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Environmental Scanning Electronic Microscope study of enamel surface after using three different bleaching agents

Sahar A. M. Abd El Halim

Department of Operative dentistry, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia & Misr University for Science and Technology, Cairo, Egypt. s_saeed03@yahoo.com

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 20% Carbamide peroxide (CP), 10% Carbamide peroxide (CP) and 25% Hydrogen peroxide (HP) on surface roughness of enamel. Materials and methods: Six young healthy dogs were used in this study. Six dogs were included in this study. Sixteen teeth in each dog were selected (upper and lower incisors and canines) for bleaching. Group(1):Two dogs were supposed for bleaching of upper &lower incisors with 20% CP Opalescence; Group(2): Two dogs were supposed for bleaching of upper & lower incisors with 10% CP Opalescence; Group (3): Two dogs were supposed for bleaching of upper & lower incisors with 25% HP Zoom2; Group (C): Control, no bleaching treatment (upper & lower canines in each dogs). Selected teeth on each dog were scaled and polished with a rubber cup. After this step, bleaching agents were applied for groups 1,2,3 for eight hours daily for two weeks. After the dogs were sacrificed, the teeth were stored in normal saline 0.9%. Enamel of labial surface of teeth was tested for surface roughness (Ra, um) using Environmental Scanning Electronic Microscope. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test using SAS program. Results: No significant differences were found among the bleaching groups (1-2-3). However, all bleaching agents produced a significant increase in the mean surface roughness of enamel compared to the untreated control group (C) (p<0.05). Conclusion: Different concentration of Carbamide peroxide and Hydrogen peroxide can promote alteration on enamel surface.

[Sahar A. M. Abd El Halim. Environmental Scanning Electronic Microscope study of enamel surface after using three different bleaching agents. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):1-6]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 1

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.01

Key words: Bleaching agents, Surface roughness, Enamel.

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Assessments of the effects of limewater on water permeability of TiO₂ nanoparticles binary blended limestone aggregate-based concrete

Farzad Soleymani

Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Payame Noor University, P.O. 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran.

E-mail: farzad.soleymani52@yahoo.com

Abstract: The effect of limewater on water permeability of TiO₂ nanoparticles binary blended concrete has been investigated. TiO₂ nanoparticles with partial replacement of cement by 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 weight percent have been used as reinforcement. Curing of the specimens has been carried out in water and saturated limewater for 7, 28 and 90 days after casting. The results indicate that TiO₂ nanoparticles up to maximum replacement level of 2.0% produces concrete with improved water permeability when the specimens cured in saturated limewater with respect to the specimens cured in water. TiO₂ nanoparticles can improve the filler effect and also the high pozzolanic action of fine particles increases substantially the quantity of strengthening gel.

[Farzad Soleymani. Assessments of the effects of limewater on water permeability of TiO₂ nanoparticles binary blended limestone aggregate-based concrete. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):7-12]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 2

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.02

Key words: TiO₂ nanoparticle; water permeability; concrete.

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Abstract: Background/Aims: A growing need for endoscopic screening of cirrhotic patients has emerged aiming at prevention of bleeding before its occurrence. The increased flow of patients on endoscopy units might not meet demands of cost effectiveness for patients and hospitals particularly in developing nations. This study was conducted To evaluate the value of right liver lobe diameter/prothrombin time ratio for predicting the presence of esophageal varices and the risk of variceal bleeding in patients with chronic liver disease. METHODS: one hundred twenty cases with HCV- liver cirrhosis were studied. Sixty patients with chronic liver disease and no esophageal varices, thirty patients with chronic liver disease and non-bleeding esophageal varices and thirty patients with chronic liver disease and bleeding esophageal varices were tested. A complete biochemical workup, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and ultrasonographic examination were performed to all patients. Right liver lobe diameter/prothrombin time, Right liver lobe diameter/ serum albumin and platelet count/ Splenic bipolar diameter ratios were calculated. Comparison between the three studied groups regarding the calculated ratios was evaluated. RESULTS: RLLD/PT ratio was able to differentiate between patients with no esophageal varices and patients with non-bleeding esophageal varices with sensitivity of 90 % and specificity of 60% at a cut-off value of 9.0033. RLLD/PT was also able to differentiate between patients with no esophageal varices and patients with bleeding esophageal varices with sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 80% at a cut-off value of 8.9637.CONCLUSION: The right liver lobe diameter/prothrombin time ratio may be suggested as a novel noninvasive parameter predicting presence of esophageal varices in patients with chronic liver disease.

[Adel A. Mahmoud and George S. Riad. A novel non-invasive Ratio for oesophageal varices prediction in HCV- liver cirrhosis Egyptian patients. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):13-19]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 3

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.03

Key words: portal hypertension; esophageal varices; liver cirrhosis; noninvasive markers; right liver lobe diameter.

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Bone reaction around early-loaded mini implants supporting mandibular over dentures with different protective occlusal schemes

Ayman F. F. Elawady¹; Essam Adel Aziz^*2; Amal A. Swelem³ and Mohamed El-Zawahry¹

¹Deartment of Prosthodontics, Fixed and Removable Prosthesis, National Research Centre, Egypt

²Department of Removable Prosthodontic Dept., Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.

³Deparment of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation Dept., Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. ^*dressamaziz@msn.com

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the lingualized versus monoplane occlusal scheme on the supporting bone around early-loaded mini implants supporting mandibular over-dentures. Patients and methods: Fourteen completely edentulous male patients were divided randomly into two equal groups. Four mini implants were installed in each patient at the inter-foramina area. Group 1 patients received mini implant supported mandibular over-dentures with their occlusal scheme set according to the lingualized occlusal concept. Group 2 patients received mini implant supported mandibular over-dentures with their occlusal scheme set according to the monoplane occlusal concept. The early loading protocol was implemented & cases were evaluated radiographically using the Digora computerized system at the time of denture insertion (0), (3), (6) and (9) months after denture delivery. Results; There was no statistically significant difference between the bone height measurements of the two groups. As regards the bone density, it was decreased during the first three months in both groups. This was followed by a gradual increase with the greater increase being recorded for group 1 (lingualized occlusal scheme) followed by group 2 (mono plane occlusal scheme). There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups at the end of the study period only. Conclusion: A more favorable bone reaction was achieved in the ligualized occlusal scheme group than in the monoplane occlusal scheme group. Recommendation; Whenever possible, the ligualized occlusal scheme should be adopted than the monoplane occlusal scheme as the preferred occlusal concept of mini implant supported mandibular over-dentures if they are intended to be early loaded.

[Ayman F. F. Elawady; Essam Adel Aziz; Amal A. Swelem and Mohamed El-Zawahry. Bone reaction around early-loaded mini implants supporting mandibular over dentures with different protective occlusal schemes. J Am Sci 2011; 7(11):20-28]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 4

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.04

Keywords: over-denture, bone reaction, mini implants, early loading, monoplane, lingualized scheme, Digora.

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The Role of Training, Documentation of Experience, and Management Counseling in Management of Vocational Schools in Tehran

Mahboubeh Kandi

Dean of of Nassibe College, Tehran, Iran

Mahboobkandi@yahoo.com

Abstract: The focus of this Research was to study the role of training, experience documentation, and management counseling in running vocational schools which are an important part of the educational system. This paper points out the lack of efficacy in current educational planning toward established objectives. Identification of the strengths and weaknesses of current plans will help educational directors in future planning and better achievement of their educational objectives. Study population of this study included 109 active superintendents from all vocational schools in Tehran during academic year 1386-87 (2007-2008). Data collection was conducted by administrating a questionnaire. Validity of this questionnaire was measured by using SPSS software. Cronbach alpha coefficient obtained for this study was 90%.

[Mahboubeh Kandi. The Role of Training, Documentation of Experience, and Management Counseling in Management of Vocational Schools in Tehran. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):29-36]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 5

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.05

Keyword: Risk Assessment, Management, Training, Experiencing, Documentation, Management Counseling, Vocational Schools.

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Some Occupational Health Problems among Poultry Farm Workers in Sharkia Governorate: An Epidemiological Study

Mahmoud E. El-Saadawy, Mohammed M. Nassif, Sahar A. Abou El Magd^* and Amany S. Ahmed

Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine - Zagazig University

^*Sahar_abolmagd@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: The atmosphere in poultry farms usually contains significant levels of agricultural dust and toxic gases, which put the workers at a health risk. Objectives: 1-To determine the prevalence of some occupational health problems among poultry farm workers and their determinants.2-To study the work environment by assessing dust concentration level and its effect on the health of the exposed workers.3-To propose recommendations for occupational safety at poultry farms. Methods: a comparative cross sectional study was conducted among 222 male workers divided into two groups: The exposed group consisted of 110 poultry farm workers working in 63 poultry farms in Diarb Nigm city and Comparable control group consisted of 112 workers from ready- made clothes factory. Data were collected by a pre-designed questionnaire, clinical examination and laboratory investigation. Results: self–reported health complaints among poultry farm workers were ocular complaints (55.4%), followed by gastrointestinal (48.2%), respiratory (41.8%), and dermatological (38.1%) complaints. The prevalence of nasal irritation, sneezing, throat irritation and chest tightness were significantly higher among the Poultry farm workers (21.8%, 20.9%, 27.2%, 15.4% respectively) compared to control group. Also, prevalence of chronic cough, chronic phlegm, chronic bronchitis and bronchial asthma were significantly higher among poultry farm workers (39.09%, 38.18%, 16.3%, 6.3% respectively) compared to control group. Duration of work is a risk factor for respiratory symptoms (chronic and acute), while smoking is a risk factor for chronic respiratory symptoms. The frequency of obstructive and combined ventilatory function impairment among poultry farm workers (26.3%, 14.5%) are significantly compared to control group (8.9%, 5.35%). The prevalence of chronic dermatitis, onychomycosis and tinea pedis are significantly higher among exposed group (15.45%, 18.18% and 20% respectively) compared to in control group (4.46%, 3.57% and 8.03% respectively). The prevalence of eye irritation & lacrimation, discharge and Foreign body is significantly higher among exposed group (22.7%, 14.4% and 54.54%) compared to control group (6.25%, 3.57% and 5.35%). Also The prevalence of Klebsiella and E-coli are significantly higher among exposed group (18.05% and 88.8%) compared to control group (1.755 and 14.03%). The mean concentration of respirable dust at poultry farms was (5.5±1.62). Conclusion: Poultry workers are at greatest risk of developing many health problems as respiratory, ocular, dermatological, gastrointestinal problems, so recommendations: pre-placement and periodic medical examination, health education program, effective exhaust ventilation, and periodic environmental monitoring for better prevention for these health problems.

[Mahmoud E. El-Saadawy, Mohammed M. Nassif, Sahar A. Abou El Magd and Amany S. Ahmed. Some Occupational Health Problems among Poultry Farm Workers in Sharkia Governorate: An Epidemiological Study. J Am Sci 2011; 7(11): 37-43]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 6

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.06

Key words: Poultry farm workers – dust concentration- respiratory – gastrointestinal – ocular – dermatological.

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Development of Clinical Teaching Skills Standards

Magda Atiya Gaber

Department of Nursing Administration, Faculty of Nursing. Zagazig University, Egypt

ibh_hegazy@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background: Education is a major mission at every teaching hospital. Clinical nursing education went from apprentice training in the early 20 century to educational accountability. Clinical nursing educators have full responsibility for clinical teaching. Students and teachers must develop a close working relationship. Thus, faculty has tremendous influence over students' feelings of success or failure in the clinical setting. Aim: To develop clinical teaching skills standards. Method: This study is a methodological study. The study subjects consisted of three groups: clinical instructors (55), faculty students (243) and jury (15). The study was conducted at faculty of nursing, Zagazig University. Three tools were used for collecting data (the clinical teaching skills assessment questionnaire format and two experts' opinionnaires format). Results: There were statistically significant differences among different years. There was no significant difference between male and female regarding all categories of clinical teaching skills and total scores. There were statistically significant differences between students and clinical instructors. Conclusion: The clinical teaching skills instrument is reliable and valid, as well as usable. The clinical teaching skills standards was developed and validated.

[Magda Atiya Gaber. Development of Clinical Teaching Skills Standards. J Am Sci 2011;7(11): 49-71]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 8

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.08

Key words: clinical teaching, skills, instructors, development, standards

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Effect of Copper Bearing Egyptian Bentonite on the Growth Performance and Intestinal Microflora of Rabbits

Shehata¹, S.A. and Abd El-Shafi², S.

¹Animal Prod. Dept., Fac. of Agric., Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt

² Botany Dept., Fac. of Sci., Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt

^{*sashehata@zu.edu.eg}

Abstract: This work was carried out to evaluate the effect of copper bearing Egyptian bentonite (Cu-BNT) on the growth of E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (in vitro). Also, the effect of Cu-BNT on growing rabbit performance and intestinal microflora (in vivo). Sixty weanling New Zealand White (NZW) male rabbits with average body weight of 625 ± 20g were randomly assigned to 5 groups (12 rabbits in each). The 1^st group was fed basal diet as control, the 2^nd – 5^th test groups were fed basal diet supplemented with 0.003% Cu, 0.15% bentonite (BNT), 0.003% Cu + 0.15% BNT and 0.15% Cu-BNT (the copper concentration in Cu-BNT compound was 2%, the copper in Cu-BNT diet was 2 x 0.15/100 = 0.003%), respectively for 7 weeks. Obtained results revealed that all additives inhibit significantly the growth of pathogenic bacteria (E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and the best results were obtained with addition of Cu-BNT and Cu + BNT. In addition, Cu-BNT supplementation increased significantly daily body weight gain, feed conversion, digestability of nutrients & nutritive values and economical efficiency. Also, the intestinal pathogenic bacteria (E. coli) decreased significantly and the beneficial bacteria spore former and lactic acid bacteria increased significantly by Cu-BNT addition compared with control. The other additives (Cu, BNT, BNT+Cu) insignificantly improved rabbit performance. In conclusion, indicated that Cu-BNT can be used as practicale, safe and cheap feed additive for improving rabbit performance, microflora of intestine and economical efficiency.

[Shehata, S.A. and Abd El-Shafi, S. Effect of Copper Bearing Egyptian Bentonite on the Growth Performance and Intestinal Microflora of Rabbits. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):72-78].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 9

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.09

Keywords: Rabbit, copper, bentonite, performance, pathogenic bacteria.

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Risk Factors, Impacts and Anthropomtric Profile of Low Growth Status; Weight- and Height-for-Age among Preparatory School Children in Cairo, Egypt

Essam A. El-Moselhy¹, Yehia A. Barka¹, Eman S. Abd- Allah², Samah El-Awady³ and Ali Mansour¹

Department of ¹Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Egypt

Departments of ²Community Health Nursing and ³Pediatric Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Zagazig University, Egypt

*dr_elmoselhy @ hotmail.com

Abstract: Introduction: Low growth status in children is an important public health problem. Risk factors include low socioeconomic level, under nutrition and some chronic diseases. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to define the prevalence of low growth status in students, to study its risk factors, to define anthropometric profile of the low growth students and to determine the impacts of low growth on the school students in Cairo, Egypt. Research setting: The study was conducted in two public and two private preparatory schools in Al-Marg, Cairo. Subjects and methods: A cross-section, analytical study design was chosen to perform this research on 1523 students. The students were subjected to specific anthropometric measurements and examined clinically. The low growth students' parents and the controls' parents were interviewed. Results: The study showed that 34.1% of the students were low growth and 73.6% of them were found in public schools. All the anthropometric measurements were statistically significant lower among boys and girls in the studied group compared to controls. Also, the measurements were statistically significant lower among boys and girls belonging to consanguineous parents in low growth group compared to those belonging to non consanguineous parents in normal growth group. In addition, the measurements were statistically significant lower among boys compared to girls in the low growth status group. The most important significant risk factors for low growth status were; the student had >1 sibling with low growth status (OR=11.6), incubator admission more than 7 days (OR=8.3), low stature parent(s) (OR=3.7), bad environmental sanitation (OR=3.5), student had congenital heart diseases (OR=3.0) and had low birth weight (OR=2.7). Parental low stature, low socioeconomic level and siblings with low growth status were the most important risk factors as weighted by partial F-test (F=2.7, 2.4 and 2.2; respectively). Lastly, 39.7% of the students with low growth had school absenteeism 3-5 days/month (P=0.00) and 24.3% of them had results <50.0% at the first term exam (P=0.00). Conclusions and recommendations: Low growth status is prevalent among school students' especially in public schools in Cairo. Also, most of low growth status risk factors can be manipulated, so this health problem and its negative impacts can be prevented. Health education, good antenatal care, health promotion, improving environmental sanitation, and regular health screening and treatment of children at all occasions are an important essentiality.

[Essam A. El-Moselhy, Yehia A. Barka, Ali Mansour, Eman S. Abd- Allah and Samah El-Awady. Risk Factors, Impacts and Anthropomtric Profile of Low Growth Status; Weight- and Height-for-Age among Preparatory School Children in Cairo, Egypt. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):79-94]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 10

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.10

Keywords: Low growth children, Risk factors, Anthropomtric profile, Impacts

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Association of Insulin Resistance, Diabetes Duration and Diabetes Treatment with Risk For Hepatocellular Carcinoma

^1*Hosam El-Din M. El-Ezawy, ²Mahmoud H. Hemida, ²Magdy El-Shiegh, and ³Eman Abd El-Razik

¹Clinical Biochemistry Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufiya University, Egypt

²Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Egypt

³Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufiya University, Egypt

^*hosamezawy@yahoo.com

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus has been put forward as a potential risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by some studies; however, no consensus has been reached about the true role of diabetes mellitus (DM) in HCC. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the role of insulin resistance (IR), diabetes mellitus and serum adiponectin level in the risk of HCC. Subjects and methods: A total of 288 subjects selected from Menoufiya and Al Azhar University's Hospital were divided into three groups. First group: 111 newly diagnosed patients with HCC. Second group: 97 patients with liver cirrhosis (LC). Third group: 80 apparently healthy subjects as a control group. All individuals included in this study were subjected to full history taking and clinical examination. Serum insulin, HBs Ag, Anti-HCV, insulin resistance (IR) assessed by homeostatic model (HOMA–IR) and serum adiponectin. Results: This study showed that there were 80 patients (73.1%) had type-2 DM in HCC group. While only 36 patients (37.1%) in LC group had type-2 DM compared to 23 (28.8%) subjects in control group. Also this study found a higher statistical significance increase of serum adiponectin level in HCC group than LC and control groups. In conclusion, the present study provides further evidence that insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus increase the risk of HCC. Also, serum adiponectin level seems to play a role in the development HCC.

[Hosam El-Din M. El-Ezawy, Mahmoud H. Hemida, Magdy El-Shiegh, and Eman Abd El-Razik. Association of Insulin Resistance, Diabetes Duration and Diabetes Treatment with Risk For Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Am Sci 2011;7(11): 95-101]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 11

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.11

Key words: Diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, adiponectin, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma.

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Anti-tax avoidance measures in OPEC-member countries

Tavakol Shaa'bani

Azerbaijan National Academy of Science. Sobhan.helia@yahoo.com

Abstract: The countries which are members of Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) have a long history of oil-dependent economies. In recent years, the try to shift these old economic versions to the non-oil economies particularly more pronounced dependence to the tax revenues are arising in OPEC countries. The tax avoidance schemes and other component of tax gap can diminish the country's tax revenues. Consequently, many developed countries have prescribed several anti-avoidance measures to combat the different types of domestic and international tax avoidances. In this paper, the main anti-avoidance measures adopted by the OPEC members are reviewed. The findings of this review demonstrate that these measures are at infancy in OPEC countries. Although different types of anti-avoidance measures have been introduced in some of the OPEC members, but it seems that emerging efforts should be started to improve such measures in these countries.

[Tavakol Shaa'bani. Anti-tax avoidance measures in OPEC-member countries. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):102-115]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 12

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.12

Keywords: OPEC, Tax, Avoidance, Anti-avoidance

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The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Transformational Leadership for Managers of the Iranian Ministry of Agriculture

Zeynabsadat Fazeli ¹, Yosef Farhangdoost ², Seyyed Amirhossein Fazeli ³

^1. University of Applied Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran

^2. Azerbaijan National Academy of Science

^3. Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran

shamim.fazeli@gmail.com

Abstract: The aim of this paper is considering the relationship between emotional intelligence (and E.I.) and transformational leadership for managers of the Iranian Ministry of Agriculture. The present study examines this interrelation. In this paper 47 managers were randomly selected as samples. The Cyber Sing’s Emotional Intelligence and Multi-factorial questionnaires were used. Results showed that there is a significant correlation between emotional intelligence and the transformational leadership style (r = 0.61). The results from the Multiple Regression analysis suggest that, within the leadership style, the sub-scales of personal considerations (β = 0.531, p < 0.01) constitute the strongest predictor variable. Meantime, among the emotional intelligence sub-scales, empathy (p < 0.01, β = 0.524,) had the greatest impact on the physical education administrators’ emotional intelligence.

[Zeynabsadat Fazeli, Yosef Farhangdoost, Seyyed Amirhossein Fazeli. The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Transformational Leadership for Managers of the Iranian Ministry of Agriculture. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):116-121]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 13

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.13

Keywords: change-oriented leadership, emotional intelligence, and Agriculture Managers

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Comparative Study of the Three Methods Include of Drug Therapy, Instruction Therapy and Islamic Medicine in Decreasing Blood Lipids

Akram Hafezi

PhD student of Educational science, Iran Ministry of Education, Tehran, Iran

Sobhan.helia@yahoo.com

Abstract: The aim of this paper is comparing the Three Methods include of Drug Therapy, Instruction Therapy and Islamic Medicine in Decreasing Blood Lipids. The community of research is all of the people who go the research center of Iran Hejamat association and all of the people who are suffered from hyperlipidemia and go to specialized clinic of Jamaran heart hospital at three months. Results indicate that the method instruction therapy doesn’t have any side effects or adverse effects and in order to encourage and accept patients is more useful. Therefore educating proper patterns for nutrition and exercising are much easier and more acceptable and as face as economical thrift.

[Akram Hafezi. Comparative Study of the Three Methods Include of Drug Therapy, Instruction Therapy and Islamic Medicine in Decreasing Blood Lipids. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):122-127]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 14

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.14

Keywords: Comparative Study, Drug Therapy, Instruction Therapy, Islamic Medicine, Blood Lipids

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Suicide in Tehran: A Cross Section Study in 2007-2008

Yosef Farhangdoost

Azerbaijan National Academy of Science. sobhan.helia@yahoo.com

Abstract: Suicide refers to the death of a person that is primarily achieved by self-harm. Nowadays, suicide is considered as one of major public health issues This study is a descriptive and analytical study that aims to identify the suicide rate, the risk factors in suicide, and the methods of suicide in Iran. This study used a survey method (questionnaires and interviews) to identify the risk factors associated to suicide. Chi-square test and SPSS software were used to measure the reliability and internal consistency of research. The finding shows that there is a significant relationship between suicide and demographic variables include age, sex, educational level, adherence to religion, and occupation. This research also shows psychological factors include depression, addiction, lack of social activities, and mental disorders caused by chronic disease, are leading risk factors for suicide.

[Yosef Farhangdoost. Suicide in Tehran: A Cross Section Study in 2007-2008. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):128-133]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 15

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.15

Keywords: Suicide, etiology, sociological and psychological factors, demographic, attempted suicide

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Structure, Electrical and Dielectric Properties of Strontium Europium Ferrimanganites

Asmaa. A. Hendi ^1*, I. A. Abdel-Latif ² and S.A. Saleh³

¹ Physics Department, Sciences Faculty, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

² Physics Department, Faculty of Science & Arts, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia^.

³ Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt.

^*dr.asmahendi@hotmail.com

Abstract: The present work is devoted to the microstructure, electrical properties and Raman scattering study of Eu_0.65Sr_0.35Fe_xMn_1-xO₃ where (x= 0.1 and 0.5). These compounds were prepared from pure oxides using standard solid state reaction. The final sintering temperature was 1350°C for 72 h. The synthesized semiconductor composites were studied in details in terms of their morphological and structural properties. It crystallizes with orthorhombic system of space group P_bnm. XRD test showed that Eu_0.65Sr_0.35Fe_xMn_1-xO₃ where (x= 0.1 and 0.5) that this composite is stable with time. The energy dispersive spectroscopy EDS reveals that the synthesized composites are in proper stiochiometry of the proposed structure. The increase in the grain size with the increase of iron concentration is observed. The DC resistivity dependence on temperature measurements for Eu_0.65Sr_0.35Fe_xMn_1-xO₃ show that these compounds have semiconductor behavior with activation energy 0.152 eV for Sample of x=0.1 increase to the value 0.535 eV for the sample x=0.5. The difference in ac resistance between iron concentration; x=0.1 and x=0.5 is very big at low frequency and is very small at high frequency. In the frequency range from 75kHz up to 3MHz dielectric of Eu_0.65Sr_0.35Fe_xMn_1-xO₃ shows decrease in the dielectric constant with increasing of frequency of the x=0.1 sample and at frequency 150kHz change in behavior occurred where slight increase in dielectric with increase in frequency. The same behavior observed for the sample x=0.5 but the change point appears at frequency 250kHz.

[Asmaa. A. Hendi, I. A. Abdel-Latif and S.A. Saleh. Structure, Electrical and Dielectric Properties of Strontium Europium Ferrimanganites. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):134-140]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 16

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.16

Key words: Electrical- Europium-Maganites-Microstructure.

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Intrapreneurship in Learning Organizations: Moderating Role of Organizational Factors

Farhad Alipour¹; Khairuddin Idris²; Roohangiz Karimi³

^{1, 2, 3} Department of Professional and Continuing Education, University Putra Malaysia

¹alipoor_f@yahoo.com; ²kidin@putra.upm.edu.my; ³roohangizkarimi@yahoo.com

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to investigate moderating effect of organizational factors in the relationship between learning organization and intrapreneurship. In line of this objective it theoretically explores the nature of intrapreneurship dimensions, the nature of learning organization dimensions, how learning organization can be linked to intrapreneurship, and how organizational factors influence the relationship between learning organization and intrapreneurship. This study would help researchers, practitioners and managers to have a better understanding on the relationship between learning organization and intrapreneurship and the role of organizational factors.

[Farhad Alipour; Khairuddin Idris; Roohangiz Karimi. Intrapreneurship in Learning Organizations: Moderating Role of Organizational Factors. J Am Sci2011;7(11):141-150]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 17

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.17

Key words: intrapreneurship, learning organization, organizational factors, corporate entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship

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EDTA Assisted Accumulation of the Metals: Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn in Goose Grass (Eleusine indica L. Gearth) Root and Shoot Parts from Contaminated Soil.

¹Garba*, S. T., ¹Santuraki, A. H. and ²Barminas, J. T.

1 Department of Chemistry, P. M. B. 1069. University of Maiduguri, Borno State. Nigeria.

2 Department of Chemistry, P. M. B. 2076. Federal University of Technology Yola (FUTY),

Adamawa State, Nigeria. stelagarba@yahoo.com

Abstract: The growth of high biomass crops facilitated by optimal addition of EDTA as an enhancement has been considered as an alternative to improve phytoremediation of soils contaminated by heavy metals. In this study, the natural and EDTA assisted ability of the Goose grass (Eleusine indica L. Gearth) to absorb, accumulate and translocate the metals: Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn were evaluated. Laboratory pot experiments were conducted. One kilogram soils (from the sampling site) of known chemical composition, treated with uniform rate of EDTA (2.7 mmol/kg soil) were placed into each of the pots. Viable seeds of the grass were seeded into the pots and nurtured for a period of 12-16 weeks. The natural heavy metal content of the soil, root and the shoot of the grass was determined using ICP-AOS. The results obtained show that, Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn has; 164.2, 4.3, 176.4, 24.7, 809 and 27.1 in the root respectively, the soil has; 104.5, 5.1, 51.7, 14.4, 180.0 and 12.5 respectively while the shoot has; 654.4, 36.9, 60.7, 46.5, 111.5 and 2.9 for Zn, Se, Pb, Ni, Cu and Cd respectively. At the end of the experiment, the root and shoot of the grass was treated and analyzed for the metals. The result indicates high levels of Zn, Ni, Cu, Cd and Pb in the order; Zn>Ni>Cu>Cd>Pb: 3550.5, 405.0, 316.8, 112.3 and 96 μg/g respectively was observed in the root. This result is in agreement with the enrichment coefficient (EC) observed: 4.22, 3.64 and 1.07 for Pb, Zn and Cu respectively. This suggests that the grass plant Eleusine indica can absorb and accumulate the elements; Cu, Zn, Ni and Cd in the root and efficiently translocate Pb to the shoot. The retaining of metals in the root is called phytostabilization and phytoextraction of Pb.

[Garba, S. T., Santuraki, A. H., Barminas, J. T. EDTA Assisted Accumulation of the Metals: Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn in Goose Grass (Eleusine indica L. Gearth) Root and Shoot Parts from Contaminated Soil. J Am Sci2011;7(11):151-159]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 18

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.18

Key words: Phytoextraction, Eleusine indica, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), Copper, Cadmium, Zink and pollution.

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Comparative Study of the Potential Therapeutic Roles of Urocortin-1 and Selective Endothein Type A Receptor Blockade in Preeclamptic Pregnant Rats (Physiopathological Study)

Hayam I. Gad¹ and Manar E. Selim²

¹Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University

²Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University

Manar.selim@hotmail.com

Abstract: Administration of urocortin-1 or the selective endothelin type A receptor (ETA) receptor antagonist (ABT-627) might have potential therapeutic effects against preeclampsia. So, this investigation aimed to evaluate and compare the possibility of the use of either urocortin-1 or ETA blockade as a new target of therapeutic approach to preeclampsia. The current study was carried out on 125 female Wistar rats divided into five equal groups. Group I: included virgin non-pregnant rats. Group II: included pregnant rats that were received saline solution (0.5 ml/100 g body weight) from day 7 to day 20 of gestation. Group III: included pregnant rats that were treated with L-NAME dissolved in sterile saline solution in a dose of 10 mg/0.5 ml/100 g body weight subcutaneously and daily starting from the same day of gestation and for the same duration as mentioned for group II. Group IV included pregnant rats that were treated by both L-NAME (the same dose and for the same duration as mentioned for group III) and urocortin-1, in a dose of 5 µg/kg body weight/ day subcutaneously starting from day 14 to day 20 of gestation. Group V included pregnant rats that were treated by both L-NAME (the same dose and for the same duration as mentioned for group III) and ABT-627, 5 mg/kg / day subcutaneously starting from day 14 to day 20 of gestation. Physiological and statistical studies were done. Obtained results revealed that mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was significantly increased in L-NAME treated pregnant rats, urocortin treated and ABT-627 treated rats on day 13 as compared to controls, normal pregnant rats urocortin and ABT-627 treated rats on day 20, but significant decrease in urine volume was detected in L-NAME treated pregnant rats and urocortin, ABT-627 treated rats on day 13 as compared to controls, none treated pregnant rats. Urocortin treatment caused significant increase in urine volume on day 20 as compared to all other groups. A significant increase in plasma ET-1 was detected in L-NAME treated pregnant rats (on days 13 and 20), Urocortin and ABT-627 treatment caused significant decrease plasma ET-1 on day 20 as compared to L-NAME treated rats on (days 13 and 20) and urocortin treated rats on day 13. Urocortin treatment significantly increased creatinine clearance on day 20 as compared to L-NAME treated pregnant rats (on days 13 and 20), urocortin treated rats (on day 13), and ABT-627 treated rats (on day 13 and 20). Moreover, the pup weigh was increase significantly in urocortin treated rats as compared to L-NAME- treated and ABT-627 treated rats. Conclusion: Preeclampsia could lead to acute kidney injury with physiological alterations in many parameters, meanwhile, urocortin-1 showed ameliorative effect than ET-1 treated rats on all of these parameters. Further research will be needed to study and compare between urocortin -1 and ABT-627 with more pathophysiological parameters.

[Hayam I. Gad and Manar E. Selim. Comparative Study of the Potential Therapeutic Roles of Urocortin-1 and Selective Endothein Type A Receptor Blockade in Preeclamptic Pregnant Rats (I- Physiopathological Study). J Am Sci 2011; 7(11):160-170]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 19

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.19

Keywords: Preeclampsia, Urocortin-1, ABT-627, Placenta, NO.

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Information Hiding by Inverting the LSB bits of DCT Coefficients of JPEG images

Hamdy A. Morsy^*, Zaki B. Nossair, Alaa M. Hamdy, Fathy Z. Amer

Telecommunication Department, Faculty of Engineering at Helwan, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt

*hmorsy@helwan.edu.eg

Abstract: Embedding messages bits in a cover-object affects the first order statistical properties of the cover-object. In this paper a new technique is introduced to hide information bits in the redundant bits of JPEG images with preserving the statistical properties. This technique proved to defeat the visual and statistical attacks and offer higher capacity than existing steganographic systems.

[Hamdy A. Morsy, Zaki B. Nossair, Alaa M. Hamdy, Fathy Z. Amer. Information Hiding by Inverting the LSB bits of DCT Coefficients of JPEG images. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):171-177]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 20

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.20

Keywords: JPEG hiding, steganography, steganalysis, information hiding

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The Choice between Mandibular Advancement Devices and Bite Openers for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients

Maged M. El Sayed; Essam Adel Aziz^* and Iman abd El-Wahab

Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University

^*dressamaziz@msn.com

Abstract: Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effect of changing either the amount of mandibular protrusion or the vertical jaw separation on apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) and snoring index (SI) In patients suffering from obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Material and methods: Twenty fully dentulous patients suffering from obstructive sleep apnea were randomly divided into two equal groups; group I: In which patients were treated by screw-type adjustable two-piece mandibular advancement devices (MADs) that were initially adjusted at 50% (1^st stage), then readjusted at 75% (2^nd stage) of the maximum protrusion, and group II: in which patients were treated by two ready-made bite openers (BOs); the first provides 7 mm (1^st stage), while the second 11mm (2^nd stage) vertical jaw separation. Polysomnography (PSG) was used to evaluate AHI and SI and to compare between both groups and between the stages within each group. Data were collected to calculate the mean values for all stages and the mean differences between both stages in each group. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA test to detect significant differences between both groups. On the other hand, Pearson’s correlation test was used to compare between the stages within each group. Results: Regarding the AHI mean differences the comparison among different stages of group I and II revealed a statistically significant difference among all stages except stage I of group I and stage II of group II, while regarding SI mean differences, no statistically significant difference was found among them except stage II of group I and stage I of group II. Within each group, a statistically significant difference was found between the base line and both stages regarding AHI and SI. On the other hand, the comparison between the stages revealed a statistically significant difference regarding the SI mean differences only. Conclusion: MADs are capable of achieving better results than BOs regarding AHI, while both appliances can achieve comparably equal results regarding SI. Clinical implication: For patients complaining of OSA, it is recommended to use MADs adjusted at 50% advancement rather than 75% to minimize the possible side effects and the possible extra annoyance that may happen. On the other hand, for snorers, it is advisable to use BOs rather than MADs as they are simpler, more tolerable and cheaper.

[Maged M. El Sayed; Essam Adel Aziz and Iman abd El-Wahab. The Choice between Mandibular Advancement Devices and Bite Openers for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):178-185]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 21

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.21

Keywords: Mandibular advancement devices (MADs), Bite openers (BOs), Polysomnography (PSG), Apnea\hypopnea index (AHI), Snoring index (SI), Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

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Prescriptions' Pattern and Errors in Family Practice (A Retrospective Study of Prescription Records)

Mohammad Al-kot^*1, Hala Shaheen¹ and Hanan Hathout²

Departments of ¹Family Medicine and ²Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Minufiya University, Egypt. ^*mohammed_Elkott@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Irrational use of drugs is a major health problem of medical practice resulting in ineffective treatment, unnecessary drug prescription, development of resistance to antibiotics, adverse effects and economic burden on patients and society Objectives: The main objective of the study was rationalization of drug prescriptions and specific objectives were: to assess family physicians' prescribing pattern, to evaluate its compatibility with mentioned diagnosis and to estimate the prevalence and types of prescription errors. Materials and methods: A retrospective study for all prescription sheets in family health unit of Kafr Tanbedy from July 2010 to July 2011 was conducted. All prescription sheets were evaluated for the presence and fulfillment of: Personal data, clear diagnosis, prescription details, following WHO drug use indicators, compatibility of prescribed drugs with the diagnosis regarding the national practice guidelines for family physicians, and prevalence and types of prescription errors. Results: The average number of drugs prescribed per encounter was 2.4±0.7 (range 1-3). Out of all prescribed drugs 94.7% were available by the national essential drug list (EDL) and most of drugs (89.6%) were prescribed by its generic names. The doses of medications were missed only in 1% of prescriptions while duration of treatment was missed in 69.1%. Regarding national practice guidelines for family physicians, 34.9% of prescriptions were compatible with the diagnosis. Prescription errors were detected in 21.3%. of prescriptions, where type A,B,C and D were detected in 0.5%, 4.4%, 7.1% and 9.3% of studied prescriptions respectively. Conclusion and recommendations: Although adherence of family physicians to the national EDL was generally accepted, there is a need to improve their prescribing pattern. The study emphasizes the need for incorporation of the rational drug prescription as an integral part in the national practice guidelines for family physicians and in medical education at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels.

[Mohammad Al-kot, Hala Shaheen and Hanan Hathout. Prescription Pattern and Errors in Family Practice: a Retrospective Study of Prescription Sheets. J Am Sci 2011;7(11): 186-190]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 22

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.22

Key words: Rational drug use, essential drug list, prescription errors, WHO drug use indicators.

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Adiponectin Gene Polymorphism and the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Obese Patients in Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia

*Amal MH Mackawy ¹, Mohammed Abd-Alrahman Alzohairy², Entisar Abd –Alfarag Ahmed³, Mohammed EH Badawy ⁴

1-Lecturer of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University and Assistant Professor of Medical Biochemistry, Medical Laboratory department Qassim University

2- Assistant Professor of Microbiology and the Head of Medical Laboratory department, Qassim University.

3- Assistant Professor of Clinical Chemistry and the organizer of Medical Laboratory department, Qassim University.

4- Assistant Professor of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University and Consultant of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Specialist Hospital, Qassim KSA.

Abstract: Obesity posses a global health care problem and is considered a major risk factor in the development of type 2 diabetes (type2DM). In the Gulf States, diabetes is reported to be an epidemic with a high prevalence in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The roles of adipose tissue and obesity are of paramount significance via secretion of adiponectin hormone, the protein product of the APM1 gene. Adiponectin has been claimed to be associated with obesity and insulin resistance. However, contrasting results have been emerged on the genetic variability in APM1 and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome and adiponectin plasma levels. Objectives: Our aim is to determine the frequency of 276G→T of the adiponectin gene and plasma adiponectin levels in obese patients with and without type 2 DM to identify the effects of this polymorphism on insulin sensitivity, type 2 DM and obesity in Saudi Society mainly in Qassim region. Subjects:120 volunteers were included and divided into: Group I:40 healthy volunteers. GroupII: 40 obese patients not suffered from type 2 DM. Group III: 40 obese patients suffering from type 2 DM. Methods: Fasting blood samples were collected for routine and research investigations. ELISA technique was used to estimate plasma adiponectin levels, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were used to examine the adiponectin gene SNP276 G>T polymorphism. Results: There was a significant association of the T allele frequency in group II and group III patients when compared to controls (X²=12.86, P = 0.000), (X² =36.95, P= 0.000) respectively with more significant increase in group III when compared to group II (X² =8.052, P=0.005). The Fasting blood glucose (FBG), plasma insulin levels and HOMA index were significantly higher in patients carrying the TT than in GG carriers of each group II and III (P< 0.05). In group III patients, carriers of TT genotypes having a significant decrease in plasma adiponectin levels than GG carriers (P<0.05). Conclusion: Obese and diabetic patients had lower plasma adiponectin levels than healthy controls. It was the T allele and TT genotypes of 276G>T SNP that was associated with lower plasma adiponectin, higher risk of obesity, Insulin resistance and higher parameters of metabolic syndrome and type 2 DM.

[Amal MH Mackawy, Mohammed Abd-Alrahman Alzohairy, Entisar Abd –Alfarag Ahmed, Mohammed EH Badawy. Adiponectin Gene Polymorphism and the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Obese Patients in Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia. J Am Sci 2011; 7(11):191-203].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 23

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.23

Key Words: Adiponectin SNP276, metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes mellitus.

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Diagnostic Techniques For Bovine Tuberculosis: An Update

*Ayi Vandi Kwaghe, Yaqub Ahmed Geidam, Godwin Onyeamaechi Egwu

Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, P. M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Borno state, Nigeria. hyelni_vandi@yahoo.com

Abstract: Bovine tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis is a highly infectious zoonotic disease. When transmitted to humans the disease symptoms cannot be distinguished from infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis the agent of TB in humans. Transmission of the disease to humans is through direct contact with diseased animals and consumption of unpasteurized milk and milk products. The diagnostic techniques for the detection of bovine tuberculosis includes delayed hypersensitivity tests, microscopic examination using Ziehl–Neelsen stain, culture, gamma-interferon assay, lymphocyte proliferation assay, immunoassay of mycobacterial antigens, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and phage typing. Others include polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), amplification-based methods which provides more rapid typing techniques most of which depend on PCR-based amplification of M. tuberculosis sequences including IS6110-based, 16S-and 23S rRNA-based, DR region-based methods and Spoligotyping. Minisatellite-based methods contain variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTRs) have been demonstrated to be effective and portable methods for typing M. tuberculosis. Despite the wide range of techniques which could be used in the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis, the availability and cost of some of these techniques still posses challenges in the field of diagnosis hence the need for a cheaper and more reliable technique in the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis.

[Ayi Vandi Kwaghe, Yaqub Ahmed Geidam, Godwin Onyeamaechi Egwu. Diagnostic Techniques For Bovine Tuberculosis: An Update. J Am Sci 2011; 7(11):204-215]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 24

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.24

Key words: Diagnosis, bovine tuberculosis, method, Mycobacterium bovis

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A cost allocation model for optimizing the inventory of a supply chain with controllable lead time

Rashed Sahraeian¹, Mehdi Koosha²

^1,2Department of Industrial Engineering, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran

sahraeian@shahed.ac.ir

Abstract: In most Supply chain management researches, lead time is considered as a predetermined and fixed parameter. In recent years, some researchers are motivated to consider controllable lead time as a decision variable but they have only considered single product and two-echelon supply chains. This paper proposes a cost allocation model considering the elements of a three echelon supply chain consists of a retailer, a manufacturer and a distributor with multiple products and controllable lead time. After presenting a case with independent decision making and ordering policy by each member, a model will be proposed in which all of the elements of the supply chain are cooperating with each other and have a unique ordering policy. The proposed model will determine the optimal order quantity in the mentioned situation. Finally, we will examine the proportion of the crashing lead time related costs that each part of the chain should pay in order to make the group decision making beneficiary for all of the chain members.

[Rashed Sahraeian, Mehdi Koosha. A cost allocation model for optimizing the inventory of a supply chain with controllable lead time. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):216-222]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 25

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.25

Keywords: Supply chain management, Inventory control, Lead time, Optimization, Game theory

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Macular Thickness Measurement in Diabetic Patients without Diabetic Retinopathy Using Optical Coherence Tomography

Sherif H. Emerah^*, Hany M. Labib, Mohamed Y. Farag and Hesham F. Kamel

Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of Ophthalmology, Egypt

^*sherifemera@yahoo.com

Abstract: Purpose: to evaluate retinal thickness (RT) measurements with optical coherence tomography (OCT) in diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy (DR) as documented clinically and by fluorescein angiography (FA). Materials and Methods: 36 diabetic patients with no DR underwent full ophthalmic examination, FA and OCT. Macular thickness was measured by OCT and correlated to the gender and age of the patients. Results: 58.3% (21/36) of our studied patients have changes in the central fovea and fovea either in the form of thickening or thinning. Significant thinning was found in 33.3% of the fovea of studied patients (12/36). Significant thickening was encountered in the central fovea in 25% of the studied eyes (9/36). Central foveal and foveal values are greater in men than in women. Central foveal and foveal values are greater in patients > 55years compared with younger patients. Conclusion: The OCT is a reproducible diagnostic technique that can detect macular changes in diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy changes as documented clinically and by FFA.

[Sherif H. Emerah, Hany M. Labib, Mohamed Y. Farag and Hesham F. Kamel. Macular Thickness Measurement in Diabetic Patients without Diabetic Retinopathy Using Optical Coherence Tomography. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):223-227]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 26

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.26

Keywords: Diabetic macular oedema, Macular thickness, OCT.

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Comparative Study between Two Perineal Management Techniques Used to Reduce Perineal Trauma during 2^nd Stage of Labor

¹Mohamed Lotfy Mohamed, ²Sabah Lotfy Mohamed and ³Amina S. Gonied

¹Department of Obstetric and Gynecological Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt

²Department of Obstetric and Gynecological Nursing, Beni suif, University, Egypt

³Department of Obstetric and Gynecological Nursing, Zagazig University, Egypt

sabahlotfy78@yahoo.com

Abstract: Perineal trauma or genital tract injury occurs in more than 65% of all vaginal birth and is generally the result of either spontaneous lacerations or episiotomy. The extent of perineal trauma is related to several factors such as parity, fetal birth weight, instrumental delivery, ethnicity and maternal body mass index. This study compares the two perineal management techniques used to reduce perineal trauma during the 2nd stage of labor also, to find out the various factors which increase prevalence of perineal trauma. This study randomized 200 healthy parturient women, 100 in each group in labor unit at Beni Suif and Zagazig University hospitals during the period from December 2010 to August 2011. The tools used for the study included a questionnaire sheet, maternal assessment sheet and newborn assessment sheet. The results show that the use of warm pack in the perineum during the expulsive period does reduce the occurrence of perineal laceration. These results support the use of perineal warm compresses techniques by trained birth attendants.

[Mohamed Lotfy Mohamed, Sabah Lotfy Mohamed and Amina S. Gonied. Comparative Study between Two Perineal Management Techniques Used to Reduce Perineal Trauma during 2^nd Stage of Labor. J Am Sci 2011;7(11): 228-232]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 27

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.27

Keywords: Childbirth; Perineal management; Genital tract trauma; Perineal trauma, Perineal massage, Second stage of labor

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The Effect of Capsular Size of C. neoformans on Pathogenicity and Pathological Changes in Experimentally Infected Mice

¹Kawkab A. Ahmed, ²Heidy Abo El Yazeed, ³Hosam Kotb, ⁴Mona Elshabrawy, ^4*Randa Alarousy and ²Mohamed Refai

¹Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

²Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

³Department of Reproductive Diseases, Animal Reproduction Research Institute

⁴Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt

*randaarousi@yahoo.com

Abstract: The present work was carried out to study the correlation of capsular size and pathogenicity of C. neoformans in experimentally infected mice. Various capsular sizes were induced by growing the standard strain of C. neoformans on media containing rosemary or thyme oil. Experimental infection of mice with the different phenotypes revealed that phenotype R with the large capsule caused signs of depression, loss of appetite and weight and the P. M. findings in this group of animals showed congested brain, haemorrhagic liver, congested lungs and spleenomegally. when the mice were injected with cinnamon extract 24 hours post infection with the R phenotype. All mice showed normal activity, normal P. M. findings and clean histopathological profile for internal organs.

[Kawkab A. Ahmed, Heidy Abo El Yazeed, Hosam Kotb, Mona Elshabrawy, Randa Alarousy and Mohamed Refai. The Effect of Capsular Size of C. neoformans on Pathogenicity and Pathological Changes in Experimentally Infected Mice. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):233-239]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 28

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.28

Key words: C. neoformans, Experimental infection, Pathological findings

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A simple and ecofriendly synthesis in water of fully functionalized pyridines via an efficient

one-pot three-component reaction

A. S. Shehata¹, Faida H. Ali Bamanie², M. A. Moustafa^2,3, M. M. Mashaly^*1 

¹Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, (New) Damietta, Mansoura University, Egypt.¹

² Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University,KSA

³Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.

mashaly54321@mans.edu.eg

Abstract: Fully functionalized pyridines 5a-h are synthesized in 90-95 % yields, in water, via one-pot three-component reaction of cyanoacetamide 1a, cyanoacetic acid hydrazide 1b, aldehydes 6a-d and active methylene nitriles 7a,b.

[A. S. Shehata, Faida H. Ali Bamanie, M. A. Moustafa, M. M. Mashaly. A simple and ecofriendly synthesis in water of fully functionalized pyridines via an efficient one-pot three-component reaction. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):240-242]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 29

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.29

Keywords: cyanoacetamide, cyanoacetic acid hydrazide, ylidenemalononitriles, active methylene nitriles, pyridines.

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Aspartate Aminotransferase and Alanine Aminotransferase in Vaginal Fluid for Detecting Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes

Ali Farid, A.; Noha Rabei,A.; Mohamed Taha and Ahmed Abdel Shafy

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

Tatto_cairo_egypt@yahoo.com

Abstract: Objectives: To determine if the level of vaginal fluid aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is of value in the diagnosis of preterm premature rupture of membrane (PPROM). Patients and methods: Ninety patients were included in this study: 45 patients with PPROM and 45 patients as controls. The gestational age ranged from 26 to 36 weeks. AST and ALT in vaginal fluid were measured in both groups. Results: The vaginal AST and ALT were highly significant(p <0.001) in cases when compared to the controls. At AST cutoff value of 1.25 IU/L the sensitivity was 97.8% and specificity was 62.2%, and negative predictive value was 96.55% so it can be used as a good predictive test for detection of PPROM. At ALT cutoff value of 0.5 iu/L the sensitivity was 86.7%, specificity 75.6%, positive predictive value 78% and negative predictive value 85%. Conclusion: Vaginal AST and ALT could be used as an excellent predictive test for detection of PPROM.

[Ali Farid, A.; Noha Rabei, A.; Mohamed Taha and Ahmed Abdel Shafy. AspartateAminotransferase and Alanine Aminotransferase in Vaginal Fluid for Detecting Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):243 -247]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 30

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.30

Keyword: Aspartate, Aminotransferase, Premature Rupture, Membranes.

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Influence of land surface topography on flood hydrograph

Mohsen Masoudian ¹, Stephan Theobald ²

^1. Assistant professor, Department of Water Engineering, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari, Iran

^2. Professor, Department of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Kassel University, Kassel, Germany

masoudian@sanru.ac.ir

Abstract: Topography is one element that affects natural floods. This article examines the general effect of topography changes on flood parameters, such as maximum flood discharge and time to peak. The Erpe catchment is a base catchment, and then several artificial catchments are created that are dissimilar only in topography. ArcView GIS software was used to create the artificial topography maps. Twenty-four artificial catchments were created by ArcView. Nine out of 24 have a land surface slope less than the existing condition and others (25) have a land surface slope steeper than existing conditions. So NASIM rainfall runoff model is used to calculate flood hydrograph for both real and artificial catchments. According to the results, the catchments are divided into four categories: low land, medium lands, steep and very steep lands, which will be described.

[Mohsen Masoudian, Stephan Theobald. Influence of land surface topography on flood hydrograph. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):248-256]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 31

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.31

Keywords: Flood hydrograph; Topography; NASIM model

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A comparative analysis of black - white and colored numerical concepts organization in the short-term memory of the brain system

Lotfali Massoumi Moghadam ¹, Masoud Ganji ², Fatema Seidalai ³, Masoomeh Dadkhah ³, Maryam Alipoor ³

^1. Department of Biology, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran

^2. Department of Statistics, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran

^3. Department of Animal Science, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran

lotfi.massoumi@gmail.com

Abstract: For the human to understand his nature, he receives some of its understandable information in the form of memory and remembers it. Information resides in neurons as molecular and ionic events and thus different types of memory are created. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of light waves of different frequencies on human short-term or long-term memory. The software programming for this study was based on previewing numbers in the brain hemispheres. The numbers that emerge in parts of a triple screen are sufficiently low contrast that the eye can put a spin on them so that the yellow spots do not have any number image, and the images resulting from the emergences are only previewable in one brain hemisphere; this is based on the temporal and nasal neural structure of the visual areas. Thus, the numbers only become possible pictures in both hemispheres when they appear in the central part of the triple screen. In series A the reaction time difference between the first and second groups was significant and equal to 17.09 milliseconds. In series B the reaction time difference between the first and second groups was also significant and equal to 8.1 milliseconds. This study has tried to compare colored and black-white memory formation in humans.

[Lotfali Massoumi Moghadam, Masoud Ganji, Sanam Gaffary, Masoomeh Dadkhah, Maryam Alipoor. A comparative analysis of black - white and colored numerical concepts organization in the short-term memory of the brain system. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):257-264]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 32

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.32

Keywords: Black – white short term memory; Memory formation; Reaction time

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Rotational Behavior at High Angular Momentum in Even-Even Nuclei in the Region of Nuclear Shells N=78-98

N. A. Mansour^* and N. M. Eldebawi

Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt

nassif_mansour@hotmail.com

Abstract: The yrast sequence in the even-even nuclei with N=78-98 has been extended to I_x>32 and at studying their properties are presented. At high rotational frequencies the +ve band has little spin alignment and have moments of inertia which remain constant as a function of frequency. Information obtained suggests the existence of a deformation close to the neutron shell N=82. In the band of ¹⁶⁰Yb displays a strong up bending at QUOTE   0.40MeV, where as in the ¹⁵⁸Er at QUOTE   ^{QUOTE  150}Tm, no alignment effect has been observed between QUOTE   QUOTE  -0.45 Mev. The second backbending in the yrast band of even-even nuclei near A QUOTE   158 (¹⁵⁸Er, ¹⁶⁰Yb) due to an h_11/2 proton. The second backbending in the yrast band in the same even-even nuclei alignment

[N. A. Mansour and N. M. Eldebawi. Rotational Behavior at High Angular Momentum in Even-Even Nuclei in the Region of Nuclear Shells N=78-98. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):265-268]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 33

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.33

Keywords: Moment of inertia - Nuclear shells-Shape transition – Alignment- Backbending. PACS No: 21.00, 21.10 f.

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Isolation and activity of a Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins which is Toxic to the Aedes eagypti

¹ Al-Zahrani, H. A. A, and ²Abuldahab, F. F

¹Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences for Girls, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

²Microbiology Departments, Agric. Research Center, Egypt

h_alzahrani@windowslive.com

Abstract: A Bacillus thuringiensis isolates has been discovered which is toxic to the dengue fever vector, Aedes eagypti as well as other Diptera and Lepidoptera. Crystal &- endotoxins purified from this isolates killed 50% of Aedes aegypti larvae at the concentration of 10.2 ug/ml, and β-exotoxin was not detected. Sodium dodecyl polyacrylamide get electrophoresis of the purified crystals revealed three protein species which were related to Cry IA(b),CryIB and CryIIA toxins on the basis of immunoreactivity and amino-terminal sequence determination. southern bolt and DNA restriction analysis suggested that the strain has sequences related to one cryIA(b), one cryIIA, and two cryIIB genes.

[Al-Zahrani, H. A. A, and Abuldahab, F. F. Isolation and activity of a Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins which is Toxic to the Aedes eagypti. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):269-273]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 34

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.34

Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis, Aedes aegypti, toxicity, DNA analysis, Bioassay, crystal, protein, insecticide.

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Anti-Fuzzy Sub-Implicative Ideals of BCI-Algebras

Samy M. Mostafa, Ragab A.K. Omar and Ahmed I. Marie

Department of Mathematic, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Roxy, Cairo, Egypt

 samymostafa@yahoo.com, ahmedibrahim500@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this paper, we introduce the notion of anti-fuzzy sub-implicative ideal of BCI-algebras, and study some of their properties. We show that a fuzzy subset of BCI-algebra is a fuzzy sub-implicative ideal if and only if the complement of this fuzzy subset is an anti-fuzzy sub-implicative ideal, and any anti- fuzzy ideal of implicative BCI-algebra is anti-fuzzy sub-implicative ideal. We investigate how to deal with the homomorphic image (pre-image) of anti-fuzzy sub-implicative ideal of BCI-algebra. Moreover, we introduce the notion of Cartesian product of anti-fuzzy sub-implicative ideals and then we study some related properties.

[Samy M. Mostafa, Ragab A.K. Omar and Ahmed I. Marie. Anti-Fuzzy Sub-Implicative Ideals of BCI-Algebras. J Am Sci 2011; 7(11):274-282]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 35

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.35

Keywords: ideal of BCI- algebras, anti -fuzzy sub-implicative ideal, homomorphic image (pre-image) of sub-implicative ideal, Cartesian product of anti- fuzzy sub-implicative ideal.

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Some Properties of Doubt Fuzzy Sub-Commutative Ideals of BCI-Algebras

Samy M. Mostafa, Ragab A.K. Omar and Ahmed I. Marie

Department of Mathematic, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Roxy, Cairo, Egypt

 samymostafa@yahoo.com; ahmedibrahim500@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this paper, we introduce the notion of doubt fuzzy sub-commutative ideal of BCI-algebras, and study some of their properties. We show that a fuzzy subset of BCI-algebra is a fuzzy sub - commutative ideal if and only if the complement of this fuzzy subset is a doubt fuzzy sub-commutative ideal, and any doubt fuzzy ideal of commutative BCI-algebra is doubt fuzzy sub-commutative ideal. We investigate how to deal with the homomorphic image (pre-image) of doubt fuzzy sub-commutative ideal of BCI-algebra. Moreover, we introduce the notion of Cartesian product of doubt fuzzy sub-commutative ideals and then we study some related properties.

 [Samy M. Mostafa, Ragab A.K. Omar and Ahmed I. Marie. Some Properties of Doubt Fuzzy Sub-Commutative Ideals of BCI-Algebras. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):283-291]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 36

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.36

Keywords: ideal of BCI-algebras - doubt fuzzy sub-commutative ideal - homomorphic image (pre-image) of sub-commutative ideal - Cartesian product of doubt fuzzy sub-commutative ideal.

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Induction of Recombinations in Saccharomyces Cervisiae via Horizontal Gene Transfer for Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Toxicity from Factory Effluents

Al-Zahrani.H.A. A ¹* and A. I. El-saied ²

¹Biology Department, faculty of science for Girls, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

²Microbiology Departments Soil, Water and Environmental Institute, Agric. Research Center, Giza, Egypt.

 ^*h_alzahrani@windowslive.com

Abstract: Bioremediation is an interesting alternative for restauring the ecological equilibrium in polluted environments, based on microbial population. This investigation aimed to apply microbial genetic techniques to induce recombinants Saccharomyces cervisiae [S. cerevisiae] to be used for increase the efficiency of removal heavy metals from factory effluents. Five S cerevisiae strains were used in this study. S cerevisiae strains were marking using 10 antibiotics and 7 heavy metals to be use as a selectable markes in conjugation process. The available markers obtained were used in 5 mating. All matings between S cerevisiae strains were successes. Two from S cerevisiae strains were mated and the hybrids were isolated to be use in uptake experiments. Most of yeast hybrids appeared higher levels for all heavy metals uptake than the parental strains. The hybrid strain no 2 resulted from mating between the parental yeast strains (Y-566 X Y-154) was appeared more efficient in copper uptake than all strains when YPD medium supplemented with wastewaters. On the other hand, when used wastewaters supplemented with 0.01% glucose as a carbon source the hybrid No. 3 appeared a good uptake of heavy metal ions than other S cerevisiae strains and the hybrids obtained. Whereas, the potential role of yeast hybrid No. 6 that resulted from mating between (Y-572 x Y-154) in uptake of copper ions is very high than other S cerevisiae strains. Modern ecological biotechnology attempts to solve the problems of pollution by screening for and molecularly breeding microbial strains that are capable of degrading recalcitrant. This enhancement the biosorption which shall resulting in a decrease of environmental loading, i.e., in lesser contamination of groundwater and also receiving surface waters. The results appeared that the biosorption capacities for all heavy metals determined in this study was higher for some metals than others.

[Al-Zahrani.H.A. A and A. I. El-saied. Induction of Recombinations in Saccharomyces Cervisiae via Horizontal Gene Transfer for Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Toxicity from Factory effluents. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):292-299]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 37

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.37

Keywords: Bioremediation, Conjugation, Factory effluents, Heavy metals, Saccharomyces Cervisiae.

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Study the Efficacy of Using Non Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation as a Prophylactic Modality against Post-Extubation Respiratory Failure in Patients with Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema

Hassan A. Othman¹, Tamer A. Helmy^*2 and Ayman Nasr²

¹Anaesthesia and Surgical Intensive Care Department, ²Critical Care Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Egypt. ^*tamer270103@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background: Post-extubation respiratory failure is a common event after discontinuation of mechanical ventilation. The incidence of reintubation is relatively high, being about 6- 23% among patients undergoing, mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours within 48-72 hours of endotracheal removal, so it is important to identify those patients at risk of post extubation respiratory failure. Aim of the Work: The present study aimed to assess the efficacy of early application of non invasive positive pressure ventilation in preventing post-extubation respiratory failure in patients with ACPE. Patients and Methods: The present study was done in Critical Care Medicine Department of Alexandria main University Hospital, it was carried out on 32 adult patients of both sexes who were presented with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema, required mechanical ventilation with endotracheal intubation for a certain time duration till resolution of pulmonary edema, correction of potentially life threatening acid-base and blood gases abnormalities, stabilization of hemodynamic parameters and improvement of level of consciousness. Informed consent was taken from every patient included in the study or from one of his/her relatives. Demographic data, full medical history, complete clinical examination, arterial blood gases measurements, laboratory investigations, chest radiography, central venous pressure measurement, and 12 lead electrocardiography were done on admission of the studied patients. In addition to measurements of some weaning parameters before extubation to ensure successful weaning trial. Patients then were randomized into two groups: Group A (control group): This group included 16 patients who were disconnected from the ventilator; breathed spontaneously through a T-tube circuit for at least 2 hours, and supplied with humidified O₂ ill arterial oxygen saturation equal to or above 90 % as measured by pulse oximetry was achieved. Group B (NIPPV group): This group included 16 patients who were disconnected from the ventilator; extubated, and immediately ventilated with non invasive positive pressure ventilation via oronasal mask. The pulse, respiratory rate, blood pressure, arterial blood gases, alveolar oxygen tension, shunt fraction, oxygen extraction ratio, and central venous pressure were measured for both groups every 4 hours for 48 hours with continuous electrocardiographic monitoring and the efficacy was recorded as the number of patients successfully weaned. Results: Weaning was considered successful if spontaneous breathing is sustained for more than 48 hrs after discontinuation of mechanical ventilation. There was statistically significant difference between the two studied groups as regards the mean pulse rate, mean respiratory rate, mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure through out the study. There was statistically significant difference between the two studied groups as regards the mean Pa0₂, mean alveolar oxygen tension, mean shunt fraction and mean central venous pressure throughout the study. There was no statistically significant difference between the two studied groups as regards the mean pH, mean PaCO₂, mean serum HCO₃, and mean oxygen extraction ratio throughout the study. There was no statistically significant difference between the two studied groups as regards the causes of weaning failure, weaning time, duration from extubation to reintubation, length of ICU stay, mortality rate, and incidence and types of complications throughout the study. There was statistically significant difference between the two studied groups as regards success of weaning as there were 15 patients successfully weaned in group B in comparison to 11 patients in group A. So, early application of noninvasive positive pressure mechanical ventilation in the present study was more efficient than the standard medical therapy to prevent post-extubation respiratory failure in the selected patients.

[Hassan A. Othman, Tamer A. Helmy and Ayman Nasr. Study the Efficacy of Using Non Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation as a Prophylactic Modality against Post-Extubation Respiratory Failure in Patients with Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):300-315]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 38

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.38

Keywords: Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema, Non Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation

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Reliability of TSEP as an Objective Method in Assessment of IAN Neurosensory Function

Sameh A. Seif *, Khaled A. Elhayes** and Ann A. AbdelKADER***

* Assistant Professor OMFS, College Of Dentistry, King Saud University, KSA., Lecturer OMFS, Faculty Of Oral & Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.

** Assistant Professor OMFS, Faculty Of Oral &Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.

*** Professor & Head Of Clinical Neurophysiology Department, Faculty Of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt

Abstract: Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the reliability of trigeminal somatosensory evoked potential (TSEP) as an objective method for assessment of the neurosensory function of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) following bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO). Patients and Methods: The subjects consisted of 12 patients (24 sides) with mandibular retrognathism and prognathism, who underwent mandibular bilateral sagittal split osteotomies using bicortical screws for fixation. Inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) hypoesthesia at the region of the lower lip was assessed bilaterally by the TSEP method. An electroencephalograph recording system (Schnauzer – Myos unit, clinical neurophysiology unit, faculty of medicine, Cairo, Egypt) was used to analyze the potentials. All patients were evaluated with three traditional subjective methods including (light touch LT, brush stroke discrimination BSD and 2 points discrimination 2P). Each patient was evaluated pre-operatively and then postoperatively at 2, 8 and 24 weeks. Results: Comparing pre-operative TSEPs records with 2, 8 and 24 weeks postoperatively showed that there was no statistically significant change in N, P peak latencies and N-P amplitude through all periods. Comparing the pre-operative records of the 2P method with 2, 8 and 24 weeks post-operatively showed statistically significant difference through all intervals. While Lt and BSD results showed negative results at 2 week post-operative while at 24 weeks post-operatively LT results showed that 75% of IANs regain normal function. 24 weeks post-operative results of BSD method showed that 79.1% of IANs regain normal function. Conclusion: TSEP could be used after BSSO to predict recovery of IAN function. This could be used to overcome waiting long time to make sure of the neurosensory recovery using subjective clinical tests. TSEP represents an objective, sensitive, reliable and non invasive method of testing neurosensory function.

[Sameh A. Seif, Khaled A. Elhayes and Ann A. AbdelKADER. Reliability of TSEP as an Objective Method in Assessment of IAN Neurosensory Function. J Am Sci 2011; 7(11):330-338]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.40

 http://www.americanscience.org. 40

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Performance Investigation of Classic and Heuristic Methods in Portfolio Optimization

Arash Talebi ¹, Mohammad Ali Molaei ², Bozorgmehr Ashrafi ³

^1. M.B.A. Graduate, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran

^2. Assistant Professor (PhD), Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran

^3. Assistant Professor (PhD), Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran

arash.talebi.mba@gmail.com

Abstract: Contrary to the growing use of portfolios and in spite of the rich literature on the subject, yet there are some problems and unanswered questions. The aim of this work is to be a useful instrument for helping finance practitioners and researchers with the portfolio selection problem. This study reviews Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) literature and describes the problems and solutions, which have been put forward in the literature. In this paper, selection of a portfolio is optimized via two different methods from two major optimization approaches, Heuristic and Classic. Heuristic methods are supposed not to “get stuck” in local optima, in which classics often do get stuck. Heuristic algorithms perform a wide random search; consequently, the chance of being trapped in local optima is deeply decreased. Therefore, in this study, Genetic Algorithm, a heuristic evolutionary method, and a classic solver are applied to construct and optimize portfolios in a sample market of five stocks. The research findings indicate that Genetic Algorithm, in contrast to classic methods, is more adaptable to the portfolio selection problem and has a better performance in contrast to its classic optimization counterparts.

[Arash Talebi, Mohammad Ali Molaei, Bozorgmehr Ashrafi. Performance Investigation of Classic and Heuristic Methods in Portfolio Optimization. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):339-349]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 41

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.41

Keywords: Modern Portfolio Theory; Portfolio Management; Heuristic Optimization; Genetic Algorithm; Classic Optimization; Optimization

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Rural empowerment for sustainable agricultural development in Iran

Abrisham Aref & Khadijeh Aref

Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran

abrishamaref@yahoo.com, banafsheharef@gmail.com

Abstract: This study provides a theoretical framework model of rural empowerment for sustainable agricultural development in rural areas of Iran. Rural empowerment is an important strategy, enabling rural communities to respond in order to improve agricultural development. In this way, the study demonstrates that the rural empowerment in three levels can develop agricultural industry in Iran. The author suggests that the model of rural empowerment used in this paper will be effective in helping to sustainable agricultural development and rural development by integrating the efforts of rural agricultural organizations, rural communities and farmers in rural areas.

[Abrisham Aref. Rural empowerment for sustainable agricultural development in Iran. J Am Sci 2011; 7(11):350-353]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 42

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.42

Keywords: empowerment, agricultural development, rural development

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Influence of land surface topography on flood hydrograph

Mohsen Masoudian ¹, Stephan Theobald ²

^1. Assistant professor, Department of Water Engineering, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari, Iran

^2. Professor, Department of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Kassel University, Kassel, Germany

masoudian@sanru.ac.ir

Abstract: Topography is one element that affects natural floods. This article examines the general effect of topography changes on flood parameters, such as maximum flood discharge and time to peak. The Erpe catchment is a base catchment, and then several artificial catchments are created that are dissimilar only in topography. ArcView GIS software was used to create the artificial topography maps. Twenty-four artificial catchments were created by ArcView. Nine out of 24 have a land surface slope less than the existing condition and others (25) have a land surface slope steeper than existing conditions. So NASIM rainfall runoff model is used to calculate flood hydrograph for both real and artificial catchments. According to the results, the catchments are divided into four categories: low land, medium lands, steep and very steep lands, which will be described.

[Mohsen Masoudian, Stephan Theobald. Influence of land surface topography on flood hydrograph. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):354-361]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 43

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.43

Keywords: Flood hydrograph; Topography; NASIM model

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Measuring Bullwhip Effect in a Three Stage Supply Chain with Exponential Smoothing Method

Ayub Rahimzadeheq 1*, Alireza Hajieq 2, Ahmad Makuieq 3

1-Ph.D. Student, Department of Industrial Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, arahimzadeh@gmail.com

2-Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, ahaji@sharif.edu

3- Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran, amakui@iust.ac.ir

*Corresponding Author

Abstract: Today many of researchers study bullwhip effect, implies that demand variability increases as one moves up the supply chain. It is obvious that forecasting increases this phenomenon. In this paper bullwhip effect measured in a simple three stage supply chain consisting of a retailer, a supplier and a manufacturer. We analyze the model and quantify bullwhip effect when each stage uses exponential smoothing method to forecast future demand. At result we propose bullwhip effect related to lead time and smoothing factor.

[Ayub Rahimzadeh, Alireza Haji, Ahmad Makui. Measuring Bullwhip Effect in a Three Stage Supply Chain with Exponential Smoothing Method. J Am Sci 2011; 7(11):362-265]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 44

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.44

Keywords: Supply Chain, Forecast, Exponential Smoothing, Bullwhip effect

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Gender Identity of the Iranian Women after the Islamic Revolution and Its Impact on Iranian National Identity

 Mohamad Mehdi Mazaheri ¹, Azam Molaee ²

1. The Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Azad University, Iran

2. The Student of PhD and Senior Lecturer of Political Science at Rafsanjan Azad University, Iran

A_molaee2000@gmail.com

Abstract: The present study aims to examine the impact(s) of the shifting gender identity of the Iranian women on formation of Iranian national identity after the 1979 Islamic Revolution. Initially, the Gender Schema Theory is introduced as the conceptual framework of this research. After examination of various aspects of Iranian women’s shifting identity and its impact on Iranian national identity, the author concludes that due to their critical role in nurturing children, management of household affairs and preservation of national culture, customs and traditions, the Iranian women profoundly influence the national identity. Nonetheless, gender discrimination, the Iranian society’s transition from tradition to modernism and lack of functional cultural management, alongside international phenomena such as globalization of culture and rapid growth of information and communication technology (ICT) have attracted Iranian women and young girls towards luxury, ostentation and imitation of Western women, a trend which could undermine Iranian national identity.

[Mohamad Mehdi Mazaheri, Azam Molaee. Gender Identity of the Iranian Women after the Islamic Revolution and Its Impact on Iranian National Identity. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):366-378]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 45

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.45

Keywords: national identity. gender identity. gender schema theory. gender stereotypes. national identity

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The Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 Inhibitor CGP74514A inhibits cell proliferation, induces apoptosis and causes downregulation of Cyclin B1and accumulation of p53 in HepG2 cells

Eiman Aleem

Department of Zoology, Division of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Moharram Bey 21511, Alexandria, Egypt

eiman.aleem@gmail.com

Abstract: Cancer cells are characterized by dysregulation of proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis. Cell cycle and apoptosis are linked through proteins that play a role in the regulation of both pathways such as cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1). Therefore, inhibition of CDK1 could be an attractive target in cancer therapy. Several pharmacologic inhibitors of CDKS have been developed and some are currently in clinical trials. The goal of the present work was to study the effect of the CDK1 inhibitor CGP74514A on proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis using the HepG2 liver cancer cell line and to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects. 5 µM CGP74514A markedly inhibited proliferation of HepG2 cells, induced an accumulation of cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle, inhibited colony formation and induced apoptosis. Studying the molecular changes in the protein expression of cell cycle and apoptosis regulatory proteins revealed that treatment of HepG2 cells with CGP24514A resulted in marked down regulation of cyclin B protein and the T161 phosphorylation site of CDK1 (both are positive regulators of CDK1 activity) but no changes in CDK1 protein levels were observed. Furthermore, CGP24514A down regulated Chk1, however, it stabilized the protein levels of p53 and reduced the levels of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl2. Taken together, the molecular mechanisms underlying the anitproliferative and apoptotic effects of CGP74514A involved down regulation of cyclin B, abrogated phosphorylation at the T161 of Cdk1, reduced levels of Chk1, p53 stabilization and down regulation of Bcl2. Therefore, CGP74514A may have therapeutic implications in liver cancer. 

[Eiman Aleem. The Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 Inhibitor CGP74514A inhibits cell proliferation, induces apoptosis and causes downregulation of Cyclin B1and accumulation of p53 in HepG2 cells. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):379-385]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 46

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.46

Keywords: Cyclin-dependent kinase 1, CGP74514A, HepG2 cells, p53, flow cytometry, apoptosis, cyclin B1

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Depression among elderly attending geriatric clubs in Assiut City, Egypt

Eman M. Mohamed^*1, Mohamed A Abd-Elhamed ²

¹Public Health and Community Medicine Dept., Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University

² Dept. of Neurology and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University

*emanmma@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: with the growth of aging population in the community, mental health problems among elderly are receiving more attention. Aim of the study: to investigate prevalence and risk factors associated with geriatric depression among attendants of geriatric clubs in Assiut City, Egypt. Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in two geriatric clubs in Assiut City among attendants aged 60 years and more. Trained nursing interviewers collected data through personal interview. Collected data included demographic characteristics and present medical history. Geriatric depression scale-short form (GDS-SF) was used to evaluate the depressive symptoms of the elderly subjects in the past one week. Geriatric depression was defined as a score of > 5 on the GDS-SF. Results: The prevalence of geriatric depression was 25.3% in 466 participants, with a higher rate in women (29.0%) than men (20.0%). Geriatric depression was significantly associated (P<0.05) with: female gender, divorced/ separated marital status, lower educational level, living alone and some chronic diseases as cardiovascular disease and arthritis. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, the main risk factors for geriatric depression were: divorced/separated marital status (OR 2.29), living alone (OR 2.06), history of cardiovascular disease (OR 2.25), lower education (OR 1.67), female gender (OR 1.45) and age group 60-65 (OR 1.48). Conclusion and recommendations: Mental health of the elderly should receive more attention. Geriatric depression is an underestimated public health problem in our community, with women having higher prevalence than men. Establishment of integrated geriatric health care centers must be considered for primary prevention and early detection of geriatric health problems including depression.

[Eman M. Mohamed, Mohamed A Abd-Elhamed. Depression among elderly attending geriatric clubs in Assiut City, Egypt. J Am Sci 2011;7(11): 386-391]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 47

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.47

Key words: Depression-elderly-geriatric mental health- prevalence-risk factors.

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Abstract: This research wants to classify all books translated by Iranian male and female translators after Islamic revolution and finds the answers to this question if gender awareness and ideology as cultural factors are effective in text selection trends by Iranian male and female translators after Islamic revolution. The main questions of this research are aroused to be answered. The answers of these questions will be discussed through the study: 1. Are gender and ideology effective in text selection trends by Iranian male /female translators after Islamic. Revolution? 2. Is gender awareness effective in text selection trends by Iranian female translators after Islamic Revolution? 3. What is the predominant scope in translation for female/male translators after Islamic Revolution?

[Fatemeh Pashaei. The Effects of Gender and Ideology in text selection. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):392-399]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 48

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.48

Keyword: male, female, Iran, gender

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Growth performance and some carcass charactristics in broiler chickens supplemented with Thymus extract(Thymus vulgaris) in drinking water

¹Rahim Abdulkarimi, ²Ali Mirza Aghazadeh,² Mohsen Daneshyar

1- Islamic Azad University, Boukan Branch, Boukan, Iran

2- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

 Rahim.abdulkarimi@yahoo.com

Abstract: The effects of thyme extract (Thymus vulgaris) supplementaion in drinking water was evaluated on growth performance and some carcass charactristics. A total of 160 day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were assigned to 4 treatment groups with 4 replicate and 10 bird per each. All the chickens were fed a similar basal diet, but received different levels of 0.0% (ZT), 0.2% (LT), 0.4% (MT) and 0.6% (HT) alcoholic extract of Thyme vulgaris during a 42 period. LT recived birds had the highest FI between the treatments during the grower period and whole the experimental period. BWG of LT birds was higher as comperd to MT birds during whole the experimental period (P≤0.05). During the grower period, both the LT and HT birds had lower FCR as compared to ZT birds (P≤0.05). In orthognal contrasts, thyme extract supplementation in drinking water increased FI during starter period (P≤0.05) whereas decreased FCR during the starter, grower and whole the experimental periods (P≤0.05) compared to ZT birds, Relative breast weight of LT and HT birds was higher than that of ZT birds. moreover MT birds had a higher relative wing wheat than ZT birds (P≤0.05). In ortognal contrasts, thyme extract supplementation in drinking water increased relative weights of breast and wing (P≤0.05). It was concluded that thymus extract supplementation in drinking water improves the performance and relative breast weight of broiler chickens that may be related to thyme extract antimicrobial and digestive stimulating properties or its low pH

[Rahim Abdulkarimi, Ali mirza Aghazadeh, Mohsen Daneshyar. Growth performance and some carcass charactristics in broiler chickens supplemented with thymus extract (Thymus vulgaris) in drinking water. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):400-405]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 49

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.49

Key words: Broiler chickens; performance; carcass; thyme extract

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ZrO₂ nanopowders for improving properties of cementitious composites

Mohammad Mehdi Kaykha¹ and Farzad Soleymani^*,2

1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.

2. Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Payame Noor University, P.O. 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran.

^* E-mail: farzad.soleymani52@yahoo.com

Abstract: Split tensile of concrete containing ZrO₂ nanoparticles which were cured in saturated limewater have been optimized. ZrO₂ nanoparticles with partial replacement of Portland cement by 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 weight percent have been used as nano-fillers. The specimens were cured in water and saturated limewater for 7, 28 and 90 days after casting and then their strength was evaluated by split tensile strength test. The results showed that replacement of Portland cement with ZrO₂ nanoparticles up to 1.0 weight percent for the specimens cured in water and 2.0% for the specimens cured in saturated limewater produces concrete with the best strength. It has been obtained that curing the specimens in saturated limewater for 28 days and then in water until 90 days, produces more strengthened concrete than those cured only in saturated limewater for 90 days. Excess Ca(OH)₂ crystals which forms after 28 days, when the specimens cured in limewater, reduces the effect of strengthening gels which form until the 90 days hence reduces the mechanical properties of the specimens. On the other hand, curing the specimens in water after 28 days produces more strengthening gel results in a concrete with higher strength. The pore structure of different mixtures was studied. The addition of nanoparticles improves the pore structure of concretes, the refined extent of pore structure increase with decreasing nanoparticles’ content. The pore structure of concretes which were cured in saturated limewater is better than that of concretes cured in water.

[Mohammad Mehdi Kaykha and Farzad Soleymani. ZrO₂ nanopowders for improving properties of cementitious composites. J Am Sci 2011;7(11): 406-412]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). 50

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.50

Key words: ZrO₂ nanoparticles; split tensile strength; optimized properties; pore structure; concrete.

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Solvent Extraction-Gas Chromatography for Oil Recovery from Petroleum Sludge using Petroleum Cuts

Y. El Naggar^1,2, E.A. Saad³, A.T. Kandil⁴, S. M. Morsy^1,2, H. O. Elmoher⁵ A. Salem¹ and S. A. Shaban¹

¹Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt,

²Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

³Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, ⁴ Faculty of science, Helwan University

 ⁵Suez Oil Processing Company (SOPC), Suez, Egypt.

sehamshaban@yahoo.com; aynaggar361@yahoo.com

Abstract: Petroleum cuts were used as solvents to recover oil from dry and semi dry petroleum sludge. The effects of various parameters, namely shaking time, temperature and the solvent volume upon oil recovery were investigated. Within the range of the studied operating conditions herein, the maximum oil recovery obtained varied from 80% to 97% depending upon the amount of oil within the sludge and the solvent efficiency used for extraction. A detailed study of the kinetics of solvent extraction based on oil recovery was carried out. This technology reuses of separated components and minimizing greatly the waste disposal problems created by land ban. The overall cost as well as time involved for recovery and the disposal of hydrocarbon residue has been decreased. Capillary gas chromatography was used to estimate the economic value and reuse of recovered oil.

[Y. El Naggar, E.A. Saad, A.T. Kandil, S. M. Morsy, H. O. Elmoher, A. Salem, and S. A. Shaban. Solvent Extraction-Gas Chromatography for Oil Recovery from Petroleum Sludge using Petroleum Cuts. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):413-420]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 51

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.51

Keywords: Petroleum cuts, solvent extraction, petroleum sludge, shaking time, oil recovery and Capillary gas chromatography

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[J Am Sci 2011;7(11):421-429]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 52

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Impact of Hepatitis C on Health-Related Quality of Life in Egypt

Enas Mohamed Ibrahim and AbeerAbd El Aziz Madian

Community Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Damanhour University

enas_moh2002@yahoo.com; Abmadian@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background: Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) has a major impact on quality of life and can cause patients significant distress. From a public health perspective, it is of great concern that there is no vaccine to prevent HCV infection and no post exposure prophylaxis. Therefore, prevention can only be based on increase awareness of HCV infection and change harmful behaviors aiming to reduce the risk of transmission of HCV infection to the others. So, education remains the lee-way to change negative perceptions and attitudes towards HCV as infectious disease. Aim of study: Is to evaluate the impact of an educational program on Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) among Virus Hepatitis C patients. Material and Methods: Two approaches were used: A cross-sectional design in the first phase to assess both generic and disease-specific quality of life among Hepatitis C patients, and True-experimental design in the second phase to evaluate the impact of an intervention program on QOL of a sub-sample. Results: As regard to Hepatitis C patients' generic HRQOL, the program created a positive effect on Physical Component Summary (PCS) (p= 0.000) and Mental Component Summary (MCS) (p= 0.000) and all its' items as general health, bodily pain, physical functioning, role limitation physical, social functioning, role limitation emotional, vitality and mental health. As regard to Hepatitis C patients' specific HRQOL, the program developed a positive effect (p= 0.000) on its' all items: physical, psychological, social and spiritual impacts. Conclusion and Recommendations: These findings presented a clear picture of the magnitude of the problem of the impact of HCV on HRQOL among Hepatitis C patients. Also, the positive effect of health education program on HRQOL of HCV patients. Therefore, Ministry of Health (MOH) activities, Hospitals and specialized centers activities and educational campaigns to increase awareness of population at risk and general population recommended. These activities should have the priority to encourage people to take a more active role in preventing exposure to HCV and/or modifying their behavior that permit transmission of HCV to reduce the burden of HCV disease on HRQOL of infected patients in Egypt.

[Enas Mohamed Ibrahim and AbeerAbd El Aziz Madian. Impact of Hepatitis C on Health-Related Quality of Life in Egypt. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):430-439]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 53

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.53

Keywords: Chronic liver diseases – Hepatitis C – health related quality of life

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Effects of age and body mass index on pharyngeal residue in healthy subjects

Ahmed H. Khafagy and Mohamed S. Taha

Otolaryngology-HNS, Ain Shams University Hospital, Cairo, Egypt

ahmedkhafaagy@yahoo.com

Abstract: Objective: This study compared fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing findings in healthy volunteers over 50 years of age versus those less than 50 years old. Design: Prospective study. Participants: Forty male healthy volunteers, all over the age of 30 years, underwent nasopharyngoscopy for the evaluation of bolus dwell time, pharyngeal closure time, and pharyngeal residue after receiving four boluses of green-dyed food. Main outcome measures: Bolus dwell time, pharyngeal closure time, and pharyngeal residue scores. Results: Participants over 50 years of age (the >50 years group) were significantly more likely to have higher residue scores than younger participants. Residue deposition was most common in the valleculae, followed by lateral pharyngeal walls, the pyriform fossae, and lastly, the posterior pharyngeal wall. The >50 years group showed significantly longer bolus dwell time than younger patients but did not have significantly longer pharyngeal closure time. Residue severity scores were found to be positively correlated with age, body mass index, bolus dwell time, and pharyngeal closure time. As such, all of these factors were found to be sensitive predictors for residue severity. Conclusion: The frequency and severity of swallowing disorders in healthy volunteers increase as age and body mass index increase, and fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing is a safe and appropriate screening modality for such disorders.

[Ahmed H. Khafagy and Mohamed S. Taha. Effects of age and body mass index on pharyngeal residue in healthy subjects. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):440-446]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 54

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.54

Key words: Fiberoptic endoscope, swallowing difficulty, healthy elderly people.

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New Supraglottic Airway Device; I- Gel in Elective Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Using Volume Controlled Ventilation versus Pressure Controlled Ventilation

Ayman S A El-Aziz

Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, College of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

isia992018@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Now a dayes we have several types of supraglottic airways devices rather than classic laryngeal mask airway, such as the LMA ProSeal (LMA North America, Inc.), LMA Supreme (LMA North America, Inc.), i-gel (Intersurgical Inc.). Several publications have reported successful, safe use of supraglottic airway for general anesthesia with positive pressure controlled ventilation. In this study may aimed to compare how the VCV and PCV modes using I-gel affecting the hemodynamic, pulmonary mechanics and gas exchange. Methods: Fifty six patients ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ, undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomly allocated to the study. Standard anesthesia technique was used for all patients. The patients were divided into two equal groups, (the pressure controlled -PCV- and volume controlled -VCV-). Patients in both groups ventilated with constant tidal volume 7ml/kg (T_v), inspiratory time, inspiratory flow and respiratory rate.

[Ayman S A El-Aziz. New Supraglottic Airway Device; I- Gel in Elective Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Using Volume Controlled Ventilation versus Pressure Controlled Ventilation. Journal of American Science 2011;7(11): 447-453]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 55

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.55

Key words: Supraglottic; LMA ProSeal; LMA Supreme, i-gel.

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Effect of Surface Active Agents on Cellulosic Fabric Properties

Faiza, F. S. Ebrahim^1,4 and Salwa, M. I. Morsy^2,3

¹Academy of Specialized Studies, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt

²Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt

³Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Kingdom Saudi Arabia

⁴Home Economic Dep., Faculty of Science & Education, Taif University, Kingdom Saudi Arabia

f_wutext@yahoo.com, salwamm.morsy@yahoo.com

Abstract: The effects of four different types of surfactants on Cellulosic Fabric Properties were studied. The non-ionic surfactant improve surface and mechanical properties by approximately 15% while in the presence of amphoteric, anionic and cationic surfactants decreased by13, 18, and 50%, respectively. The mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, thickness and crease recovery (angle) of the cellulosic fabrics were measured. In the presence of non-ionic surfactant, the tensile strength loss for cellulose treated fabric was increased by 17%. The loss of tensile strength did not change using cationic surfactant while in the presence of amphoteric and anionic surfactants, the strength loss decreased rather insignificantly. The results obtained from measuring the mechanical properties of the cellulosic fabric compared with using surfactants treatment.

[Faiza. F. S. Ebrahim and Salwa. M. I. Morsy. Effect of Surface Active Agents on Cellulosic Fabric Properties. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):454-456]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 56

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.56

Keywords: Non-ionic surfactant; Tensile strength; Thickness and crease recovery

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Impact of Application of Body Mechanic Principles on Improving Low Back Pain among Female Workers at Benha University

Howyida, S. Abd El-Hameed¹, Heba, A.Aly² and Abeer, Y.Mahdy²

¹Community Health Nursing Department, ²Medical Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Benha University

elmokhtar.mohamed@yahoo.com

Abstract: The study aim was to evaluate the impact of using body mechanic principles on improving low back pain among female workers at Benha University. Aquasi experimental design was used in the study. A sample of convince 150 of female workers was selected. The sample was divided into study and control groups. The study was conducted at the Rheumatology Outpatient Clinic in Benha University Hospital and Health Insurance Hospital. Three tools were used for data collection. 1) An interviewing questionnaire to assess the studied participants characteristics and personal habits. 2) A functional capacity assessment rating scale (Aberdeen low back pain scale, 2004) this sheet covers assessment of pain characteristics and variety of activities as daily activities, personal characteristics, social life, rest and sleep. 3) An observational checklist to measure weight and height of studied participants, body posture during sitting, studying, lifting, walking, work and home duties. Result revealed that The study group of female workers who had fewer intermittent pain was less than those in the control group (52.5% vs 60.0 %), frequent daily pain was less between the study group than the control group (63% vs 25%) also, in the immediate posttest study group who had no activity restriction were more than female workers in the control group (8.7% vs 0.0 %) in the follow-up test. Female workers in the study group who had no activity restriction were more than female workers in the control group (26.3% vs 0.0 %). This study concluded that using of body mechanic principles improved the back pain dependency level among female workers in this study group; therefore, it was recommended that body mechanic principles must be used by female workers having low back pain.

[Howyida, S. Abd ElHameed, Heba, A.Aly and Abeer, Y. Mahdy. Impact of Application of Body Mechanic Principles on Improving Low Back Pain among Female Workers at Benha University. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):457-467]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 57

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.57

Key words: Body mechanic principles| low back pain

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Performance Evaluation of the IEEE 802.11p Protocol in a VSNET scenario

Laila Abdullah Esmeda⁽¹⁾, Mostafa Sami M. Mostafa⁽¹⁾ and Mohamed Mostafa M. Fouad⁽²⁾

⁽¹⁾Faculty of Computers and Information, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt

⁽²⁾Arab Academy for Science Technology and Maritime Transport Cairo, Egypt

laila.abdallah.e@gmail.com; mostafa.sami@fci.helwan.edu.eg; Mohamed_mostafa@aast.edu

Abstract: Vehicular sensor network (VSNET) is an emerging technology, which combines wireless communication offered by vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) with sensing devices installed in vehicles. VSNET creates a huge opportunity to extend the road-side sensor infrastructure of existing traffic control systems. The efficient use of the wireless communication medium is one of the basic issues in VSNET applications development. The Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs) has also emerged as a key candidate that is benefited from the unique features and capabilities of VANET and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Currently, WSNs are beginning to be deployed in a rapidly manner. It is not unreasonable to expect that in 5-10 years that the world will be covered with wireless sensor networks with access to them via the Internet. This can be considered as the Internet becoming a physical network. The IEEE 802.11p Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment (WAVE) protocol providing for vehicle to infrastructure and vehicle-to-vehicle radio communication is currently under standardization. This paper provides a simulation study of the proposed IEEE 802.11p MAC protocol focusing on vehicle-to-infrastructure communication, and evaluates the performance of protocol under metrics such as throughput and packets rate of drop. To carry out the simulation process, an open source simulator tool is used for this study namely-NCTUns-6.0 (National Chiao Tung University Network Simulator).

[Laila Abdullah Esmeda, Mostafa Sami M. Mostafa and Mohamed Mostafa M. Fouad. Performance Evaluation of the IEEE 802.11p Protocol in a VSNET scenario]. Journal of American Science 2011;7(11):468-473]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 58

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.58

Key words: VANET, VSNET, WSN, ITS, IEEE 802.11p, NCTUns-6.0 simulator.

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Effect of Flurbiprofen and Dexamethasone Acetate in Prevention of Surgically Induced Miosis during Cataract Surgery

Mohamed Abdel-Monem E. Soliman Mahdy

Ophthalmic Department, Al-Hussein Univ. Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Al-azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

(Ophthalmic Department, Rustaq Hospital, South batinah, Sultanate of Oman)

mmahdy67@gmail.com, m_mahdy67@yahoo.com

Abstract: Introduction: Intraoperative miosis is a major problem during cataract surgery. It accounts for more iris trauma with subsequent poor visibility and difficulty in removing the lens. It also increases the patient vulnerability to develop a more serious intra and postoperative complications. Thus, maintaining adequate intraoperative pupillary dilation is important. Objectives: Topical Dexamethasone acetate 0.1% and Flurbiprofen 0.03% were compared to find out their efficacy in maintaining adequate pupillary mydriasis during cataract surgery. Design: Randomized, prospective study. Patients and Methods: Seventy eyes of 70 patients were enrolled in this study. Patients were randomly assigned to receive topical treatment with either Dexamethasone acetate 0.1% (35 patients) or Flurbiprofen 0.03% (35 patients). Medications started 24 hours before cataract surgery. One drop was instilled every 6 hours for a total of 4 drops. The horizontal pupil diameters were measured before making the incision, after nuclear removal, following cortical removal, and at the end of surgery after intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in pupil diameter between both groups at the beginning of surgery. The mean pupil diameter change from the time of the beginning of surgery to after cortical clean up was less with Flurbiprofen group than the Dexamethasoe group, (0.86 mm and 0.94 mm, respectively, P<0.001 in both groups). Flurbiprofen group shows tendency towards having lager pupil diameter however no statistically significant difference found (P=0.06). The mean pupil diameter after lens implantation was significantly greater with Flurbiprofen group than with the Dexamethasone group (the mean was 6.29 mm (0.50 mm) and 6.06 mm (0.40 mm) respectively, P= 0.036). Conclusion: Flurbiprofen 0.03% and Dexamethasone acetate 0.1% were both effective in maintaining adequate trans-operative mydriasis during cataract surgery, but there is tendency of the Flubiprofen to have a better and more prolonged effect in preventing surgically induced miosis.

[Mohamed Abdel-Monem E. Soliman Mahdy. Effect of Flurbiprofen and Dexamethasone acetate in Prevention of Surgically Induced Miosis during Cataract Surgery. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):474-478]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 59

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.59

Key words: Miosis, Cataract Surgery, Prevention, Medication

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Effect of Nomolt on Differential and Total Haemocytes in the Desert Locust Schistocerca gregaria Forskal (Orthoptera:Acrididae)

Salam S. Teleb

Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Egypt

salamteleb@gmail.com

Abstract: The insecticidal action of Nomolt at various dosages against Schistocerca gregaria was employed for its effects on total haemocyte count (THC)and differential haemocyte count (DHC). The total counts after application of different concentrations from Nomolt were significantly decreased at 1,3, 5 days on 5^th nymphal instar and up to 1day old adult males and females comparing with those of the untreated. Changes in DHC have been assessed in relation to application of graded concentrations of Nomolt. The haemocyte profile was determined 1 day, 3 days, 5 days post-treatment as well as 1day in the adult males and females. Different types of haemocytes registered a dose-dependent response by either exhibiting increase or decrease in their relative proportions. The percentage of prohaemocytes, oenocytoids, plasmatocytes, and granulocytes of increased in the treated blood smears as compared to the control while spherulocytes was decreased in the percentage of these cells in treated blood smears. Spherulocytes was the most sensitive cells to the Nomolt whereas the oenocytoids showed least affected cells. However, there was a consistent increase in the proportion of disintegrated cells in accordance with increase in concentration of Nomolt applied. Extreme pathological symptoms were observed in cell membrane, distortion of the cytoplasmic and nuclear membrane, and abnormal staining of the haemocytes.

[Salam S. Teleb. Effect of Nomolt on Differential and Total Haemocytes in the Desert Locust Schistocerca gregaria Forskal (Orthoptera:Acrididae). J Am Sci 2011;7(11):479-484]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 60

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.60

Keywords: Nomolt, total haemocytes, differential haemocytes, Schistocerca gregaria

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Effect of Using Pharmacological versus Alternative Therapy on Traumatic Nipples for Lactating Mothers

Soad Abd-Elsalam¹; Shadia Hamido²; Howyida, S. Abd el Hameed³

¹Department Obstetric & Gynecological Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Benha university, Egypt.

²Department Obstetric &Gynecological Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Ain shams University, Egypt.

³Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty Nursing, BenhaUniversity, Egypt.

soad_abdelsalam@yahoo.com Dr_Shadia_hamido@yahoo.com Elmokhtar.Mohamed@yahoo.com

Abstract: Nipple pain and trauma as complications associated with breastfeeding, are considered amongst the most significant factors impacting on the uptake and continuance of breastfeeding in the first weeks of mother-hood.Remedies for traumatic nipples have been written about since the 17^th century when plasters, poultices, and ointments were applied topically to provide comfort for the mother. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of using pharmacological versus alternative therapy on traumatic nipple for lactating mothers. Research hypotheses was the positive effect of using pharmacological versus alternative therapy on traumatic nipple for lactating mothers. Quasi-experimental study was carried out at Obstetrics Gynecological hospital at Ain shams University, Benha University hospital and MCH center in Benha city. Purposive sample technique was used to recruit 200 lactating mothers suffering from traumatic nipples according to determined criteria lactating mothers with nipple pain diagnosed by doctors, and lactating mothers who free from any medical disorder. Four tools were used for data collections. Tool 1: A Structured interview sheet was developed to collect the information from the mother. Tool 2: Visual Analogue Scale was conducted to assess healed nipple pain. Tool 3: Nipple Soreness Rating Scale was conducted to assess soreness healed nipple. Tool 4: The Nipple Trauma Score (NTS) was conducted to assess healed traumatic nipple. Results of the study illustrated that the use of peppermint water in combination with an oily base could have some beneficial effects in reducing nipple crack. Furthermore, no moderate or severe pain or areola crack were observed in the lanolin or peppermint groups in the present study. However, the present cases, that uses tea bag, have moderate pain. The study concluded that peppermint water is effective in the prevention of nipple trauma, and less nipple pain compared to the application of tea bag or lanolin cream after feeding. So, alternative therapy is nearly as pharmacological therapy. Depending on the result of this study. The recommendations Teaching mothers for positioning and attachment of the baby to the breast for breastfeeding can prevent the incidence of traumatic nipples. Increasing the awareness regarding usage of alternative therapy as peppermint, tea is to reduce traumatic nipple.

[Soad Abd-Elsalam; Shadia Hamido; Howyida and S. Abd el Hameed. Effect of Using Pharmacological versus Alternative Therapy on Traumatic Nipples for Lactating Mothers. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):485-496]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 61

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.61

Keywords: breastfeeding, nipple trauma, treatment

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Determinants and Outcomes of Unintended Pregnancy among Women in Helwan District

Inas Mohamed Abdallah¹; Entesar Fatouh Abdel Mone’m ² and Mona Abd El Sabour Hassan³

¹Maternal & Gynecological Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Suez Canal University

²Maternal and Newborn health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Helwan University

³Family and Community Health nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Port Said University

entesarfatouh@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Unintended pregnancy is an important public health issue in both developing and developed countries because of its negative association with the social and health outcomes for both mothers and new-born. Aim: The aim of this study is to explore the determinants of unintended pregnancy and estimate its risk of developing adverse pregnancy outcomes. Subject and Methods: A correlational study was conducted at Helwan general hospital (from September 2010 to February 2011) on 253 pregnant women at third trimester. Of them 82 women had unintended pregnancy, and 171 women had intended pregnancy. Data were collected by using a structured interview questionnaire to collect data about sociodemographic characteristics, pregnancy intention status as well as complains associated with pregnancy. At time of delivery, weeks of gestation and mode of delivery were recorded. After birth, the newborns were assessed for birth weight and if they had any neonatal complication. Results: Nearly one-third (32.4%) of study sample had unintended pregnancy with mean age of 29.89 + 4.20 years compared to 26.51+ 4.8 years for intended. Comparing with intended pregnancies group, they had low educational and economical levels, and they had high parity and previous unintended pregnancies (P<0.05, P<0.001, P<0.0001, and P<0.0001, respectively). In addition, they had increased risk to develop gestational diabetes, hypertension during pregnancy, and to be hospitalized during pregnancy. (AOR.= 4.26, 4.19, 2.67 respectively). Their infants had increased risk to have low birth weight and to admit to Intensive Care Unite (OR= 3.03 and 2.33 respectively, P= <0.05), but these associations were no longer significant when the mother’s socioeconomic status and their receiving to antenatal care are also taken into account (AOR=1.76 and 1.64 respectively).Conclusion and Recommendation: Previous unintended pregnancies, increasing age and high fertility, in addition to lowering educational and economical level were determinants of unintended pregnancy. Women with unintended pregnancies were more likely to develop some adverse pregnancy outcomes than women with intended pregnancy. Exploring the causes of unintended pregnancies and developing strategy to reduce its occurrence is recommended to improve the maternal and newborn health.

[Inas Mohamed Abdallah; Entesar Fatouh Abdel Mone’m and Mona Abd El Sabour Hassan. Determinants and Outcomes of Unintended Pregnancy among Women in Helwan District. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):497-505]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 62

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.62

Key words: Pregnancy intention, unintended pregnancy, determinants, prenatal outcomes

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Transarterial Chemoembolization (Tace) Versus Combined Tace and Radiofrequency Thermal Ablation (Rfa) in the Treatment of Unresectable Non-Early Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Egyptian Patients

SherifMoneirMohamed¹, Mohamed Abd Elmoghny¹, Mohamed Shaker Ghazy² and MostafaH.Abd Elaleem³

Internal medicine Department¹, Intervention radiology Department², Tropical medicine department³, Faculty of medicine-Ain Shams University. moh.mazen2006@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background and Aims: Early detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) allows the application of potentially curative therapies such as resection, liver transplantation. But the majority of patients with HCC will still not be candidate for these curative therapies. The local, non surgical palliative therapies such as transcatheter hepatic arterial chemoembolization (TACE), radiofrequency ablation (RFA), percutaneous ethanol injection, microwave, LASER and cryoablation provides good results but are unable to achieve response rates and outcomes comparable to those for surgical treatments. The aim of the present work was to evaluation of the effectiveness of TACE alone versus combined TACE and RFA in the treatment of unresectable non-early HCC. Patients and Methods: Forty patients with HCC were included in the study. Patients were divided into 2 groups. Group "A" was treated with TACE alone, and group "B" was treated with combined TACE and RFA. All cases were subjected to full history taking and clinical examination, Routine laboratory investigations and Triphasic CT abdomen before and after treatment. Results: Group B showed highly significant reduction in alpha fetoprotein (AFP) (60%) after treatment in comparison to in group A (40%). on the other hand group A showed higher relapse rate after treatment (70%) in comparison to group B (20%). The study showed that 1 year event free survival in group B was (80%) in comparison to(30%) in group A. also the 1 year survival rate in group B was (85%) in comparison to (50%) in group A. means that group B had a better event free and survival compared to group A. Conclusion: Combined TACE and RFA were more effective than TACE alone in treatment of HCC.

[Sherif Moneir Mohamed, Mohamed Abd Elmoghny, Mohamed Shaker Ghazy and MostafaH. Abd Elaleem. Transarterial Chemoembolization (Tace) Versus Combined Tace and Radiofrequency Thermal Ablation (Rfa) in the Treatment of Unresectable Non-Early Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Egyptian Patients. J Am Sci 2011;7(11): 506-515].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 63

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.63

Keywords: of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC); liver transplantation; curative therapy

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The Effectiveness of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) in Nursing Education: Cross-Cultural Student’s Perspective

Hanan Mohamed Mohamed Tork^a and Eman Saleh Mohamed Shahin^b

^a Pediatric Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Zagazig University, Egypt. ^b Medical surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Port Said University, Egypt. hatork@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Although there is much literature on Problem-Based Learning (PBL) in medical and nursing education, there is little from the cultural perspective. Therefore this study aims to investigate the effectiveness of problem based learning approach on nursing students learning outcome. Methods: a descriptive analytic study design was used with 30 undergraduate nursing students in Port Said University, Egypt and 30 from Qassim University of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The PBL Evaluation Questionnaire (PBLEQ) was used; it contain a 20-item self-report Likert scale with a 5-point response choice (1= Strongly Disagree and 5= Strongly agree). At the end of the PBLEQ, two open-ended questions were asked to determine students’ comments on the positive and negative features of PBL. Results: the survey response rates was 100%, the study results revealed that Saudi students had higher item mean score (mean 4.09, S.D = 0.18) than Egyptian students (mean 3.69, S.D = 0.25). all students indicated that PBL was effective in stimulating group discussion (mean 4.28, S.D 0.71), useful for my future work (mean 4.10, S.D 0.85). Conclusion: This study offers baseline information in student’s perspective regarding the effectiveness of PBL in Egypt and Saudi Arabia.

[Hanan Mohamed Mohamed Tork and Eman Saleh Mohamed Shahin. The Effectiveness of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) in Nursing Education: Cross-Cultural Student’s Perspective. J Am Sci 2011;7(11):516-521].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 64

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.64

Key words: problem-based learning, Cultural differences, Nursing education, student’s perspective

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Optimal Synthesis of a 4-Bar Simple Toggle

Galal A. Hassaan¹, Mohammed A. Al-Gamil¹ and Maha M. Lashin²

¹Mechanical Design & Production Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University

²Mechanical Engineering Department, Shoubra Faculty of Engineering, Banha University

maha_lashin@yahoo.com

Abstract: Optimal synthesis of mechanisms is a successful approach for mechanism design to satisfy all the desired characteristics of the designed mechanism. Toggles have wide industrial applications such as riveting, punching, pressing, and clamping. The toggle optimal design problem is a constrained multi-dimensional problem. Powell optimization technique is used to maximize the mechanical advantage of the toggle. 2 functional constraint functions are used to perform a successful optimization. The toggle force analysis in the static mode is performed in a dimensionless form. The results are tabulated for an easy reference to them without any calculations for any desired mechanical advantage of the toggle. Mechanical advantage in the range of 3.9 to 340 is selectable for specific constraints on the toggle input link length and operating conditions of the toggle. Using the optimal design table could satisfy the toggle objectives with errors less than 0.3 %.

[Galal A. Hassaan, Mohammed A. Al-Gamil and Maha M. Lashin. Optimal Synthesis of a 4-Bar Simple Toggle. Journal of American Science 2011;7(11):522-528]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 65

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.65

Keys words: Optimal Synthesis, Toggle

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Effect of Some Insect Growth Regulators on the Carbohydrates of Desert Locust, Schistocerca Gregaria (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Ahmed S El-Ebiarie

Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt

aselebiarie@hotmail.com

Abstract: The newly moulted last (5^th) instar nymphs of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria were treated with two concentrations (1000, and 62.5 ppm) of three IGRs: pyriproxyfen, tebufenozide and lufenuron. The carbohydrate content was determined in haemolymph and fat body of the early-aged, mid-aged and late-aged nymphs of the same instar, as well as of 1- and 4-day old adult females. Pyriproxyfen continuously prohibited the nymphs to gain normal carbohydrate content in haemolymph along the nymphal life. A reversal effect was achieved by tebufenozide. The effect of lufenuron was varied on the carbohydrate content of haemolymph. In addition, a stimulating action of all IGRs on the nymphs of all ages was detected with few exceptions. Pyriproxyfen drastically affected the carbohydrate content of haemolymph of 1-day old adults but a carbohydrate increment was determined for the 4-day old adults (at the low concentration level). Concerning with tebufenozide, an inducing effect was exerted on adults to attain excess carbohydrates in the haemolymph at the low concentration level only. Moreover, the enhancing action of lufenuron was exhibited on the metabolite, regardless of the adult age or the concentration level. With regard to the carbohydrate content of fat body in adults, pyriproxyfen treatments of nymphs resulted in reduced carbohydrates in 1-day old adults. In contrast, carbohydrates slightly increased in fat bodies of adults of both ages as response to the action of both tebufenozide and lufenuron, regardless of their concentration levels. The interference of pyriproxyfen, tebufenozide and lufenuron with the metabolism of an essential energy source, carbohydrate, for all biological processes in nymphs and adults of the desert locust S. gregaria provides appreciable evidence to a promising use of these IGRs against this destructive pest.

[Ahmed S El-Ibiarie. Effect of Some Insect Growth Regulators on the Carbohydrates of Desert Locust, Schistocerca Gregaria (Orthoptera: Acrididae). J Am Sci 2011;7(11):529-537]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 66

doi:10.7537/marsjas071111.66

Key Words: Carbohydrates, Schistocerca gregaria, fat body, haemolymph, nymph, adult, Pyriproxyfen, Tebufenozide, Lufenuron.

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