using diplomatic tools to stabilize peace and reduce debates and threats, to maintain the nation security in Iran.

[Soheila Nanva. CHANGING IN POLITICAL STRUCTURES OF IRAQ, FROM CENTERALISM TO FEDERALISM AND THE FOREIGN POLITICS OF IRAN REGARDING MAINTAINING THE NATIONAL SECURITY IN IRAN. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):591-595]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.76

Key words: Federalism, Centralism, Security, Geopolitics, Foreign Policies 

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The Effect of Cooperative Learning on Academic Achievement

Gholamreza Gholami

Department of Educational Management, International Division of Shiraz University, Iran

iuos.gholami@gmail.com

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of cooperative learning on academic performance of high school students in Microsoft office skills. A group of forty students has been chosen as respondents. They were divided into cooperative and individual learning groups. They were tested in three Microsoft office skills (word, excel and power point). According to the findings, posttest scores were significantly higher than pretest scores. The findings also revealed that cooperative learning strategy is more effective on academic achievement than individual learning strategy. Based on the findings; cooperative learning strategy should be introduced in our schools in Iran.

[Gholamreza Gholami. The Importance of Cooperative Learning on Academic Achievement. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):596-599]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.77

Keywords: cooperative learning, academic performance, collaboration

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Psychosocial Adaptation and Quality of Life Differences between Pacemaker and Implantable Cardiovertor-Defibrillators in a Sample of Egyptian Patients

M. Nasreldin¹, A. Abdou¹, H. Fathy¹, and H. Saber²

¹Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt

²Critical Care Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.

hamdysaber@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background: The use of ICDs in cardiac patients have been expanding in recent years with consequent decreased mortality risk 30% to 54% by decreasing the incidence of sudden cardiac death. After implantation of an ICD, patients face a lot of psychological problems, whereas patients with implanted pacemaker face less problems. These differences would be expected to influence the patients’ perception of the implants and their appraisal of their quality of life. Objectives: To study the differences between the two devices regarding health related quality of life, anxiety and depression in the ICD group compared with the pacemaker group for patient management during follow up. Subjects & Methods: 35 patients were selected successively in a comparative cross sectional study, having a pacemaker (n= 21) and ICD (n= 14) implanted between 2000 and 2007 at the Kaser EL-Eini Hospital Cairo University, critical care department and followed in pacemaker and ICD follow up clinic. The patients were assessed using Quality of life Scale, Symptom checklist 90 (SCL90), Middle sex Questionnaire, Beck rating scale for depression, Coping with life stressor scale and life satisfaction scale. Results: The ICD patients showed higher rates on the Somatization, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobia and paranoid symptoms than the pacemaker group. Life satisfaction scales were higher in the pace maker group than the ICD patients. Quality of life were higher in the pace maker group in the mood, financial and self scales.

[M. Nasreldin, A. Abdou, H. Fathy, H. Saber. Psychosocial Adaptation and Quality of Life Differences between Pacemaker and Implantable Cardiovertor-Defibrillators in a Sample of Egyptian Patients] Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):600-605]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.78

Keywords: ICD, depression, anxiety, follow up.

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Effect of harmal seeds on heat stressed chickens

Moshera, M. E. Selim

Zoology Department, Faculty of science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt

mosheraselim@yahoo.com

Abstract: The present study was conducted to clarify the role of harmal seeds Peganum harmala in alleviation of heat stress in chickens. The experiment was carried out on 60 chickens that were divided into four equal groups. Group І(gpI) was kept as control under normal conditions (25°C and 50 ± 5 % relative humidity (Rh)), group II(gpII) exposed to daily heat stress period (38°C for 6 hs and 70 ± 5 % Rh), and group III (gpIII) was kept at the same conditions of the control group with adding Peganum harmala as 2.5 g/kg ration and group IVgp(IV) exposed to the same conditions of group II with adding Peganum harmala(as natural antioxidant) 2.5 g/kg ration. blood was collected from all groups after one day, one week and 2 weeks. plasma was separated and stored at – 20^oC until used for hormonal and biochemical analysis. Obtained results revealed that plasma levels of corticosterone, glucose and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly increased in the heat stressed group. However, a significant decrease in plasma levels of total protein, albumin, uric acid, triiodothyronine (T₃), growth hormone, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were obtained in heat stressed chickens compared with control one. In addition; adding harmal seeds to ration of heat stressed chickens restored normal values of measured parameters compared with heat stressed group. decreased lipid peroxidation and enhanced antioxidant activity were also observed in chickens under heat stress and feed ration contained harmal seeds. In conclusion; harmal seeds have good value in minimizing deleterious effects of heat stress.

[Moshera M.E. Seliem. Effect of harmal seeds on heat stressed chickens. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):606-611]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.79

Keywords: harmal seeds,heat,chicken,corticosterone,malondialdehyde,catalase

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Electron Microscopic Characterization of Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus

Iman M. Bastawecy^*1; Saad, M. A. M²; Abd El-Samee, A. A. ³ and Youssef, H. M³

¹Dept. of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza

²Animal Reproduction Research Institute, Al Haram, Giza

³Dept. of Int. Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Vet. Med. Cairo University

^*imanbaz@hotmail.com

Abstract: Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) isolates after their identification and confirmation by virus neutralization test (VNT) were subjected for characterization with negative staining electron microscopy (EM) before and after improving its performance with BEFV antibodies binded to Staphylococcus aureus protein A (SPA) using Staphylococcus aureus protein A-coagglutination ultrastructure analysis (SPA COA-EM). Negative staining EM could detect rhabdoviral particles, ranged from bullet to blunt cone shaped with different lengths. Aggregates of rhabdoviral particles coated with the specific antibody were observed in addition to their attachment to the surface of Staphylococcus aureus. It is concluded that negative staining EM and SPA COA-EM could characterize BEF viral particles following their isolation in green monkey kidney (vero) cells. Further studies are recommended to find relationship between forms of the BEF viral particles and cytopathic effect (CPE) in cell cultures of different passages using SPA COA-EM. These future studies may offer answer to why the antigenicity and pathogenicity of BEFV rapidly lost on passaging in suckling mice or cell cultures.

[Iman M. Bastawecy; Saad, M. A. M; Abd El-Samee, A. A. and Youssef, H. M. Electron Microscopic Characterization of Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):612-617]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 80

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.80

Keywords: Bovine ephemeral fever; negative staining electron microscopy; Staphylococcus aureus protein A.

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Effect of simvastatin on early sepsis in critically ill patients

Ahmed S. Okasha¹, Amr Abd Allah ², Mohamed Fawzy²

¹Alexandria University, anaesthesia and intensive care department, Alexandria, Egypt

²Alexandria university, critical care medicine department, Alexandria, Egypt

asokasha@yahoo.com; amrabdalla1971icu@gmail.com

Abstract: Sepsis is a leading cause of death in non-coronary ICU patients worldwide. Despite the early goal-directed therapy, low-dose corticosteroids, early antibiotics use and supportive care have been shown to improve survival in patients with severe sepsis, but the number of sepsis related deaths appears to be increasing. Statins or (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, are a class of drug that revolutionised the treatment of hypercholesteraemia. New researches show that statins have a variety of properties that are independent of their lipid lowering ability, which collectively referred to as pleiotropic effects. A recent growing body of evidence suggests that statins may indeed have a protective effect against severe sepsis and reduce the rate of infection-related mortality. This novel primary prevention concept may have far reaching implications for the future management of serious infections.The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of statin administration during sepsis in decreasing the incidence of severe sepsis and septic shock and the subsequent development of organ failure and mortality in critically ill patients.This prospective study was performed on 40 adult patients of both sex selected from those admitted to icu presented with early sepsis. The selected patients were randomized into two groups; the statin group who received 40 mg simvastatins for 10 days in addition to the ordinary conventional therapy of sepsis. And the control group who received the conventional therapy of sepsis only. All the 40 studied patients in both groups were initially assessed on admission at first day of the study. And the effect of statin administration on the progression of sepsis and its outcome was evaluated and monitored daily by laboratory investigations including; WBC, Hco3, CRP, PCT. and clinical assessment and scoring systems (GCS, SOFA).Statins had been found to enhance survival of sepsis by about 25% and decreased incidence of deterioration of early sepsis to sever sepsis and septic shock by about 10% in the statin group. Statins also decreased mortality rate by about 15% in comparison to the non statin group. From the statistical view, the results showed non significant differences between two groups. Statins can be used as a good adjuvant therapy of sepsis in addition to their lipid lowering properties. The statins are more beneficial when used primary in the early phase of sepsis. Statins decrease the worse deterioration of sepsis and the mortality rate but without significant values. This potential role of statins in the treatment of sepsis should be further evaluated in large prospective randomized controlled studies. Future studies are needed for testing the usefulness of combinations of statins with antibiotics against acute sepsis.

[Ahmed S. Okasha, Amr Abd Allah, Mohamed Fawzy. Effect of simvastatin on early sepsis in critically ill patients. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):618-624]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 81

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.81

Keywords: Statins, sepsis, critically ill patients

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Correlation between PCO₂ (arterial- end tidal) gradient and positive end expiratory pressure titration in mechanically ventilated patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome

Hassan A Abukhabar¹, Amr Abdallah², Mohammad El-Samman³

¹Alexandria University, critical care medicine department, Alexandria, Egypt

²Alexandria university, critical care medicine department, Alexandria, Egypt

³Alexandria university, critical care medicine department, Alexandria, Egypt

habukhaber@yahoo.com; amrabdalla1971icu@gmail.com

Abstract: Positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) is the cornerstone of hypoxemia treatment in patients with ARDS, but there is still some controversy over the optimum level to be used and how this should be determined. To reach to optimal PEEP, several studies on applied PEEP titration were performed over the last years according to physiologic measures; these studies included esophageal pressure, pressure volume (PV) curves, oxygenation and oxygen delivery. There is a debate about how to find optimal PEEP in the current literature. Our aim was to determine whether arterial minus end-tidal carbon dioxide (PaCO₂-PetCO₂) can be used for titration to find optimal PEEP in correlation with V_d/V_t in patients with acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS). The present study included 20 adult patients of both sexes who fulfilled the inclusion criteria of ALI /ARDS. They were heavily sedated and mechanically ventilated with lung protective strategy. During this study PEEP was titrated from baseline (5 cmH₂O) by increments of 2 cmH₂O for 30 min till reaching the value of PEEP that corresponded to the least (P_aCO₂-P_etCO₂) gradient (PCO_2grad), least dead space fraction (Vd/Vt) and best oxygenation (PaO₂, Hypoxic index PaO₂/FiO₂, SaO₂). With each titration, the PCO_{2 grad}, Vd/Vt, shunt fraction (Q_s/Q_t) and PaO₂ had been calculated. The PCO_{2 grad} and Vd/Vt decreased with each PEEP level elevation till the point that the PCO_{2 grad} and Vd/Vt started to increase (this point was taken as the highest PEEP), so the value preceding this highest PEEP by 2 cmH₂O was taken as the optimal PEEP (which corresponded to the least value of PCO_{2 grad}). The value obtained before the optimal PEEP by 2 cmH₂O was taken as the pre-optimal PEEP. The mean value of PCO_2grad was 17.95±3.47 mmHg at baseline PEEP, and decreased significantly to 13.45±2.52 mmHg with pre optimal PEEP (12.3±3.06 cmH₂O), further decreased to 11.7±2.83 mmHg with optimal PEEP (14.3±3.06 cmH₂O) then increased to 15.3±2.47 mmHg at highest PEEP (16.3±3.06 cmH₂O). Vd/Vt follows the same course as the PCO_2grad, so the two variables were closely correlated. Highest and optimal PEEP significantly reduced shunt fraction in comparison to baseline and pre-optimal. There was no significant difference in shunt fraction (Q_s/Q_t) at highest and optimal PEEP. PCO_2grad was minimal when PaO2 was maximal. In patients with ALI/ARDS, the PCO_2grad is a good indicator of the efficiency of ventilation and PCO_2grad is directly proportional to the degree of alveolar dead space. So, PEEP titration using the PCO_{2 grad} is a useful and easily available bedside parameter to find the optimal PEEP in patients with ARDS.

[Hassan A Abukhabar, Amr Abdallah, Mohammad El-Samman. Correlation between PCO₂ (arterial- end tidal) gradient and positive end expiratory pressure titration in mechanically ventilated patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):625-634]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 82

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.82

Keywords: PCO_2grad, V_d/V_t, PEEP, Q_s/Q_t

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Philosophy of Love As Viewed by Ibn Arabi An Overview

Farzaneh Farahanipour

^1-The professor of Valiasr college. ffarahanipour@yahoo.com

Abstract: Love is an important human trait. Philosophers and scholars from historic past have had analytical views of love. This trait has attracted attention because of its effects on human beings - the effects that influence human lives and behaviors. In spite of long historical discussions about love, the literature on love is minuscule when considering love's mythical, mysterious, and symbolic effects on human lives. Love is a fundamental issue in mysticism. Love has enjoyed a deeply precise discussion in Islamic mysticism. It is possible to claim that love is a single issue that has been discussed the most by Islamic mystics and all mystical schools. This paper offers the lexical meaning of love, continues with a comprehensive discussion of love as viewed by mystics, and explains types of love. This paper looks into most notably views of Ibn Arabi (died 638 HD, 1240 AD) who was the founder of theoretical mysticism. The paper attempts to present the spiritual love as the real love by exploring different thoughts presented on this abstract subject intermixed with doubts and lust.

[Farzaneh Farahanipour. Philosophy of Love As Viewed by Ibn Arabi An Overview. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):635-640]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.83

Keywords: Love, affection, real love, figurative love, Ibn Arabi

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Using a 0/1 Knapsack Algorithm for Software Components Selection in Component-based Software

System Development

Marjan Kuchaki Rafsanjani¹, Noushin Rakhshan ²

^1. Department of Computer Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran

^2. Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran

kuchaki@mail.uk.ac.ir

Abstract: Reusing of the software (SW) components concept started in 1960, when engineering and scientific libraries were used in the SW development to reuse the previously developed functions. This concept is now widely used in SW development as Component Based Development (CBD). CBD is the technology that facilitates the reuse of the existing components into the new ones. One of the most important aspects of Component-Based Software System (CBSS) development is an optimal selection of software components for modules. However, very few researches work on this subject and none of them consider both two important criteria together: cost and cohesion/coupling. In this paper, we have proposed a formulation for profitable components selection for CBSS development. The model has two objectives: maximizing the intra module interactions and minimizing development and adaptation costs between software components and modules with inspiration from a 0/1 knapsack algorithm and this model also consider the modules granularity criterion. This concept in CBD engineering is the complexity of functions that each module in CBSS must do. Granularity criterion in our model is determined with the number of software components that allocate to each module, considering this parameter can help to have same modules in function complexity and run time. This model exploits from a linear formulation that can solve without need to any specific method like genetic algorithm (GA). An example is used to illustrate the proposed methodology.

[Marjan Kuchaki Rafsanjani, Noushin Rakhshan. Using a 0/1 Knapsack Algorithm for Software Components Selection in Component-based Software System Development. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):641-648]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 84

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.84

Keywords: Software components; Knapsack algorithm; Cohesion; Coupling; Adaptation and development costs

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Studying the Quality of Life of Chronic Hepatitis C Patients and the Associated Factors

Afaf Abd ElAziz Basal¹, Entesar Kamel² and Howaida Nafady³

¹Medical Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

²Adult1 Nursing, Munofia University, Munofia, Egypt

³Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University. Assuit, Egypt

afaf_bassal@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of liver cancer and cirrhosis. Egypt has possibly the highest HCV prevalence in the world; 10%–20% of the general populations are infected and HCV is the leading cause of chronic liver disease (CLD) in the country. Assessment of quality of life enriches clinical and laboratory data by providing information about the patient's perception of his state of health. Aim: to evaluate the quality of life and investigate factors influencing quality of life in patient with chronic hepatitis C. Methods: descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at gastroenterological clinic in Tanta, Assuite and Munofia University hospitals, both men and women were enrolled into the study. Data collected sociodemographic data, disease severity, and (SF-36) short form health survey) to collect information related to quality of life. Results: The mean of physical and mental health components of SF scale of quality were low but the mean for female were more than male patients in both components. There was increase in physical health component of SF36 in single patient but mental health component increase in married patient. Regarding to place of living and occupation and economic status: there was increase in the mean of physical health component of SF scale in young patients, farmer and patient has enough income while mental health component increased in urban patient, employee and housewife. Conclusion: In this study, we concluded there is reduction in the mean of two main components (physical and mental status) and some domains of SF36 scale of quality of life in chronic hepatitis C without significant difference in relation to not only stages of CLD but also sex, marital status place of living and income.

[Afaf Abd ElAziz Basal, Entesar Kamel and Howaida Nafady. Studying the Quality of Life of Chronic Hepatitis C Patients and the Associated Factors. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):649-655]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.85

Keywords: Hepatitis C, quality of life, short-form 36 questionnaire

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Studying blood glucose level from Fingertip blood sample by using portable blood glucose monitor after Peeling and Handling Fruits

Afaf Abd El aziz Basal¹*, Samia Abd El rahim El nagar²

¹Medical Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Tanta University, ² Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Al Monufia University. afaf_bassal@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Timely blood sugar monitoring and prompt intervention are necessary to prevent life threatening hypoglycemic episodes and prevent long-term complications. To examine effect of peeling or handling fruit on measuring glucose level from fingertip blood sample. Thirty healthy female students had normal fasting blood glucose level, and 10 female patients with type two diabetes were enrolled in this study. Capillary blood glucose samples were collected in the fasting state from the fingertip of females before handling fruits or peeling and after peeling fruits tests were done three times. Three samples of blood were taken from fingers followed by washing hand with tap water, no washing but swab and dry hand by tissue paper after peeling and handling fruits, or rubbing the fingertip by alcohol swab and analyzed with glucose monitoring Blood glucose (BG) level using fingertip blood samples obtained after peeling and handling cutting fruits from the healthy person without diabetes or with diabetes that was not followed by hand washing but swabbed by tissue paper only or the fingertip was rubbed several time with alcohol swabs were extremely high. While (BG) level measured after peeling and handling fruits, followed by washing hand with tap water were nearly the same to the level of the first reading before peeling and handling fruits.: False blood glucose level reading occurred when neglected hand washing or substituted with the use of alcohol swab after fruits peeling when (BG) monitoring test was done by using capillary blood from the fingertip.

[Afaf Abd ElAziz Basal and Samia El nagar. Studying blood glucose level from Fingertip blood sample by using portable blood glucose monitor after Peeling and Handling Fruits. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):656-660]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.86

Key words: Diabetes, self monitoring blood glucose, peeling fruits

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Optimization and Physiochemical Properties of Xylanase from Bacillus Coaggulans and Bacillus Licheniformis

Mohamed I. Abou-Dobara, Ahmed Kasem El-Sayed and Reham A. El Fayoumy *

Botany Department (Microbiology), Faculty of Science, Mansoura University (Damietta Branch), New Damietta, Egypt. ^{*reham85@mans.edu.eg}

Abstract: Xylanase production by Bacillus coaggulans and Bacillus licheniformis was optimized. Maximum xylanase production could be achieved after an incubation period of 48 hrs, at 50^oC and pH 6 for Bacillus coaggulans and after an incubation period of 60 hrs, at 50^oC and pH 7 for Bacillus licheniformis. Xylan (0.2%) was found to be the best carbon source among the tested carbohydrates. Bacillus coaggulans grew well and produced high level of xylanase using ammonium sulfate as nitrogen source but peptone was the best nitrogen source for producing high level of xylanase for Bacillus licheniformis. The properties of xylanase enzyme were tested. Km (mg/ml) and Vmax (µmole/ml/min) for Bacillus coaggulans was found 3.0 and 0.641 respectively but for Bacillus licheniformis was found 4.0 (mg/ml) and 0.568 (µmole/ml/min). For thermal stability for Bacillus coaggulans, the enzyme lost 50 % of the activity in 6.7 hours, 6.9 hours and 6.6 hours at 50^oC, 60^oC and 70^oC respectively, but the half life time of xylanase enzyme at 80^oC was 7 hours. And for Bacillus licheniformis the enzyme lost 50 % of the activity in 7 hours, 7.3 hours and 7.8 hours at 50^oC, 60^oC and 70^oC respectively, but at 80^oC the half life time of xylanase was 8 hours. The best temperature for crude enzyme of Bacillus coaggulans was found to be 50^oC but for Bacillus licheniformis was found to be 70^oC. The best pH for crude enzyme of Bacillus coaggulans was found 6 but for Bacillus licheniformis was found 8.

[Mohamed I. Abou-Dobara, Ahmed Kasem El-Sayed and Reham A. El Fayoumy. Optimization and Physiochemical Properties of Xylanase from Bacillus Coaggulans and Bacillus Licheniformis. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):661-670]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.87

Keywords: optimization, xylanase, Bacillus coaggulans and Bacillus licheniformis

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The Effect of Antioxidants on Experimentally Induced Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Adult Male Albino Rats

Sami Algaidi

Faculty of Medicine, University of Taibah, Almadina P O BOX 3001, Saudi Arabia, algaidi@hotmail.com

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is the most common cause of peripheral neuropathy which is a major disorder that significantly affects the quality of life. There are several underlying pathophysiological mechanisms that are proposed to result in neuropathy including oxidative stress. Up to date, there is no definitive treatment for diabetic neuropathy and all the currently used medications aim to treat the symptoms rather than the underlying disease. In the current study we investigated the effect of vitamin-E intake on induced diabetic neuropathy in rats using a histological approach. We found that vitamin-E intake can partially prevent diabetic neuropathy. It can be concluded that vitamin-E is a potential safe, inexpensive antioxidant which can be used for prevention/treatment of diabetic neuropathy.

[Sami Algaidi. The Effect of Antioxidants on Experimentally Induced Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Adult Male Albino Rats. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):671-677]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.88

Keywords: diabetes mellitus; peripheral neuropathy; oxidative stress; symptom; antioxidant

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Genetic variation among four closely similar isolates of Cyclocoelid trematodes based on random amplified Polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) analysis

Sabry Ahmed; Zein Abd‑Al‑Aal & Ahmed Abd El‑Sattar

Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Egypt. Drsabryahmed11@gmail.com

Abstract: Four closely similar isolates of cyclocoelid trematodes were isolated from the air sacs of the waterfowl Gallinula chloropus from Sharkia province, Egypt. After whole mount preparation and redescribed the morphological characters, they were assigned to family: Cyclocoelidae, Cyclocoelum microstomum, as they were found to possess two testes arranged in a tandem forming a triangle with the ovary between them and the position of the genital pore relative to the pharynx. The genomic DNA was extracted from all the isolates, amplified by polymerase chain reaction based on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) technique using 11 arbitrary oligonucleotide 10-mer primers the products of amplification were run through agarose gel electrophoresis. All primers showed distinct banding patterns (RAPD profiles) for all the isolates. Different polymorphic bands and specific markers were produced by most primers. The similarity indices between isolates were calculated, hence a dendrogram was constructed. The molecular analysis was found to be consistent with the morphological findings in the fact that genetic and morphological variations are not so powerful to support the establishment of a genus or even a species. So these four isolates are members of the previously established species Cyclocoelum microstomum and are not new members of the recent genus Selfcoelum. From molecular analysis and morphological findings of the present study, isolates can be considered as a variety of the species Cyclocoelum microstomum and isolate A can be assigned as Cyclocoelum microstomum var. gallinulae, while isolates B, C and D can be considered as another variety and assigned as Cyclocoelum microstomum var. chloropi.

[Sabry Ahmed; Zein Abd‑Al‑Aal & Ahmed Abd El‑Sattar. Genetic variation among four closely similar isolates of Cyclocoelid trematodes based on random amplified Polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) analysis. Journal Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):678-690]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.89

Key words: Cyclocoelid trematodes; Gallinula chloropus; Sharkia province; DNA (RAPD-PCR).

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Critical Security Studies Place's In International Relations

Saeid Vosoghi *, Ghasem Rezaee **, Majid Divsalar ***

* Associate Professor of International Relations, Esfahan University, Iran

** Master of Arts in International Relations, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza Branch, Iran

*** PHD Student, Islamic Azad University, Science & Research Branch, Department of International Relations, Esfahan, Iran. pisq88@yahoo.com

Abstract: At the heart of Critical Security Studies (CSS) is a commitment to promoting emancipation. The argument of the paper is that, for that commitment to emancipation to be effective, CSS scholars must develop a deeper understanding of the ways in which academic professional training can undermine that commitment and must develop strategies so that they can succeed in academia while protecting that commitment. In this article indexes of Critical Security Studies (CSS) such as Security Studies،Foundational Claims،Schools relate to Critical Security Studies & challenges ، Achievements and Limitations ،its Ethical Commitments and Future Pathways And New Framework for Critical Security Studies will analysis.

[Saeid Vosoghi, Ghasem Rezaee, Majid Divsalar. Critical Security Studies Place's In International Relations. Journal Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):691-703]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 90

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.90

Key Words: Critical Security Studies ، Security Studies ،emancipation ، Schools

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Effect of a chitin synthesis inhibitor and a waste product on embryogenesis of Musca domestica

Noha A.Guneidy, Dalia A.M.Salem, Nadia Helmy, Wafaa A. Radwan, Reda, F.A. Bakr and Shimaa Salah

Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain shams University, Cairo. Egypt. nohaawny@hotmail.com

Abstract: The change in the amounts of DNA, RNA and total protein content (quantitative and qualitative) during embryogenesis of normal and treated Musca domestica eggs (with Lufenuron and waste product) were investigated. DNA content increased gradually reaching its maximum level (2.2µg/ 10 mg DNA) at 7 hrs postoviposition (late embryogenesis). However, RNA content and total protein decreased gradually reaching their minimum levels (5.3µg/10mgRNA, 1.17mgprotein/10mg egg) at 7 hrs postoviposition (late embryogenesis).Treatment of Musca domestica eggs with a chitin synthesis inhibitor (Lufenuron) and a waste product from rice straw resulted in a significant decrease DNA and RNA content throughout embryogenesis (0-7hr post oviposition).The treatment also resulted in a significant decrease in total protein of waste product treated eggs compared with the control except at 0hr old eggs (early embryogenesis). Treatment with Lufenuron resulted in a significant increase of total protein in treated eggs compared with the control at 0hr old eggs and 7hrs old eggs (late embryogenesis).However the protein content decreased (p>0.05) in Lufenuron treated eggs to a level similar to that of control at 1, 3, 5 hrs postoviposition(cleavage, gastrulation and organogenesis). The protein profile of normal and treated eggs at different time intervals (0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 hrs) during embryogenesis was evaluated to explain their mode of action. A total of 6 -13 protein bands with molecular weight of 5 -120 kilodaltons (KDa) were separated by electrophoresis during normal embryogenesis of Musca domestica. Treatment of Musca domestica eggs with Lufenuron resulted in separation of 9 – 11 protein bands with molecular weight of 25 -150 KDa. Treatment of Musca domestica eggs with waste product resulted in separation of 13 -16 protein bands with molecular weight of 10-200 KDa. The appearance and disappearance of certain protein fractions by application of these compounds may explain their ovicidal activity and disorders occurred during embryogenesis.

[Noha A.Guneidy, Dalia A.M.Salem, Nadia Helmy, Wafaa A. Radwan, Reda, F.A. Bakr and Shimaa Salah. Effect of a chitin synthesis inhibitor and a waste product on embryogenesis of Musca domestica. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):704-712]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.91

Key words: Protein, Musca domestica, Agriculture waste product,Chitin synthesis inhibitor

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Evaluation of Certain Ground Spraying Equipment by the Mean of Qualitative Distrubtion of Certain Insecticides Deposits and Artificial Targets on the Cotton Leaf Worm on Cotton Plants

Mohamed, A.Hindy², Reda, F.A. Bakr¹, Noha, A.M. Guniedy*¹, Nevein, S.E. Ahmed³ and Rehab, A.A. Dar².

¹Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University

²Plant Protection Res. Instit. Agric. Res. Center, Spray Technology, Res. Department, Dokki, Giza

³Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory. Agric. Res. Center, Pesticide Residues and Environmental Pollution Research Department, Dokki, Giza

nohaawny@hotmail.com

Abstract: Three alternative products include BioAgent (Spinosad), OP (Profenofos) and IGR (Pyriproxyfen) were sprayed by using Knapsack motor sprayer Agromondo (20 L./Fed.) and Hand held compression sprayer Kwazar (94 L./Fed.) on cotton field highly infested with cotton leaf worm larvae. A satisfactory coverage was obtained on cotton plants and spray receptors. The spectrum of droplets ranging between 103-191 microns (VMD). With sufficient number ranging from 80-225 n/cm². The productivity of motor sprayer Agromondo was 12 Fed./day. It was the best equipment, but the lowest productivity was Kwazar sprayer since it could spray only 5 Fed./day. Results indicated that Profenofos and Pyriproxyfen is more effective in controlling larvae of cotton leaf worm on cotton plants followed by, Spinosad, with Knapsack motor sprayer (20 L./Fed.) followed by Kwazar sprayer (94 L./Fed.). Data showed that, low volume spraying may be recommended because of reducing the time lost in the process filling the machines of reducing the time lost of the spray solution on the plant leaves and saving the lost spray on the ground. Also there was no significant difference between recommended dose rate and ¾ recommended does with using low volume spraying.

[Mohamed, A. Hindy, Reda, F.A. Bakr, Noha, A.M. Guniedy, Nevein, S.E. Ahmed and Rehab, A.A. Dar Evaluation of Certain Ground Spraying Equipment by the Mean of Qualitative Distrubtion of Certain Insecticides Deposits and Artificial Targets on the Cotton Leaf Worm on Cotton Plants. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):713-719]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 92

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.92

Key Words: Spodoptera Littoralis (Boisd) - Pyriproxyfen - Profenofos Spinosad – Knapsack motor sprayer Agromondo (20 Liter per Feddan.) - Hand held compression sprayer Kwazar (94 Liter per Feddan.)

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Time management skills impact on self-efficacy and academic performance

Karim, Sevari ¹, Mitra Kandy²

^1. Payame Noor University, PO Box 19395-3697, Ahwaz, Iran

₂. Payame Noor University, PO Box 19395-3697, Ahwaz, Iran

Sevari1347@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this study, time management skills impact on self efficacy & academic performance was tested. Female first grade high school students of Masjed Soleiman statistical community have formed an experimental group and a control group, 27 patients each that were selected randomly. Research project is of the type pre-test - post test with control group that only the experimental group is exposed to ten sessions of time management skills. The Self-efficacy questionnaire of Schwarzer & Jerusalem (2000) & Grade Point Average was used. Analysis of data from descriptive and inferential statistics was done. Results from this study showed that training of time management skills to increase academic performance and self efficacy is influential.

[Karim, Sevari, Mitra Kandy. Time management skills impact on self-efficacy and academic performance. Journal Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):720-726]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.93

Keywords: Time management skills, academic performance, self-efficacy

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Inhibition of Broad bean mosaic virus (BBMV) using extracts of Nigella (Nigella sativa L.) and Zizyphus (Zizyphus spina-christi Mill.) plants

Mohamed, E.F.

Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Egypt. emaddwidar@yahoo.com

Abstract: The effect of Nigella and Zizyphus extracts (NE and ZE) as inhibitors against broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) infectivity in vitro and in vivo was studied. Chenopodium amaranticolor plant was used as a local lesion host for BBMV. Extracts of Nigella and Zizyphus plants were diluted by distilled water to10^-1, 10^-2 and 10^-3 before use. Crude extract and dilutions from 10^-1 to 10^-3 of Nigella plants gave percentages of inhibition 55.56, 47.22, 38.89 and 19.44 % respectively, when used after 7 days as a time intervals. All tested extracts of Nigella plants reduced the numbers of local lesions produced by BBMV on Chenopodium amaranticolor(infectivity of BBMV) and increased the percentages of inhibition against BBMV. Concerning Zizyphus plants, all tested extracts reduced the numbers of local lesions produced by BBMV on Chenopodium amaranticolor (infectivity of BBMV) and increased the percentages of inhibition against BBMV. These percentages of inhibition were increased to 44.44%. Crude extract and dilutions from 10^-1 to 10^-3 of Zizyphus plants gave percentages of inhibition 44.44, 36.11, 25.00 and 8.33 % respectively, when used after 7 days as a time intervals. It was found that, NE was more effective in reducing the local lesions produced by BBMV on Chenopodium amaranticolor than ZE. BBMV inhibition of pre-inoculation treatment was higher than that of post-inoculation treatment. In pre-inoculation treatment, the highest effect of NE against BBMV infectivity was in the crude extract and after 7 days (percentage of inhibition was 25.71%). While, the highest percentage of inhibition of ZE against BBMV infectivity was 20.00 % in the crude extract and after 7 days. In post-inoculation treatment, the highest effect of NE against BBMV infectivity was in the crude extract and after 7 days (percentage of inhibition was 22.85%). While, the highest percentage of inhibition of ZE against BBMV infectivity was 17.14 % in the crude extract and after 7 days. So, NE was more effective in reducing the local lesions produced by BBMV on Chenopodium amaranticolor than ZE.

[Mohamed, E.F. Inhibition of Broad bean mosaic virus (BBMV) using extracts of Nigella (Nigella sativa L.) and Zizyphus (Zizyphus spina-christi Mill.) plants. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):727-734]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 94

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.94

Keywords: Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV); bromoviruses, black cumin; Zizyphus; inhibition

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Forgotten Situation of Architecture In Iranian Social Housing

Reza Mirzaei

Department of Architecture, Birjand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran

Aspiran0080@yahoo.com

Abstract: Social housing mainly has been looking for investment and management point of views. This paper investigates situations and values of architecture in the theme of Social Housing; also it states why the architectural quality indexes are decreasing. At the first part, the necessity of social housing is considered, then historical experiences and its effects on modern Social Housing are studied. Finally, by looking at the history, the forgotten Architecture values in social housing are explained.

[Reza Mirzaei. Forgotten Situation of Architecture In Iranian Social Housing. Journal Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):735-741]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 95

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.95

Keywords: Iranian architecture; Traditional architecture; Social housing; dwelling House; compact apartment; flexibility

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Stepwise PEEP Elevation with Determination of the Alveolar Collapsing Pressure versus Sustained Lung Inflation as a Recruitment Maneuver in Patients With ARDS

Hassan Abou-Khaber ¹, Ahmed El-Mehalawy ², Muhammad Nasreldin ², Walaa El-Far ²

¹Department of Anesthesia and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Egypt

² Department of Critical Care Medicine, faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Egypt

amehalawy@hotmail.com

ABSTRACT: In patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), protective lung strategy and positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) therapy should be started as early as possible to avoid lung damage by high pressures, volumes and fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO₂). Recruitment is a strategy aiming at re-expanding the collapsed lung tissue and then maintaining an adequate level of PEEP to prevent subsequent de-recruitment. The objective of this study was to compare safety and efficacy of two lung recruitment maneuvers (RM): stepwise PEEP elevation with determination of the alveolar collapsing pressure versus sustained lung inflation in ARDS patients. A prospective randomized comparative interventional study, conducted in units of the department of Critical Care Medicine of Alexandria Main University hospital, Egypt, included 24 ARDS patients mechanically ventilated with lung protective strategy. Patients were enrolled under two equal groups. Lung recruitment was performed using sustained lung inflation in group I and stepwise PEEP elevation in group II. Arterial blood gases (ABG), hypoxic index and compliance (Cs) were measured. Heart rate (HR), and blood pressure (BP) were monitored and signs of barotraumas were documented. Lung injury score (LIS) was calculated. Results: Hypoxic index, static compliance and lung infiltration improved significantly in group II compared to group I. Significant hypoventilation occurred in group II during RM. Recruitment was successful in 41.7% of patients in group I and in 83.3% of group II and the difference was statistically significant. The survival rate was 33.3% in group I and 66.7% in group II, the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion: Stepwise elevation of PEEP with determination of optimal PEEP according to alveolar collapsing pressure is a more effective RM than sustained lung inflation, however, hypoventilation, tachycardia and hypotension are likely to occur.

[Hassan Abou-Khaber, Ahmed El-Mehalawy, Muhammad Nasreldin, Walaa El-Far. Stepwise PEEP elevation with determination of the alveolar collapsing pressure versus sustained lung inflation as a recruitment maneuver in patients with ARDS. Journal Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):742-749]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 96

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.96

Key words: Acute respiratory distress syndrome, positive end expiratory pressure, recruitment maneuver

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Nurses and Physicians Perceptions of Their Interprofessional Relationships at Alexandria Main University Hospital

Azza T. T. Elithy¹, Mary K. Harmina² and Gehan G. Elbialy²

¹Ministry of Health and Population, Alexandria, Egypt

²Nursing Administration, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

gehangalal63@yahoo.com

Abstract: Medicine and nursing are two entitles which have contribution in health care leadership and in marketplace. Hospitals improve reimbursement and be market share when healthy nurses and physicians interprofessional relationships is achieved which in turn reflect on quality care. This study aims to identify nurses and physicians perceptions of their interprofessional relationships at Alexandria Main University Hospital. A descriptive correlational research design was used to conduct this study. This study was conducted in the in-patient Medical and Surgical units (n=23), where the medical units is 11, and surgical units is 12. Study subjects were composed of 199 nurses, and 86 physicians. Data were collected through; Nurse-physician Interprofessional Relationships Structured Questionnaire that developed by the researcher. The main results that physicians’ perceptions mean scores were higher than that of nurses in relation to coordination and cooperation, nurses-physicians relationships, work environment and conflict. On the other hand, nurses’ perceptions mean scores were higher than physicians’ perceptions mean scores in relation to mutual trust and respect, understanding each other's role and communication. As well as nurses-physicians interprofessional dimensions were mostly significant with each other dimensions as perceived by physicians while, the nurse-physician relationship dimension was non significant with all other dimensions as perceived by nurses. The main recommendations are; Nurses should attend training programs about coordination and cooperation, nurse physician relationships, work environment and conflict. Moreover physicians should attend training programs concerning mutual trust and respect, understanding nurses' role and communication.

[Azza T. T. Elithy, Mary K. Harmina, and Gehan G. Elbialy. Nurses and Physicians Perceptions of Their Interprofessional Relationships at Alexandria Main University Hospital. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):750-757]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 97

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.97

Key words: health care; hospital; nurses; communication

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Evaluation of prolonged adherent with benzalkonium chloride on corneal protein secondary structure that assessed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Eman S. Mohamed*, Eman M. Aly

Biophysics and Laser Science Unit, Research Institute of Ophthalmology, Giza, Egypt. P.O. Box: 90. 2 Al-Ahram Street, Giza, Egypt. Eman.saad@windowslive.com

Abstract: Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is a commonly used preservative in eye drops and is known to induce complex inflammatory mechanisms on the ocular surface causing allergy and toxicity, as well as it may increase the rate of dry eye. The present study was conducted to evaluate and reveal the toxic effect(s) of different concentrations of BAC namely; 0.005%, 0.01% and 0.02% when applied twice a day for a maximum period of 16 days on corneal protein secondary structure that was assessed by deconvoluted Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results indicated that corneal protein secondary structures are tolerable for the 0.005 % BAC, while they were greatly affected by the other two concentrations of BAC. Moreover, the formed intra-molecular β-sheets that detected in the 0.005 % treated subgroup are involved in protein folding while; they are associated to protein aggregation in the other two BAC-treated subgroups; 0.01 % and 0.02 %.

[Eman S. Mohamed, Eman M. Aly. Evaluation of prolonged adherent with benzalkonium chloride on corneal protein secondary structure that assessed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Journal Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):758-764]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 98

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.98

Key words: eye, corneal protein, FTIR, ophthalmic preservative, benzalkonium chloride

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Protective Effects of Rutin and Hesperidin against Doxorubicin-Induced Lipodystrophy and Cardiotoxicity in Albino Rats

Walaa G. Hozayen¹ and Howida S. Abou Seif²

¹ Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University

²Medical Physiology Department, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt

Walaabio2006@yahoo.com

Abstract: Doxorubicin, is widely used in the treatment of various solid tumors. The present study was conducted to evaluate the protective role of rutin and hesperidin on doxorubicin – induced lipodystrophy and cardiotoxicity in albino rats. Doxorubicin (DXR) – administered rats (25 mg/ kg; three times interaperitoneally/ week for two weeks) were pretreated with rutin and/or hesperidin (50 mg/ kg body weight) three times per week for three weeks and DXR 25mg/kg b.wt three times per week (at the last two weeks of the experiment). Results showed that DXR caused a marked rise in serum total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, creatine kinas and lactate dehydrogenase (HDL, LDL, CK, LDH) as well as aspartate aminotransferase; AST. Pretreatment of these animals with rutin and/or hesperidin successfully prevent most of these biochemical alterations; the pretreatment with both rutin and hesperidin seemed to be the most potent. Concerning oxidative stress and antioxidant defense system, the depleted cardiac glutathione content of DXR administered rats was potentially increased above normal levels as a result of pretreatment of rutin and/or hesperidin. The elevated lipid peroxidation of DXR-administered rats, was remarkably decrease lipid peroxidation as a result of pre-treatment with rutin and/or hesperidin. It can be concluded that the natural plant components (rutin and hesperidin) could protect the heart against DXR-induced cardiotoxicity and lipodystrophy. However, further clinical studies are required to assess the safety and benefits of rutin and hesperidin in human beings.

[Walaa G. Hozayen and Howida S. Abou Seif. Protective Effects of Rutin and Hesperidin against Doxorubicin-Induced Lipodystrophy and Cardiotoxicity in Albino Rats. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):765-775]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.99

Key Words: rutin – hesperidin – cardiotoxicity – albino rats – oxidative stress.

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Comparative Study on Fungal Deterioration and Ozone Conservation of El-Anfoushi and Al-Shatby Archeological Tombs- Alexandria- Egypt

Hala A. M. Afifi ¹ and Neveen S. I. Geweely²

¹Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt

²Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt

¹halaafifi11@hotmail.com; ² ngeweely@yahoo.com

Abstract: Physical, chemical and biological factors playing a combined role in weathering of archeological tombs. El-Anfoushi and Al-Shatby archeological tombs is are located in Alexandria district in Egypt and suffering from biodeterioration aspects. Three xerophilic fungi (Eurotium amstelodami, E. chevalieri, E. repens), and six non-xerophilic strains (Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus terrus, A. versicolor, Cladosporium herbarum, Fusarium moniliforme and Penicillium chrysogenium) were isolated from Al-Shatby and El-Anfoushi archeological tombs, respectively. Analyses of the samples of the building material of the two tested tombs and were investigated by Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) Equipped with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX). A. versicolor followed by A. terrus recorded the highest significant deterioration of the samples of limestone building material of the two tombs (3.7 and 2.5 cm halo zone, respectively). Atomic absorption was used to detect the release of calcium from the tested limestone samples after fungal degradation. The relation of fungal deterioration efficiency of alkaline limestone rock and pH sensitivity was recorded. Ozone as a powerful oxidizing disinfecting agent was applied on the isolated deteriorated fungal species. All isolated non xerophytes were most sensitive to 3 ppm of ozone after 150 min exposure time, while extending of the exposure time up to 210 min was required to stop the growth of the three isolated resistant xerophytes.

[Hala A. M. Afifi and Neveen S. I. Geweely. Comparative Study on Fungal Deterioration and Ozone Conservation of Al-Anfoushi and El-Shatby Archeological Tombs- Alexandria- Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):776-784]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 100

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.100

Key words: Fungi, Conservation, Ozone, Alexandria tombs

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Transcranial Doppler in Monitoring Management of Patients with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Mahmoud Elbadry¹, Shereen Aly², Khaled El Kafas³ and Ahmed Yassein²

¹Critical Care Medicine Department Cairo University, ³Radiology Department Cairo University

²Critical Care Medicine Beni Sweif University

*albadrymd@yahoo.com

Abstract: Cerebral vasospasm remains the most significant and most common complication following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) which is defined as bleeding into the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia matter surrounding the brain. Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is non invasive tool allowing for bedside monitoring to determine flow velocities indicative of changes in vascular caliber. The true value of this technique as sensitive predictor alone for diagnosing clinical vasospasm, still mater of debate. Aim of the study: was to evaluate the role of TCD in monitoring patients with SAH and early detection of pre symptomatic vasospasm that may help in further early management. Methods: This study was carried out on 30 patients diagnosed to have acute subarachnoid hemorrhage presented within 48 hrs. from onset and confirmed by CT brain. Patients were divided into: Group A; included 15 patients that were monitored by both the usual standard clinical and neurological evaluation and Group B; included the other 15 patients that were subjected in additions to standard clinical evaluation, to continuous non-invasive TCD every 48 hours from day 4 to day 21 of hospital admission. Results: There was 19 females and 11 males with mean age 46.5+11.4 year. Of them, 73.3% were hypertensive and 13.3% were diabetic. Delayed ischemic neurological deficits (DIND) developed in 9 of 30 patients, 6 (40%) pts in group A and only 3 (20%) pts in group B & was not related to the cause of SAH (P: 0.9). There was no significant correlation between Hess and Hunt grading and the occurrence of DIND (P: 0.7). Patients with DIND had a significantly higher peak systolic velocity (PSV)of middle cerebral artery (MCA) in comparison to patients who had no DIND at serial TCD1,2,3 measurements and P values were 0.002, 0.038, 0.026 respectively, but no significance of the difference of percentage of change from the baseline TCD1. Analysis of area under ROC curve revealed, at PSV 172 cm /sec & area under the curve 0.75, sensitivity of 60% & specificity of 88% & the p value was 0.09. Conclusion: TCD is a useful tool for screening symptomatic vasospasm and for early prediction of DIND in SAH pts.

[Mahmoud Elbadry, Shereen Aly, Khaled El Kafas and Ahmed Yassein. Transcranial Doppler in Monitoring Management of Patients with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):785-791]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 101

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.101

Key words: DIND: delayed ischemic neurological deficits & TCD: transcranial Doppler & SAH: subarachnoid hemorrhage & cerebral vasospasm. Hess & Hunt grade

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Effect of sandblasting surface treatment of the mesh area on bonding strength of the brackets (SEM study)

Wael M Refai^*1 and Mohamed A El Ruwaini²

¹Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Minia University, Minia, Egypt

²Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, MSA University, Cairo, Egypt

W_refai_67@hotmail.com

Abstract: In this study, the effect of surface treatment (sandblasting) of the mesh area of the bracket was assessed. Integra brackets were used. The study comprised two groups (30 each). Brackets were conventionally bonded in the first group. In the second one, they were bonded after sandblasting the mesh area of the brackets. Instron machine was used to detect the maximum shear bond strength of the bracket. Moreover, representative SEM micrographs were taken and interpreted at different magnifications. The results revealed an increase in the force of displacement in the second group. SEM also showed increased roughness of the mesh area after bracket displacement in the second group. This was attributed to the increase in the mechanical interlock between composite and the mesh area.

[Wael M Refai and Mohamed A El Ruwaini. Effect of sandblasting surface treatment of the mesh area on bonding strength of the brackets (SEM study). Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):792-798]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 102

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.102

Key words: Brackets, mesh area, surface treatment, sandblasting

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Assessment of Hepatic Fibrosis Stages in Hepatitis C Virus Infected Patients Using Biomarkers in The Blood

Ahmed A. Attallah^*1, Sanaa O. Abdallah², Mohamed M. Omran¹, Khaled Farid³, and Yehia M. Shaker⁴

¹ R & D Dept. Biotechnology Research Center, New Damietta City, Egypt.

² Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

³Tropical Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

⁴National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt

ahmedattallah2009@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background: An intensive research effort in the field of non-invasive evaluation of liver fibrosis has recently permitted the description of several blood markers of fibrosis, mainly in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients. Our aim was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of a panel of simple blood markers of liver fibrosis in CHC patients. Materials and Methods: One hundred and thirty two patients with CHC evaluated for deciding on antiviral therapy were included. We used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and a stepwise combination algorithm was developed to assess and compare the diagnostic accuracy of blood markers. Results: The areas under the ROC curves of AST/ALT ratio, albumin, platelet count, APRI and fibronectin for discriminating advanced liver fibrosis (F3-F4) were 0.58, 0.73, 0.76, 0.73 and 0.74; respectively. The AUC of combined markers score based on AST-ALT ratio, albumin, fibronectin and platelets count was 0.86 for advanced liver fibrosis patients. The combined markers correctly classified 35 positive patients from 43 patients with 81% sensitivity and classified 64 patients as negative from a total of 89 patients with 72% specificity. Discussions. we have developed multivariate discriminant analysis (MDA), a function may contribute to differentiating advanced fibrosis in patients with CHC. The MDA function is based on easily and routinely analyzed four blood markers as noninvasive, reproducible, quantitative, precise, accurate and low cost method that can be applied to patients who either have contraindications or refuse liver biopsy for the management of their HCV infection.

[Ahmed A. Attallah, Sanaa O. Abdallah, Mohamed M. Omran, Khaled Farid, and Yehia M. Shaker. Assessment of Hepatic Fibrosis Stages in Hepatitis C Virus Infected Patients Using Biomarkers in The Blood. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):799-805]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 103

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.103

Keywords: HCV; Liver fibrosis, biomarkers

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Incidence of Genetic Polymorphism of IL-1Ra and IL-4 in Egyptian and other Populations

¹El-Said, Afaf M.; ²Abdel-Aziz, A.F.; ¹ Settin, A.A. and ¹ EL- Sharabasy, Asmaa M.

¹Genetics Unit, Children Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt, ²Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Egypt.

Corresponding author: afaziz2012@hotmail.com; Soma_t2008@yahoo.com

Abstract: Cytokines play a key role in immune response and inflammation. IL-1 receptor antagonist (Ra) is a naturally occurring structural variant of IL-1 that competitively inhibits receptor binding of IL-1 induced pro-inflammatory activity. IL-4 an anti-inflammatory cytokine plays a key role in activation and differentiation of B-cells, mast cells.IL-4 is also known to inhibit macrophage activation and therefore may be involve in cancer. The two important cytokines genes IL-1Ra and IL-4 of 124 healthy individuals from the Nile Delta region of Egypt were compared with the published polymorphism of other populations. Genomic DNA was isolated from the blood of all subjects and the variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms of IL-1Ra and IL-4 genes was identified by polymerase chain reaction. It was seen that our population differs from Mediterranean, European, African and Asian populations at IL-1Ra (VNTR) and IL-4 (VNTR) genes.

[El-Said, Afaf M.; Abdel-Aziz, A.F.; Settin, A.A. and EL- Sharabasy, Asmaa M. Incidence of Genetic Polymorphism of IL-1Ra and IL-4 in Egyptian and other Populations. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12): 806-814]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 104

doi:10.7537/marsjas071211.104

Key words: VNTR, IL-1Ra, IL-4, gene polymorphism

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[Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):815-821]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 105