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In vivo and in vitro studies on Thevetia species Growing in Egypt

II. Establishment of in vitro tissue culture system and production of cardiac glycosides

Taha H. S. ^1*, Farag H.S.², Shams A. K. ², Abdel-Azim S.N.², and Seif El-Nasr M. M².

 ¹ Plant Biotechnology Department, National Research Centre, El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12311, Egypt.

²Phytochemistry Department, National Research Centre, El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12311, Egypt.

* Full telephone: +(202) 3322424; Fax No.: +(202) 37607159; hussein.taha2@yahoo.com

Abstract: Applicable protocol for enhancement of calli production, shootlets regeneration, evaluation and determination of cardiac glycosides from growing Thevetia spp. was established. Calli and regenerated shootlets were induced from immature seeds(IS), leaf, stem and root explants of Thevetia neriifolia Jussieu. and T. thevetioides Kunth. (Apocynaceae). MS medium supplemented with 1mg/l 2,4-D + 3mg/l Kin showed the best results for mass calli production. Seed explants gave the highest value of calli formation under either light or dark condition. The 3^rd week of cultivation for 5 weeks recorded the significant growth dynamic of mass calli production from seed explants. T. neriifolia exhibited high degree of multiple shootlets proliferation on MS + 1mg/l 2,4-D + 3mg/l BAp from stem explants as compared with T. thevetioides. The best result of in vitro rootlets/ shoot formation was recorded with MS + 1mg/l NAA. Qualitative and quantative determinations of thevetin B, digitoxigenin, neriifolin and peruvoside contents were carried out using HPLC technique.

[Taha H. S., Farag H.S., Shams A. K., Abdel-Azim S.N., and Seif El-Nasr M. M. In vivo and in vitro studies on Thevetia species Growing in Egypt Establishment of in vitro tissue culture system and production of cardiac glycosides. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):1-12]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.01

 Keywords: Thevetia spp. callus, regeneration, Cardiac glycosides, HPLC

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Antifungal Macrodiode Production By Streptomyces albidoflavus-143: Fermentation, Purification and Biological Activities

Houssam M. Atta ¹, El-Sehrawi M.H.² and Bahobail A.S.²

 ^1. Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. The present address: Biotechnology Department. Faculty of Science and Education- Al-Khurmah, Taif University; KSA.

^2. Biology Dept. Faculty of Science - Taif University; KSA.

houssamatta@yahoo.com

Abstract: This work was carried out for the biosynthesis of antifungal substance that demonstrated inhibitory effects against pathogenic fungi from Streptomyces albidoflavus, 143. The active metabolite was extracted using ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v) at pH 7.0. The separation of the active ingredient of the antifungal agent and its purification was performed using both thin layer chromatography (TLC) and column chromatography (CC) techniques. The physico-chemical characteristics of the purified antibiotic viz. color, melting point, solubility, elemental analysis, spectroscopic characteristics and chemical reactions have been investigated. This analysis indicates a suggested imperical formula of C₂₂H₃₆O₆. The minimum inhibition concentrations "MICs" of the purified antifungal agent were also determined. The purified antifungal agent was suggestive of being belonging to Macrodiode antibiotic produced by Streptomyces albidoflavus, 143.

[Houssam M. Atta, El-Sehrawi M.H. and Bahobail A.S. Antifungal Macrodiode Production By Streptomyces albidoflavus-143: Fermentation, Purification and Biological Activities. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):13-22]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.02

 Keywords: Antifungal Macrodiode; Streptomyces albidoflavus; Fermentation; Purification; Biological Activities

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Analyzing Attitude of Managers and Senior Experts of Jihad-e-Keshavarzi Organization Regarding Development of Knowledge Management (KM) in Khuzestan Province, Iran

Ahmad Reza Ommani¹, Saeed Rajabalipour², Mohammad Aghapour¹

 ¹Assistant Professor Agricultural Management Department, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar Branch, Iran

Ommani75451@yahoo.com

²Graduate Student Islamic Azad University Shoushtar Branch

Abstract: The purpose of this study was analyzing attitudes of managers and senior experts regarding the development of knowledge management in Jihad-e-Keshavarzi Organization of Khuzestan province. Senior experts and managers of organization were considered as a statistical population (N=100). All individuals were investigated. After confirm the validity of the instrument by panel of experts, to determine the reliability coefficient using Cronbach alpha coefficients were obtained for all sections of the questionnaire over 0.7 were calculated. Method of research was descriptive and correlative. Based on the results, the correlation between job motivation and status of knowledge acquisition and absorption with dependent variable in 0.01 level, was significant. Also between organizational culture and attitudes of managers in 0.05 level, correlations was significant. The results also showed that organizational culture, leadership style and knowledge about IT can explain 37% of variance of attitude of managers and senior experts regarding the development of knowledge management in Jihad-e-Keshavarzi Organization of Khuzestan Province, Iran. 

[Ahmad Reza Ommani, Saeed Rajabalipour, Mohammad Aghapour. Analyzing Attitude of Managers and Senior Experts of Jihad-e-Keshavarzi Organization Regarding Development of Knowledge Management (KM) in Khuzestan Province, Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):23-27]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.03

Keywords: Knowledge Management, Jihad-e-Keshavarzi Organization, Attitude

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Influences of physiographic factors on growth of Alder stands (Alnus subcordata) in north forest of Iran

S. A. Rezaei Taleshi¹ and Esmaeil Yasari²

¹Corresponding author: Agricultural and Natural Resource Researches Center of Mazandaran, Sari, Iran. Cell: +98- 09111541476. email: rezaietaleshi@yahoo.com

2 Payame Noor University, Sari, Iran. e_yassari@yahoo.com

Abstract: Generally in old forestry plans, estimation of growth and yield has been processed by static methods without considering effective environmental variables as slopes, aspect (direction of slops), etc. In fact these estimations without taking the dynamic characters of stands into the consideration couldn’t interpret actual timber and growth volumes. This study carried out with analysis of Alder stands criteria in physiographic factors in north forest of Iran. The results of statistical analysis showed that altitude less than 400 m in natural stands have minimum dbh growth. Height growth of Alders in natural stands has significant relationship with altitudes. An increase in altitude results in decrease the total height growth, whereas basal area growth decreases when altitude increases. Volume growth in high altitude (1200-1600 m.s.l.) has minimum growth in both plantation and natural area. Maximum growth of dbh (cm) and total height growth (m) in natural stands were seen in west aspect and minimum growth of dbh in natural area related to north, northeast and east and in plantations related to west and south aspects. Maximum volume growth per hectare in natural and plantation area was in northwest and southeast aspects, respectively. Results of growth in different slop showed that in natural stands slop ranged 0 to 15 percent have maximum growth of total height and basal area. Mean comparison of volume growth per hectare indicated that in natural area in low slope (0 -15%) is significantly more than areas with 15 -45% slope.

[S.A Rezaei Taleshi and Esmaeil Yasari. Influences of physiographic factors on growth of Alder stands (Alnus subcordata) in north forest of Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):28-35]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.04

Key words: Alder, Alnus subcordata, Forest, growth, physiographic factors

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Education for Rural Development in Iran

Abrisham Aref

Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran

abrishamaref@yahoo.com

Abstract: Most of the human capital literature pertaining to developing countries focuses on the returns to education in rural development. In developed countries education has an important role in the processes of rural development. But in third world countries there are some important barriers in face of education for rural development. This paper looks at the barriers of education for rural development in rural communities of Iran. The objective of this study is, through reviewing the available evidences, analyses and experiences in the role of education in rural development, to identify weaknesses pertinent to basic education achieving rural development and to come out with some conclusions that can be taken into consideration in policy making or planning successful basic education and training for rural development.

[Abrisham Aref. Education for Rural Development in Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):36-40]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.05

Keywords: Education, rural development, human capital

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[Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):41-50]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 6

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.06

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Implication of private extension in developing countries

Sharareh Khodamoradi and Mohammad Abedi *

 Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. *Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract: The evolution of public agricultural extension arrived at a worldwide turning point in the 1980s, one that represented the end of a major phase in the growth of publicly funded extension in both the developed and developing world. Agricultural extension increasingly has become defined as one or other of (apparently) differentiated activities of technology transfer or rural development. In many situations, the transfer of technology, heretofore considered the purview of public sector systems, has been reconceived. Such changes suggest a refocussing of paradigms for the delivery of public sector extension. In developed industrialized countries, which often provide models for extension service delivery elsewhere, the declining relative importance of agriculture for economic growth, the increasing education and affluence of smaller populations of rural producers, and the increasing use of externally purchased inputs have changed the nature of publicly funded extension services and led to a questioning of the means of delivery of extension services by governments. In developing countries, where publicly funded extension is often more important, there has been considerable questioning of the structure and forms of extension delivery.

[Sharareh Khodamoradi and Mohammad Abedi. Implication of private extension in developing countries. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):51-58]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.07

Keywords: private extension, developing countries,

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Tourism Development Strategies for Meymand Village of Kerman, Iran (By SWOT model) 

¹Hamid Taboli, ²Mehdi Yadollahi

¹Dept. of Management, Payam-e Noor University, (PNU), Kerman, I.R. Iran

²Dept. of Management, Payam-e Noor University, (PNU), Sirjan, I.R. Iran. E.mail: mfma155@yahoo.com

Abstract: Nowadays tourism is considered as an important basis for sustainable development. Therefore, rural tourism is regarded as a makeable and essential element of tourism. Consequently, it is evident that strategic planning for rural tourism and the identification of internal factors (weak points and strong points) and environmental factors (opportunities and threats) have an important role in the development of rural regions and also the tourism industry. In this article, by means of the survey method and field study, we have tried to design strategies to develop rural tourism in Meymand village of Shahr Babak, Kerman Province, Iran, through specifying weak points and strong points, opportunities and threats in the form of a SWOT table. The results delineated that the strategy of "extensive utilization of native methods to repair, construct and renovate the internal architecture of Meymand village" is the most important and premier strategy among all rural tourism development strategies.

[Hamid Taboli, Mehdi Yadollah. Tourism Development Strategies for Meymand Village of Kerman, Iran (By SWOT model). Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):59-73]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.08

Keywords: Rural tourism, rural development, Meymand of Kerman, strategy, strategic planning

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Review required activities before participatory rural appraisal (PRA)

Mohammad Abedi¹ and Sharareh Khodamoradi²

¹Department of Agricultural Management, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch, Iran

²Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

*Corresponding author: skhodamoradi2007@yahoo.com

Abstract: Much of the spread of participatory rural appraisal (PRA) as an emerging family of approaches and methods has been lateral, South-South, through experiential learning and changes in behavior, with different local applications. Rapid spread has made quality assurance a concern, with dangers from “instant fashion”, rushing, formalism and ruts. Promising potentials include farmers’ own farming systems research, alternatives to questionnaire surveys, monitoring, evaluation and lateral spread by local people, empowerment of the poorer and weaker, and policy review. Changes in personal behavior and attitudes, and in organizational cultures, are implied. PRA parallels and resonates with paradigm shifts in the social and natural sciences, business management, and development thinking, supporting decentralization, local diversity, and personal responsibility.

[Mohammad Abedi and Sharareh Khodamoradi. Review required activities before participatory rural appraisal (PRA). Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):74-81]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.09

 Keywords: Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)

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Effect of a Specific Combination of Mannan-Oligosaccharides and β-Glucans Extracted from Yeast Cell Wall on the Health Status and Growth Performance of Ochratoxicated Broiler Chickens

M. H. H. Awaad¹, A. M. Atta², Wafaa A. Abd El-Ghany¹, M. Elmenawey², K. Ahmed³; A. A. Hassan⁴, A. A. Nada⁴ and G. A. Abdelaleem¹

 ¹Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.

²Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt.

³Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt. ⁴Animal Health Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt.

wafaa.ghany@yahoo.com

Abstract: The effect of a specific combination of Mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) and β-glucans extracted form the cell wall of a specific strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (AGRIMOS^®) was investigated on zootechnical performance, ochratoxicosis and immune dysfunction caused by ochratoxin in broiler chickens. Three hundred and sixty, one day-old chickens were randomly allocated in a 2x2 factorial design for 5 weeks: supplementation of 2kg/ton of MOS (presence or absence) and feed contamination (presence or absence) with 50 µg/kg of ochratoxin A (OTA) for the first 3 weeks of life was done. Obtained results revealed that OTA did affect bird’s growth one week after the contamination, although the final weight gain after 5 weeks was not different from the control. The use of AGRIMOS^® stimulated the overall daily gain compared to the OTA group. Feed intake and feed conversion were not affected by the dietary treatments. Cumulative mortality was similar between treatments and performance indexes significantly improved with AGRIMOS^® for the OTA challenged regimes. AGRIMOS^® supplementation reduced macroscopic and microscopic lesion scores associated with ochratoxicosis. Also, it corrected the depression in phagocytosis induced by ochratoxin intoxication and it had strong immunomodulation as it stimulated the immune response to vaccination. It could be concluded that administration of a specific combination of Mannan-oligosaccharides and β-glucans extracted form yeast cell wall (AGRIMOS^®) to chickens improved zootechnical parameters had a potent immunomodulatory effect, evoked immune response and enhanced vaccination effectiveness. It helps not only in controlling chicken ochratoxicosis but also can play a positive role in treating chicken immune dysfunction.

[M. H. H. Awaad, A. M. Atta, Wafaa A. Abd El-Ghany, M. Elmenawey, K. Ahmed; A. A. Hassan, A. A. Nada and G. A. Abdelaleem. Effect of a Specific Combination of Mannan-Oligosaccharides and β-Glucans Extracted from Yeast Cell Wall on the Health Status and Growth Performance of Ochratoxicated Broiler Chickens. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):82-96]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.10

Keywords: Mannan-oligosaccharides, AGRIMOS^®, β-glucan, Ochratoxins, Chickens.

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Pathological Studies on Experimental Systemic Candidiasis induced by Candida albicans Isolated from Different Animals in Immunosuppressed Mice

Nahla AG. Ahmed Refat

 Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt

nahla_kashmery@hotmail.com

Abstract: Fifty male mice (6 weeks old) were used to evaluate the severity of the pathological lesions induced by Candida albicans isolated from different animals (goats, sheep, cattle and buffaloes). The mice were immune suppressed by subcutaneous injection of 0.5 mg cortisone/kg B wt for 5 successive days before the beginning of the experiment and extended to the first 5 days after Candida albicans inoculation. These mice were randomly assigned to five groups (n=10). These groups intravenously (via tail vein) inoculated with 0.5 ml suspension of candida albicans 1 x 10 ⁶ blastospores isolated from goats (gp 1), sheep (gp 2), cattle, (gp3) or buffaloes (gp 4), besides the gp (5) which inoculated with phosphate buffer solution (PBS) as a control group. The clinical signs, mortalities and the gross lesions were recorded before different specimens from lungs, heart, liver, kidneys, spleen and brain collected and were routinely processed for histopathological examination.Multiple granulomas were detected replacing the pulmonary tissue, pleura, myocardium, hepatic and renal parenchyma of gps (1 and 2). Such granulomas were represented by central basophilic structurless mass containing blastospores, pseudohyphae, hyphae and oval yeast cells, 3-8 µm in diameter, surrounded by a thick zone of mononuclears mostly of macrophages and lymphocytes besides few polymorphnuclear cells. Fibrinonecrotic pseudomembranes and multifocal suppurative areas were observed in the pleura and pericardium. Meanwhile, the gps (3 and 4) showed minimal lesions and poor fungal growth besides lowering in mortalities from 70-80%(gps 1 and 2) to 30-40% (gps 3 and 4). Finally, it could be concluded that the Candida albicans, isolated from goats and sheep, induced severe multiple lesions than that isolated from cattle and buffaloes.

[Nahla AG. Ahmed Refat. Pathological Studies on Experimental Systemic Candidiasis induced by Candida albicans Isolated from Different Animals in Immunosuppressed Mice. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):97-107]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.11

 Keywords: Pathology, Experimental Systemic Candidiasis, Candida albicans, Mice

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Selective Antimicrobial properties of Leaf extract of Samanea Saman against Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli using several microbial techniques

Raymond C. Jagessar*^a, Akini Mars^a, Subramaniam Gomathinayagam^b

 *^aLecturer and Supervisor, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Turkeyen Campus, University of Guyana, South America; ^bMicrobiologist, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Berbice Campus, John’s, University of Guyana, South America; ^aFinal Year Research student, Department of Biology, University of Guyana, Turkeyen Campus, South America. raymondjagessar@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT: Antibacterial and antifungal activities of Samanea Saman were investigated against pathogenic microorganisms: S.aureus (gram+ve), E.coli (gram-ve) and C.albicans using the Stokes disc diffusion, Well diffusion, streak plate methods and a dilution technique. The solvent type extracts were obtained by three extractions each with hexane, CH₂Cl₂, EtOAc and CH₃CH₂OH respectively. Solvents were removed in vacuo to yield viscous oils and paste which were made up to a concentration of 0.035g in 0.01L(10 mL) of the respective solvents. These were tested in varying volumes of 0.2-0.6ml/plate (i.e. concentrations of 0.03-0.18 mg/10 mL agar). Solvents were used as control whereas ampicillin and nystatin were used as references for bacteria and fungal species respectively. The solvents had no effect on the microorganisms whereas ampicillin and nystatin inhibited microbial growth. Saman Samanea showed selective antimicrobial inhibitory activity, with activity most prominent for the CH₃CH₂OH and CH₂Cl₂ extracts and negligible with the hexane. Its the first time in our study that the CH₂Cl₂ extracts is found to be more potent antimicrobially than the EtOAc extract. This study suggests that the CH₃CH₂OH and CH₂Cl₂ extracts of Saman Samanea can be used as herbal medicines in the control of E.coli and S.aureus and C.albicans induced diseases, following clinical trials.

[Raymond C. Jagessar, Akini Mars, Subramaniam Gomathinayagam. Selective Antimicrobial properties of Leaf extract of Samanea Saman against Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli using several microbial techniques. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):108-119]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.12

 Key words: Antimicrobial; Samanea Saman; S.aureus; E.Coli; C. albicans, Stokes Disc diffusion; Well diffusion; Streak plate; Dilution Method; Selective; herbal medicines.

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Diagnosis of Recurrent Pyoderma in Dogs by Traditional and Molecular Based Diagnostic Assays and Its Therapeutic Approach

^*Wael, M. Kelany¹ and Husein, M. Galal²

¹Departement of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Vet. Med., Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

²Departement of Bacteriology, Faculty of Vet. Med., Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

^*wael6kelany@yahoo.com

Abstract: Canine recurrent pyoderma is a common skin problem encountered in small animal practice and also resistant staphylococci may cause hazards in contact human. The main objective of the present investigation was to study the underlying etiologies of recurrent pyoderma and antimicrobial resistance guidelines of staphylococci on traditional and molecular basis. Also, the present workup was aimed to select satisfactory antimicrobial prescriptions for cases of recurrent pyoderma on empirical and bacteriological basis. A total number of 44 dogs were thoroughly examined for dermatological lesions and classified into 32 empirically treated dogs and 12 treated dogs based on bacteriological results. Pyoderma were classified into surface (13.6%), superficial (66%) and deep pyoderma (20.5%) with main clinical signs of pruritus, skin lesions (papules and pustules), marked alopecia (specially in superficial and deep pyoderma) and epidermal collarettes. The common recurrent pyoderma was German Shepherd pyoderma (38.6%) and the common pathogen was Staphylococcus intermedius (100%). S. intermedius was isolated alone in 58.3% and 41.7% in combination with Corynebacterium spp. and Staphylococcus aureus from skin of 12 examined dogs. The present study was recorded multidrug resistance exhibited by 75% of the 12 S. intermedius isolates. Oxacillin MIC testing revealed 6 S. intermedius isolates (50%) to be resistant, which included 2 strains with the mecA gene. The mec A (Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus intermedius, MRSI) was detected by PCR in 5 isolates (41.7%). Amoxicillin-clavulinic acid, cephalosporines and flouroquinolones were achieved magic results on empirical and antibiogram basis in treatment of idiopathic recurrent pyoderma. It was concluded that our data provided the first Egyptian guidelines in companion animals for common bacterial pathogens with antibiogram for bacterial resistance and Antimicrobial therapy with selected antibiotics and suitable period for treatment of each type of pyoderma.

[Wael, M. Kelany and Husein, M. Galal. Diagnosis of Recurrent Pyoderma in Dogs by Traditional and Molecular Based Diagnostic Assays and Its Therapeutic Approach. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):120-134]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.13

Keywords: Dog, S. intermedius, pyoderma, MRSI, therapeutic, recurrent

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Morphological and Anatomical Evaluation of a new five Stone Fruit Rootstocks

Nevine M. Taha and Azza, I. Mohamed

 Horticulture Res. Instit. Agric. Res. Centre-Egypt

ABSTRACT: Comparative study was recorded for the five stone fruit rootstocks: GF677 – Tetra pdm 5450 – Saint Julian- Myroblan 29c and Nemaguard throughout 2007 and 2008 seasons. This investigation included: leaf shape and dimensions; Vegetative and floral bud patterns;Stomata shape and dimensions; vegetative and floral buds patterns; stomata shape and dimensions; tree canopy and growth habit; reproductive under Egyptian condition; fruit set percentage and date; chlorophyll percentage; root distribution (Number, length and weight of different root diameters through the soil profile), as well as, cross section of the stem dimensions (epidermis, cortex, pholeom, xylem and pith).

Data showed a great variation of the studied characters, so a clear key was made to identify these rootstocks.

[Nevine M. Taha and Azza, I. Mohamed. Morphological and Anatomical Evaluation of a new five Stone Fruit Rootstocks. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):135-152]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.14

 Key words: rootstocks, stem dimensions, peach, peach-almond hybrid, plum, seed germinations

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The study of Signal Propagation in Electromagnetic –Measurement While Drilling (EM-MWD) telemetry systems

Mugoya Robert ¹, Yao Aiguo¹, Mupenzi Jean de la Paix^2,3

 ¹China University of Geosciences, Engineering Faculty,388 Lumo Road, Wuhan Hubei, 430074 China

²Key laboratory of oasis ecology and desert environment, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China

2 China University of Geosciences, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences

³School of Environmental Studies, Hubei Wetland Evolution & Ecological Restoration Key Laboratory, 388 Lumo Road, Hongshan Administrative District

E-mail: mugoya.robert@yahoo.com

Abstract: Electromagnetic measurement while drilling (EM-MWD) telemetry can provide real time-large amount of data to the drilling crew and this is the reason for its rapid development in the recent years. For effective and efficient design and utilization of the EM-MWD tool, one needs to understand the behavior of the electromagnetic signal as it propagates along the drill string as well as through the formation. Based on electromagnetic theory, this paper examines the behavior of the signal such as attenuation, propagation velocity with varying operating frequency and earth resistivity.

[Mugoya Robert, Yao Aiguo, Mupenzi Jean de la Paix. The study of Signal Propagation in Electromagnetic –Measurement While Drilling (EM-MWD) telemetry systems. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):153-157]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.15

Key words: EM-MWD, signal attenuation, propagation velocity, frequency, resistivity

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Repair Maintenance of Diesel Engine Cylinder Head

M. A. Morsy^*1 and E. El-Kashif ²

 Central Metallurgical R&D Institute, Cairo, Egypt^1, Metallurgy Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University², Cairo, Egypt. ^{*morsy_abokhala@yahoo.com}

Abstract: This paper presents many trials to repair a diesel engine cylinder head made of pearlitic grey cast iron, which was used in a truck. The cylinder head was repaired due to the existence of cracks at the junction between the valve seat and the spark plug seat. Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process using different electrodes was applied, the increase in preheating temperature resulted in a formation of a continuous carbide layer in the partial fusion zone and a decrease in the Martensite formed at the heat affected zone. However, the decrease in preheat temperature resulted in an increase of Martensite at the heat affected zone and a decrease in the carbide layer at the partial fusion zone. Most of the SMAW electrodes resulted in the formation of regions with high hardness values which imply that the repair welding of the cylinder head using these electrodes is inefficient. Application of the powder flame spray method in repair welding of the cylinder head resulted in partial fusion zone and heat affected zone with hardness values comparable to that of base metal. Preheating in furnace to 500 °C then immediately putting the specimen in the furnace at the same temperature for 1 hour after applying powder flame spray gave excellent hardness results for the heat affected zone (HAZ) and partial fusion zone (PFZ).

[M. A. Morsy and E. El-Kashif. Repair Maintenance of Diesel Engine Cylinder Head. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):158-168]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.16

Keyword: Failure, Cylinder head, Pearlitic gray iron, SMAW, Flame spray method, Heat affected zone, Partial fusion zone

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Improving gladiolus growth, flower keeping quality by using some vitamins application

¹Bedour, A. Abo Leila and ²*Rawia, A. Eid

 Water Relations and Field Irrigation Dept., Ornamental Plant and Woody Trees Dept., National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. *Corresponding author, emil, rawiaabdelhady@yahoo.com

Abstract: Response of growth, flowering quality and active chemical constituents of gladiolus plants by using some vitamins such as, thiamin ascorbic acid and their combination during two seasons were studied. Plant which received the combined treatments of both vitamins recorded the highest growth, flowers quality and cormelets induction. Thiamine treatments had the lowest effect on photosynthetic pigments, while 200 ppm, thiamin+ ascorbic acid+ppm, improved growth, delayed flowering opening of vase life, stimulated accumulation of carbohydrate and increased photosynthetic pigments and macronutrients status. Photosynthetic pigments and macronutrients.

[Bedour, A. Abo Leila and Rawia, A. Eid. Improving gladiolus growth, flower keeping quality by using some vitamins application. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):169-174]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.17

Keywords: gladiolus plant flower quality, vase life and chemical constituents

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Productivity Changes of Hoteling Industry in Iran

(Case study: Kadoos Hotel of Guilan)

Mohammad Taleghani

Department of Management, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Ira

Taleghani@iaurasht.ac.ir

ABSTRACT - Productivity is the standard by which human power in using resources to achieve their desired goal is determined. In recent years this standard has seen an up most attention in calculating technologies in industrial and service productivity industries. Value added methodology is a comprehensive way of measuring producing of all producing factors in a particular unit. In this case study we have interested recent changes in the hoteling Industry in Iran, along with our investigation we have selected kadoos hotel. A 5 stars hotel located in Giulan of Iran as our case study we have analyzed the productivity of this hotel in the period of 5 years 2005 – 2009. Results have shown that the foreign rate of occupation of hotel rooms – has increased in this hotel. This in turn has resulted in an increase in hotel revenue. But still we have not seen any creativity and change in other parts of the hotel such as food and beverage. There has not been an optimal use in new capitals and equipments in this hotel. To see more improvement In the hoteling industry in Iran, we have to have new knowledge in the field of quality management and connections to the world net of hoteling.

[Mohammad Taleghani. Productivity Changes of Hoteling Industry in Iran (Case study: Kadoos Hotel of Guilan). Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):175-178]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.18

keywords: Productivity, Hoteling Industry, Tourism, Iran, Guilan.

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siRNA Mediated-hTERT Knockdown Impedes Proliferation of Mammalian Cancer MCF7 and HepG2 Cells

Abeer Mostafa El-Sayed Ashmawy^*1, Essam Shawky A.El H. khattab², Wael Bakry Abd El-Aziz Anbar³, Bakry Mohamed Haroun³, Sabry Mohamed Shaarawy¹.

 ¹Tumor Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, ²Chemistry Department (Biochemistry Division), ³Microbiology Department, faculty of science, Al-Azhar University

*abeermanci@yahoo.com

Abstract: Telomerase is an attractive molecular target for cancer therapy because it is present in most malignant cells but is undetectable in most normal somatic cells. Human telomerase consists of two subunits, an RNA component (hTR) and a human telomerase reverse transcriptase component (hTERT). Small interfering RNA (siRNA), one kind of RNA interferences, has been demonstrated to be an effective method to inhibit target gene expression in human cells. We investigated the effects of siRNA targeting both hTERT mRNA and protein expression on the inhibition of proliferation and growth of human breast carcinoma cells (MCF-7) and liver carcinoma cells (HEPG-2). Here we used two siRNAs sequences (siRNA#1 and siRNA#2) that differentially target hTERT. Our results revealed that treatment of MCF7 and HepG2 cells with either of hTERT siRNAs resulted in significant decrease in both mRNA (p<0.05) and hTERT protein expression (p<0.05). Summary, our results clearly demonstrate that siRNA mediated knockdown of telomerase has efficiently suppressed proliferation rate of MCF7andHepG2cells. From these findings, we propose that targeting telomerase using siRNA might be a rational approach in cancer therapy.

[Abeer Mostafa El-Sayed Ashmawy, Essam Shawky A. El H. khattab, Wael Bakry Abd El-Aziz Anbar, Bakry Mohamed Haroun, Sabry Mohamed Shaarawy. siRNA Mediated-hTERT Knockdown Impedes Proliferation of Mammalian Cancer MCF7 and HepG2 Cells. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):179-186]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.19

Key words: telomerase knockdown, proliferation, siRNA, liver carcinoma, breast carcinoma

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Agronomical and Biochemical Responses of White Lupinus albus L. Genotypes to Contrasting Water Regimes and Inoculation Treatments

Manal M. Hefny

Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt

manhef@yahoo.com

Abstract: Two field experiments were conducted over the growing season November 15 – April 15- 2008-2009 and 2009/ 2010 at the experimental farm of Suez Canal University, Ismailia. The purpose of this research was to study the effects of water stress and inoculation treatments on the yield, growth parameters and biochemical traits under field conditions and during two growing seasons. The experimental design for both seasons was randomized complete block in split-split plot arrangement with three replications. Where Irrigation treatments included normal (W0) and water stressed (Ws) were allocated to main-plots, two inoculation treatments: no-inoculation and inoculation with commercial inoculums were assigned to sub-plots. Five lupin genotypes including two cultivated varieties (Giza 1 and Giza 2) and three landraces (LR 1, LR 2 and LR 3) constituted the sub-sub-plots. Significant differences of irrigation, inoculation, genotype and their different interactions were detected for the most measured traits. Water stress reduced yield and growth parameters, whereas antioxidant enzyme activities were increased significantly as plants exposed to limited irrigation. Protein % was not affected by water limitation at both seasons, while 100-seeds weight was significantly affected in the first year only. There were potential beneficial effects of commercial inoculation, where it increased yield and growth parameters under water shortage condition and reduced enzyme activities. The landrace LR 1 is obviously, the best genotype in seeds yield, growth parameters over the two growing seasons and high activity of defense mechanism (activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes) under water stress conditions and over all inoculation treatments. Thus it is considered a promising line under water limited environments.

[Manal M. Hefny. Agronomical and Biochemical Responses of White Lupinus albus L. Genotypes to Contrasting Water Regimes and Inoculation Treatments. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):187-198]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.20

Keywords: antioxidant enzymes; drought; inoculation; Lupine; yield

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Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Gene Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism and Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Hanan Fouad¹; Mona A. Abdel Hamid²; Amira A. Abdel Azeem^*3; Hany M. Labib⁴ and Nervana A. Khalaf ⁵

 Medical Biochemistry Department ^1, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Biochemistry ², Ophthalmic Genetics ³, Ophthalmology ⁴and Clinical Pathology⁵ Departments, Research Institute of Ophthalmology, Cairo, Egypt

*azeem.amira@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) appears to play a central role in mediating microvascular pathology in diabetic retinopathy (DR). Aim of the study: To assess the possible association of the insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of VEGF gene with diabetic retinopathy in Egyptian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Subjects and Methods: This cross-sectional case-control study enrolled 87 unrelated subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 43 diabetic patients without signs of retinopathy but did have type 2 diabetes for more than 10 years and 44 patients with diabetic retinopathy. The control group involved 44 normal subjects without diabetes. Total genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes. PCR analysis was conducted to detect the insertion/deletion gene polymorphism of the 18 bp fragment at position 2549 of the promoter region of VEGF. The frequency of D and I VEGF alleles and genotype distribution were compared in diabetics with retinopathy, diabetics without retinopathy and the control subjects. Results: There was no significant difference in genotype distribution (D/D, I/D and I/I), (p=0.43) and in (D and I) allele frequency (p=0.093) between diabetic patients with retinopathy, diabetics without retinopathy and control subjects. The distribution of the VEGF, D/D genotype was higher in patients with diabetic retinopathy compared with diabetic group without retinopathy and healthy controls (40.9% vs. 27.9% and 22.7% respectively), however the difference was still not statistically significant with Chi-Square= 3.637 and p value = 0.162. Despite the insignificant results, this study adjusted OR of 2.25 (95% CI, 0.672- 7.538) for D/D genotype versus I/I genotype between diabetic patients with retinopathy and controls with p value = 0.185 and the OR of 1.6 (95% CI, 0.873- 2.891) for the D allele versus I allele between diabetic patients with retinopathy and controls with p= 0.129, while the OR of the D allele versus I allele between diabetic patients without retinopathy and controls was only 1.2 and the p value was 0.539. In multivariate analysis only increased triglyceride level was the independent risk factor for diabetic retinopathy among Egyptian patients with type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: Our study suggested that I/D polymorphism in the promoter region of the VEGF gene was not significantly associated with retinopathy in Egyptian type 2 diabetic patients, however a moderate risk (i.e., OR, < 2 for D/D genotype and < 1.5 for D allele) could not be excluded. Only increased triglyceride level was the independent risk factor in the development of diabetic retinopathy detected in this study.

[Hanan Fouad; Mona A. Abdel Hamid; Amira A. Abdel Azeem; Hany M. Labib and Nervana A. Khalaf. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Gene Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism and Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):199-205]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.21

Key words: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insertion/deletion polymorphism, diabetic retinopathy, type 2 diabetes, Egyptian patients.

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Ion Recombination Correction Factor Dependence on the Field Size, Depth, Nominal Dose Rate and Stem Length in Therapeutic Photon Beams (6 And 10 MV)

A. I. Abd El-Hafez¹, Hany A. Shousha^*1, M. S. Zaghloul² and M. A. AbouZeid³

¹Radiation Metrology Dept., National Institute for Standards (NIS), Giza, Egypt.

² National Cancer Institute (NCI) - Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.

³ Faculty of Science - Mansoura University, Al-Mansoura, Egypt.

^{*drshousha@yahoo.com}

Abstract: The use of ionization chamber in linear accelerator radiotherapy photon dosimetry requires various corrections to the measured charges, one of these being the ion recombination correction factor (k_s). As stated by the IAEA (2000) TRS-398 dosimetry protocol, k_s was characterized for the available thimble ionization chamber PTW 30006 using two pulsed megavoltage photon beams 6 and 10 MV. The dependence of the k_s values against the changing of field size, water depth, nominal dose rate and stem length was studied. For photon energy 10 MV, k_s shows an increase with the field size and for photon energy 6 MV, k_s values decrease from field size 4x4 cm² to 10x10 cm² and increase at field sizes larger than 10x10 cm2. Also, k_s values are inversely proportional with the water depth and directly proportional with the nominal dose rate and stem length, for both photon energies. It is also recommended to determine the absorbed dose at lower (p.r.f) pulse repetition frequency or nominal dose rate and if the dose is determined at the highest (p.r.f), a correction must be introduced in the assessment of the dose related to the ion recombination correction factor k_s difference at different p.r.fs. These measurements help to correct k_s values at different dosimetry conditions and minimize the errors in the assessment of the radiotherapeutic dose calculations.

[A. I. Abd El-Hafez, Hany A. Shousha, M. S. Zaghloul and M. A. AbouZeid. Ion Recombination Correction Factor Dependence on the Field Size, Depth, Nominal Dose Rate and Stem Length in Therapeutic Photon Beams (6 And 10 MV). Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):206-213]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.22

Key words: Ion recombination correction factor, ionization chamber, megavoltage x-ray, pulsed photon beams and linear accelerator

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Curative effect of basil on liver injury in experimental rats

Soha Mohamed Sameh El-safty

 Home Economics Dept, Faculty of Education, Suez University, Egypt

Ma_saadany@yahoo.com

Abstract: Forty two albino male rats were classified into six groups. Group I (n=7) served as control (-ve), and animals in groups II–VI CCl4 were induced liver injury. Group II served as control(+ve) and treated groups from III to VI rats received daily oral doses of ursofalk drug, basil ethanolic extract, basil aqua extract, and basil powder. The results revealed that control (+ve) rat group showed a significant decrease in final body weight, body weight gain, food intake & food efficiency ratio (FER); serum total protein, globulin, glutathione transferase (GST) & catalase and liver triglyceride, total lipid, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) & GST but a significant increase in serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphates, gamma glutamyle peptidase (ALT, AST, ALP & γGT), total bilirubin & nitrite (NO); albumin/ globulin ratio and liver glycogen, cholesterol & malondialdehyde (MDA) compared with control (-ve) group. All treated groups showed a significant decrease in body weight gain; serum globulin, GST& catalase and liver glycogen but a significant increase in serum ALP, total bilirubin & NO and albumin/ globulin ratio compared with control (- ve) group. Drug group showed a significant increase in serum AST & total bilirubin and liver cholesterol and MDA but a significant decrease in liver triglyceride, total lipid, SOD, GPX, GST compared with control (- ve) group. Basil ethanol extract and basil aqua extract rat showed a significant increase in serum ALT albumin/ globulin ratio and liver cholesterol & MDA and a significant decrease in serum total protein, liver triglyceride while basil powder showed a significant increase in serum ALT, AST, γGT and albumin/ globulin ratio and a significant decrease in serum total protein, albumin, liver total lipid and liver SOD compared with control (-ve).

[Soha Mohamed Sameh El-safty. Curative effect of basil on liver injury in experimental rats. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):214-220]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.23

Key word: Basil- Liver injury- Rats

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Effect of thyme powder, extract and oil on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury

Nawal A. Al Badr

 Food Sciences and Nutrition Dep, Faculty of Food Sciences and Agriculture, King Saud

nawalbdr@yahoo.com

Abstract: Forty -two albino male rats, Sprague Dawley strain were randomly classified into six groups (7 rats each). One served as control (-ve) group while the other groups were administered CCL4 to induce liver injury which were control (+ve), silymarin, thyme powder, thyme extract and thyme oil rat groups. The results showed that control (+ve) rat group showed a significant decrease in final body weight, body weight gain, food efficiency ratio (FER), blood hemoglobin, packed cell volume & glutathione (GSH), serum total protein & globulin and liver GSH, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glycogen and triglyceride. Moreover, showed a significant increase in blood malondialdehyde (MDA), serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphates, gamma glutamyle peptidase (ALT, AST, ALP &γGT) enzymes activity, total bilirubin, A/G ratio and liver MDA, cholesterol and total lipid compared with control (-ve) group. Silymarin showed a significant decrease in final weight, hemoglobin, blood GSH, liver GSH, SOD & glycogen and a significant increase in serum AST& MDA and liver cholesterol. Thyme powder showed a significant decrease in final weight, blood GSH & MDA and liver GSH, SOD and glycogen and a significant increase in serum ALT, AST, ALP and γGT enzymes activity but thyme oil showed a significant decrease in hemoglobin, liver glycogen and significant increase in the values of liver cholesterol compared with control (-ve) group. The all treated rat groups showed a significant increase in serum total bilirubin, A/G ratio and liver MDA, triglyceride & total lipid and a significant decrease in body weight gain, FER, serum globulin and liver GPX compared with control (-ve) group.

[Nawal A. Al Badr. Effect of thyme powder, extract and oil on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):221-227]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.24

Key words: thyme leaves; oil, extract; liver; rats

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Fruit physical and chemical characteristics at maturity stage of Tommy Atkins, Keitt and Kent mango cultivars grown under Nubariya conditions

Abourayya, M.S.; N.E. Kassim; M.H. El-Sheikh and A.M. Rakha

 Technology of horticultural crops dep. National Research Center Dokki Giza Egypt

sami_abourayy@hotmail.com

Abstract: The present study was conducted at orchard located at the side of Alexandria desert road (Cairo - Alexandria, Km. 140), at Nubariya region during 2007 and 2008 seasons. The three experimented mango cultivars were Tommy Atkins, Kent and Keitt. The trees of the three studied cultivars are grafted on seeded rootstocks, attained nine years old and grown in sandy Soil. Trees of all mango cvs. Were planted at 3×5 meter apart and subjected to the same horticultural practices. The objective of the present study is evaluating some fruit physical and chemical characteristics at maturity stage of Tommy Atkins, Kent and Keitt mango cultivars grown under Nubariya conditions. The obtained results can be summarized as follows: The observation besides the analysing of some physical and chemical characteristics of the fruits indicated that the physiological maturity was attained in Tommy Atkins cvs. at fruit age 113 day, Kent and Keitt cvs. at fruit age 122 day. Keitt cv. had the highest values of pulp percentage of weight followed by Kent cv. while, Tommy Atkins cv. had the lowest values of pulp percentage of weight. Meanwhile Tommy Atkins cv. had the highest percentage of peel of weight followed by Kent cv., while Keitt cv. had the lowest percentage of peel of weight. Tommy Atkins cv. had the highest percentage of seed of weight followed by Kent cv. while, Keitt cv. had the lowest percentage of seed of weight. Keitt cv. had the highest seed length, followed by Tommy Atkins cv. while, Kent cv. had the lowest values in the two seasons. The highest seed width was Tommy Atkins cv., followed by Kent cv. meanwhile; Keitt cv. had lowest values in the two seasons. Ascorbic acid (vitamin c) percentage was lowest in Kent cv. compared to Tommy Atkins cv. which had the highest value; Keitt cv. had intermediate values in the two seasons. Moisture percentage was almost the same with no significant difference among cvs. Tommy Atkins cv. had the highest moisture percentage, followed by Keitt cv. while, Kent cv. had the lowest moisture percentage in the two seasons. Kent cv. had the highest dry matter content percentage, followed by Tommy Atkins cv. while, Keitt cv. had the lowest value in the two seasons. Total sugars percentage was highest in Kent cv., followed by Keitt cv. while, Tommy Atkins cv. had the lowest total sugars percentage in the two seasons. Tommy Atkins cv. had the highest crude fiber percentage, followed by Keitt cv. while, Kent cv. had the lowest crude fiber percentage in the two seasons.

[Abourayya, M.S.; N.E. Kassim; M.H. El-Sheikh and A.M. Rakha. Fruit physical and chemical characteristics at maturity stage of Tommy Atkins, Keitt and Kent mango cultivars grown under Nubariya conditions. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):228-233]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.25

Keywords: Grape seed extract- aluminium chloride- reproductive- experimental animals.

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Effect of Aqueous Extract of Damsissa( Ambrosia maritima) on The Biochemical Changes Induced By Potassium Dichromate In Rats

^1*N. E. Mohamed and ²R. A. Saber

 ¹Biological Applications Department, Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority, P.O.13759, Cairo, Egypt

²National Organization Drug control and Research (NODCAR), Cairo, Egypt

^{*nelshahat@yahoo.com}

Abstract: Chromium is a naturally occurring element found in volcanic dust, in earth crust and is widely distributed in air, water, rocks, soil, plants and animals. Humans are occupationally, environmentally, or intrinsically (Surgery implants), exposed to high Cr⁶⁺ concentrations (8.9 mg/m³, 20mg/L, 890 mg/kg) respectively. The general population may be exposed to Cr ⁶⁺ compounds through inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of water, or dermal contact with products that contain chromium (VI) compounds such as pressure treated wood.The present study aims to evaluate the antioxidant effect of aqueous extract of Damsissa (Ambrosia maritima) against biochemical changes induced by potassium dichromate in rats. The study was conducted on 48 rats which were classified into four equal groups.Group I: untreated animals (control).Group II: Damsissa treated group: rats were orally supplemented with aqueous extract of damsissa at dose of 100 mg/ kg b.wt. for 14days using stomach tube. Group III: Potassium dichromate treated group, animals injected subcutaneously with potassium dichromate at dose of 10 mg/kg b.wt. for fourteen days, then the half number of the animals sacrificed and the remaining animal left without any treatment for seven days(recovery period).Group IV: Combined treatment group animals were orally administrated with aqueous extract of damsissa by means of stomach tube at dose of 100 mg/kg b.wt. and injected subcutaneous with potassium dichromate at dose of 10 mg/kg for two weeks and the half number of the animals sacrificed and the remaining left without any treatment for one week. Six rats from different groups were sacrificed after 14 days and the rest were left for 7 days as a recovery period. The obtained results revealed significant increase in TBARS concentration which accompanied with significant decrease in GSH content and CAT activity in renal tissue in treated group with potassium dichromate also, significant increase in urea and creatinine was recorded. The serum levels of sodium significantly increased and level of potassium significantly decreased as a consequence decrease in aldosterone level. Calcium and estradiol (E2) levels significantly decreased. However, the levels of phosphorous (P), magnesium (Mg) and parathermone hormone (PTH) were significantly increased in animals injected with potassium dichromate. Consecutive administration of aqueous extract of damsissa with potassium dichromate for 14 days revealed significant improvement in the tested parameters. Also, animals injected with potassium dichromate and left without any treatment for one week as a recovery period showed significant improvement in some of the tested parameters. In conclusion, the results demonstrate the protective role of damsissa against oxidative stress and biochemical changes of potassium dichromate.

[N. E. Mohamed and R. A. Saber. Effect of Aqueous Extract of Damsissa (Ambrosia maritima) on The Biochemical Changes Induced By Potassium Dichromate In Rats. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):234-242]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.26

Key Words: Ambrosia maritima, Potassium dichromate, Kidney function, Radioimmunoassay, Oxidative stress

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Detection of Greening in Potatoes using Image Processing Techniques

Ebrahim Ebrahimi^1,*, Kaveh Mollazade², Arman Arefi³

 ^1,* Department of Mechanical Engineering of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Kermanshah, Iran.

ebrahimi.kiu@gmail.com

²Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 4111, Karaj 31587-77871, Iran.

³Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, College of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.

Abstract: Quality is one of the important factors in marketing of agricultural products. Grading machines have great importance in the quality inspection systems. Most of the current grading machines operate based on machine vision systems to detect blemishes and defects of products, where one image or more are taken for each individual object and the results of processing will decide the quality of the object. One of the major blemishes in potatoes is physiological skin greening, which has negative influence on human health. In this research, a simple machine vision algorithm has been developed in order to detect physiological skin greening of potato tubers rapidly and precisely. The experimental image acquisition setup was consisted of an image capturing box equipped with lighting system, a color CCD camera, and a capturing card. The data set consisted of 25 images of potatoes with physiological skin greening blemishes. Image pre-preprocessing has been carried out to modify the non-uniform distribution of background light intensity. Since potatoes have bright skin, the CCD was saturated in a small part of each image. These parts were eliminated from the images using a relation found between RGB and HSI spaces. The difference between red and green components of RGB space for green parts of potatoes was lower than that of other parts. Finally, the 1.02R – G relation was found to be suitable for detection of green parts of potato tubers. The average of error between actual green parts area and estimated green parts area for 25 images was 5.26%.

[E. Ebrahimi, K. Mollazade, A. Arefi. Detection of Greening in Potatoes using Image Processing Techniques. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):243-247]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.27

Keywords: Automation; machine vision; potato blemish.

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Effects of irreversible different parameters on performance of air standard Otto cycle

Reza Masoudi Nejad ¹, Iman Soleimani Marghmaleki ¹, Rouhollah Hoseini ², Pouyan Alaei ³

 ¹ School of Engineering, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran

² MS student of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

³ Mechanics laboratory, Hafez Avenue, Shahrekord, Iran

Pouyan.alaei@gmail.com

Abstract: An irreversible air standard Otto cycle model is proposed in this paper. The performance of an air-standard Otto cycle with heat transfer loss and variable specific heats of working fluid is analyzed by using finite-time thermodynamics. They are generalized formulas for internal combustion engines because they include the performance characteristic of special cases of Otto engines. The objective of this study is to analyze the effects of heat loss characterized by a percentage of the fuel’s energy, friction and variable specific heats of working fluid on the performance of an air standard Otto cycle with a restriction of maximum cycle temperature. A more realistic and precise relationship between the fuel’s chemical energy and the heat leakage that is based on a pair of inequalities is derived through the resulting temperature. The power output and the working range of the cycle increase with the increase of specific heats of the working fluid, while the efficiency decreases with the increase of specific heats of the working fluid. The friction loss has a negative effect on the performance. The results obtained in the present study are of importance to provide good guidance for performance evaluation and improvement of practical Otto engines.

[Reza Masoudi Nejad, Iman Soleimani Marghmaleki, Rouhollah Hoseini, Pouyan Alaei. Effects of irreversible different parameters on performance of air standard Otto cycle. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):248-254]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.28

Key words: Otto cycle; Heat leakage; Friction; Irreversible; Variable specific heat

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The Perceptions of Graduate Students about Factors Influencing the Extension of Entrepreneurship Education in College of Agriculture and Natural Resources in Iran

Seyed Jamal F.Hosseini ¹, Heidar Ahmadi ², Maryam Omidi Najafabadi ¹

 ^1. Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

^2. Department of Natural Resources Extension and Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

jamalfhosseini@srbiau.ac.ir

Abstract: Graduate students at the college of agriculture and natural resources were surveyed in order to explore their perception about the factors influencing the extension of entrepreneurship education in the Science and Research Branch at Islamic Azad University. The methodology used in this study involved a combination of descriptive and quantitative research. The total population was 313 master and doctorate students majoring in agriculture. The results of regression analysis showed that 50% of the variance in the perception of respondents could be explained by tendency toward being successful, being innovative, entrepreneurship education in universities, role of instructor and educational contents.

[Seyed Jamal F.Hosseini, Heidar Ahmadi, Maryam Omidi Najafabadi. The perceptions of graduate students in the college of agriculture and natural resources about factors influencing the extension of entrepreneurship education in Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):255-259]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.29

Keywords: entrepreneurship, extension, college of agriculture, graduate students

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Cigarette Smoking among University Students: Family- related & Personal risk factors

Ghada F. El-Sharkawy

 Public Health & Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt

Address: Department of community medicine and public health, Faculty of Medicine- Zagazig - Egypt.

E-mail: ghadaelsharkawy@hotmail.com. Mobile: 002 0121407940

ABSTRACT: Smoking is considered as an increasing epidemic among youth. This threats with increasing epidemics of chronic non-communicable diseases. Objective: The objectives of this study were to have a recent estimate of smoking problem among university students in Egypt and to identify possible risk factors related to family life & personal aspects. Methods: This cross-sectional study included a representative sample of 1072 Egyptian University students. The students were interviewed and asked to complete a modified questionnaire derived from the standard questionnaire of National Center for Social and Criminal Research. Results: The prevalence of current smoking was (20.2%) while ever smoking was (22.1%). Friends were the first ranked motive for smoking ( 37.2%%) followed by family related derives (13.8 %) then sense of hopeless future (12.2 %). Personal risk factors for smoking were young age, males gender, studying in theoretical faculties and suffering a chronic health problem. The important family-related risk factors were large number of the family, late order among siblings and living away from the family. Conclusion: This study determined some personal& family- related factors contribute in smoking problem. Dealing with them by coordinated efforts of the family, school, university and government will alleviate smoking problem among youth.

[Ghada F. El-Sharkawy. Cigarette Smoking among University Students: Family- related & Personal risk factors. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):260-268]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.30

Keyworks: Cigarette; Smoking; University; Student; risk factor

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Effects of educational program on Insight Into Illness and Attitudes Toward Medications Among Schizophrenic patients

Yosr Mohamed Elmasri

 Lecturer of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Faculty of Nursing – Mansoura University

dr_yosrelmasri@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study assessed the impact of the constructed nursing educational program on insight and attitudes toward medications in a sample of schizophrenic patients who randomly selected. A quasi-experimental design was utilized in this study. The study was conducted in in-patient clinic at Benha governmental hospital for mental health. A total sample of 40 schizophrenic patients (experimental group 20 and control group 20) was selected randomly to participate in the study. Three tools were used for data collection, socio-demographic/ medical data sheet, Insight Scale, and Drug Attitude Inventory Scale. Findings of this study proved the effectiveness of the constructed educational program on schizophrenic patients' insight, whereas no effect on patients' attitude toward medications. The total insight and patients' attitude toward medications were not correlated significantly with number of hospital admission, duration of illness and age at onset of the disease. Patients' attitude toward medications didn't correlated significantly with insight at pre, post, and follow-up program. Therefore the study highlight there is a need to conduct educational sessions periodically for the schizophrenic patients, a matter which increase the schizophrenic insight into illness.

[Yosr Mohamed Elmasri. Effects of educational program on Insight Into Illness and Attitudes Toward Medications Among Schizophrenic patients. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):269-277]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.31

Key words: schizophrenia- attitude toward medications - insight into illness

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β-Methyl Crotonitrile in Synthesis of Some New Compounds and Evaluation of Their Herbicidal Efficiency

S.E.S. Hamouda^a, Nermeen S. Abbas^b, S.M.A. Sherif^c, and A.M.A. Elkady^a.

 ^a Central Agricultural Pesticides Lab. (CAPL), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Cairo, Egypt.

^bChemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University.

^cChemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University.

saad_capl@yahoo.com

Abstract: In an effort to establish new candidates with improved antiherbal activities we report here the synthesis and herbicidal evaluation of various series of β-methyl crotonitrile benzoxazoles, α-(benzoxazole-2-yl)- β-cycloalkylidene crotonitrile (3) and 3-(benzoxazole-2-yl)-2-mercapto-4- methyl-6-pyridinethione (10) together with the synthesis of some substituted benzoxazolyl anilines(5,7,9).The herbicidal evaluation of these compounds was carried out on wheat as pattern for monocotyledonous plants under laboratory conditions. Three plant parameters, seed germination, root and shoot growth of wheat seeds were taken as indicators for the herbicidal efficiency of the newly synthesized compounds. The most active compounds that showed an observable inhibition effect on the process of germination, root and shoot growth or one of them were (3),(5b),(5c),(9a) and (9c) so that, they were rescreened by a serial of concentrations to stand on the most potent derivative. Their EC₅₀ values were calculated and showed that compound (9a) was the most potent and greatly inhibited shoot growth (EC₅₀, 1.4mg/ml).

[S.E.S. Hamouda, Nermeen. S. Abbas, S.M.A. Sherif, and A.M.A. Elkady. β-Methyl Crotonitrile in Synthesis of Some New Compounds and Evaluation of Their Herbicidal Efficiency. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):278-286]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.32

Keywords: β-Methylcrotonitriles, cycloalkylidenecrotonitrile pyridinethione, benzoxazolyl anilines, wheat, monocotyledonous plants, growth parameters and herbicidal efficiency.

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Phenolic Metabolites from Acacia nilotica Flowers and Evaluation of its Free Radical Scavenging Activity

Sayed A. El-toumy^1,*, Samy M. Mohamed², Emad M.Hassan², Abdel-Tawab H. Mossa³

 ¹Chemistry of Tannins Department, ²Medicinal and aromatic plants Department ³Environmental Toxicology Research Unit (ETRU), Pesticide Chemistry Department, National Research Center, 12622 Dokki, Cairo, Egypt,

^* sayedeltomy@yahoo.com

Abstract: The study of the chemical constituents of the flowers of Acacia nilotica has resulted in the isolation and characterization of nine compounds. These compounds were identified as catechin (1), catechin 7-O- gallate (2), gallic acid (3), naringenin 7-O-β- glucopyranoside (4), quercetin 3-O- β- glucoside (2→1) glucopyranoside (5), quercetin 3-O- β-glucopyranoside (6), chalconaringenin 4’-O-β-glucopyranoside (7), naringenin (8) and quercetin (9), which were isolated for the first time from Acacia nilotica flowers. The above compounds were individually identified by spectroscopic analyses and were compared with reported data. The total amount of phenolic compounds of the aqueous methanol extract and fractions was determined by ultraviolet (UV) spectrometry and calculated as gallic acid equivalents. The antioxidant potential of Acacia nilotica extract and fractions has been investigated by DPPH radical scavenging assay.

[Sayed A. El-toumy, Samy M. Mohamed, Emad M.Hassan, Abdel-Tawab H. Mossa. Phenolic Metabolites from Acacia nilotica Flowers and Evaluation of its Free Radical Scavenging Activity. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):287-295]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.33

Keywords: Acacia nilotica; total phenolic compounds; antioxidant activity; DPPH

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Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):296-307]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.34

Withdrawn

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Health risk assessment of workers exposed to heavy metals in cement kiln dust (CKD)

A.A. El-Abssawy*, M.A. Hassanien Y.H. Ibrahim, N.M. Abdel Latif,

 Department of Air Pollution, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt

a_elabssawy@yahoo.com

Abstract: Cement kiln dust (CKD) like cement itself is not considered to be hazardous material under EPA regulations. However, this does not mean that CKD does not contain anything that could pose a hazard to the environment. Therefore, the objectives of this paper were to: 1) evaluate the concentration of six hazardous metals; arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) in CKD. 2) Carry out health risk screening analysis for occupational exposure in the cement plants. CKD samples were collected from the biggest three companies for Portland cement production, which are located at Helwan governorate south of Cairo, Egypt. In the present study concentrations of the six metals were measured using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry techniques. The obtained average concentrations were 35.95; 30.17; 15.44; 12.49; 1.27; and1.02 for Cr, Zn, Ni, Pb, As and Cd, respectively. The average daily and lifetime average daily doses for each metal were calculated to evaluate the health risk assessment (HRA) among workers exposed to hazardous metals detected in CKD. Moreover, the results of the current work showed that Cr represents a high risk in the three cement plants comparing to the others measured ones. It might be attributed to high content of this metal in CKD and its carcinogenicity characters.

[A.A. El-Abssawy; M.A. Hassanien Y.H. Ibrahim, and N.M. Abdel Latif. Health risk assessment of workers exposed to heavy metals in cement kiln dust (CKD). American Science 2011;7(3):308-316]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.35

Keywords: cement kiln dust, carcinogenic metals, exposure, health risk assessment

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The Direct Inversion of  from Elastic Impedance

Samba Charles Prisca, Jiangping Liu

 Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China. *Corresponding author: Email: sambadebima@hotmail.com

Abstract: Elastic impedance (EI) contains valuable information that can be used in reservoir rock as fluid and lithology identification. To get more understanding about the reservoir properties, EI can be reformulated according to the Gray’s approximation, in which lamé parameters and density can be successfully extracted. , the most sensitive parameter to variations in rocks properties going from shale to gas sand, is often derived indirectly from lamé parameters. On real seismic data often affected by noises, However, This procedure may poses the numerical computation that can introduce cumulative errors in the inverted results. To avoid these ambiguities, the gray’s approximation is reformulated introducing the ratio . the application of this equation to synthetic and real data show that the inverted results are more stable and less ambiguous than that from conventional procedure, and thus can recover reservoir information very well.

[Samba Charles Prisca Jiangping Liu. The Direct Inversion of   from Elastic Impedance. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):317-321]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.36

Keywords: gray approximation; elastic impedance; inversion; lamé parameters

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Relationship between coping styles and level of depression among depressed patients

¹ Magdala Habib Farid Maximos, ¹Fatma Hussein Ramadan and ²Mohab Mahmoud Naeem

 ¹ Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University,Egypt

²Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health, Faculty of Nursing, Tishreen University, Syria.

Abstract: Depressed patients perceive stress more readily than non-depressed persons, and they struggle to cope with their problematic situations, and their depressive symptoms. Changing maladaptive coping style to adaptive one is a crucial aspect of nursing role through treatment of depression. The aim of this study is to identify relationship between depressed patients coping styles and their level of depression. Total sample of 150 depressed patients of both sexes aged between 21-60 years were selected conveniently from outpatient clinics in El Maamoura Hospital for Psychiatric Medicine and Ras El-Teen General Hospital in Alexandria. Two tools were used to collect the necessary data: the first one is the Ways of Coping Questionnaire" (WOC) to assess thoughts and actions that individuals use to cope with stressful encounters of every day living. Second tool is Beck Depression Inventory is (BDI). to identify or confirm the presence of depressive symptoms and measure their severity. The results showed positive correlation between level of depression and each of emotion focused coping, confrontive coping, accepting responsibility, and escape avoidance coping styles, while negative correlation was found between level of depression and each of problem focused coping, self controlling coping, planful problem solving, and positive reappraisal coping styles.

[Magdala Habib Farid Maximos, Fatma Hussein Ramadan and Mohab Mahmoud Naeem. Relationship between coping styles and level of depression among depressed patients. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):322-335]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.37

Keywords: Relationship; coping; depression; patient

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Bioremediation the Toxic Effects of Mercury-Exposure in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) by using Lemna gibba L

^*1Hussein A. Kaoud and ²Mohey M. Mekawy

 ¹Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt

 ² Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt. ^*ka-oud@link.net

Abstract: The effect of mercury (Hg) toxicity, its impact on histopathological changes, the median lethal concentration (LC₅₀-96 h) and the bioremediation effect of Lemna gibba L to Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, were investigated through semi-static acute toxicity test developed with mercury chloride (HgCl₂). ). Fingerlings (2.76±0.21 cm and 0.51±0.12 g) were kept during 96 hours in 5-liter glass aquaria, according to the following mercury concentrations, set up in three replicates: 0.00 (control), 0.037, 0.185, 0.370, 0.740, 0.925 mg Hg L^-1. The value of _LC50-96h was estimated in 0.220 mg Hg L^-1. This study indicated that:1) Hg poisoning caused structural damage in the fish organs, 2) Lemna gibba L (weed and extract) were effective in removing Hg from water and reducing Hg bioaccumulation in liver and muscular tissues of fish, 3) The addition of Lemna gibba L-extract reduced significantly (P<0.05) the Hg level uptake as compared to fish exposed to Hg alone and 4) Addition of Lemna gibba L remediated the toxic effect of Hg and provided protection against the degenerative action of Hg.

[Hussein A. Kaoud and Mohey M. Mekawy. Bioremediation the Toxic Effects of Mercury-Exposure in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) by using Lemna gibba L. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):336-343]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.38

Keywords: Mercury; Histopathology; Lemna gibba L; Bioremediation; Oreochromis niloticus

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Evaluation of Quaternary aquifer for agricultural purposes in northwest Sinai, Egypt

Abd-Alrahman A.A. Embaby and Samah M.A. El-Barbary

 Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta Branch, Mansoura University, Egypt

embaby@mans.edu.eg

Abstract: Northwest Sinai is characterized by a semiarid climate condition and due to insufficient surface water resources; Quaternary aquifer is the main water supply. The Quaternary groundwater exists under free water table conditions with water level ranges between -3.7 m and 12 m. The groundwater flow is concentric around El-Salam Canal as a result of its closure and dependence of the new reclaimed lands on the groundwater. In order to evaluate the suitability of Quaternary aquifer for irrigation purposes, the chemical characteristics have been investigated in fifty samples collected from tube wells and dug wells. The total dissolved solids (TDS) are ranged from 692 mg/l to 9384 mg/l; indicating fresh to saline water classes. Sodium, chloride and sulphate display a nearly linear increase with increasing salinity. The main groundwater genetic types are CaCl₂ and MgCl₂, reflecting the marine water affinity. Such waters are mostly unsuitable for irrigation under a normal condition and further action for salinity control is required in remediating such a problem. Also, the poor irrigation water can be managed by improving irrigation management technologies and using salt tolerance plants.

[Abd-Alrahman A.A. Embaby and Samah M.A. El-Barbary. Evaluation of Quaternary aquifer for agricultural purposes in northwest Sinai, Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):344-361]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.39

Keywords: Evaluation; Quaternary; aquifer; agriculture; Sinai; Egypt

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A Review of some Ecto-and Endo Protozoan Parasites Infecting Sarotherodon Galilaeus and Tilapia Zillii from Damietta Branch of River Nile, Egypt

Enayat Salem Ahmed Reda

 Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

enayatsalem40@yahoo.com

Abstract: The present study was carried out as a general survey searching for the possible protozoan parasites that can infect the Nile fishes S. galilaeus and T. zillii. A total of 125 live fish specimens were obtained from Damietta branch of River Nile and El-Sahel canal, Nile tributary. Examination of the investigated fish species revealed that, fishes were infected with eleven parasitic protozoan species belonging to eight genera. These species were: Apiosoma piscicolum, A. conica, Scopulata epibranchialis, Vorticella sp., Ambiphrya ameiuri, Amphileptus sp., Chilodonella hexasticha, Tetrahymena corlissi, Trypanosoma mansouri, T. syanophilum and Trypanosoma sp. Among the obtained parasites, the following were recovered for the first time in Egypt. Apiosoma conica, Vorticella sp., Ambiphrya ameiuri, Amphileptus sp., Tetrahymena corlissi and Trypanosoma sp. While S. galilaeus represent a new host for Chilodonella hexasticha. The recorded numerous parasites have pathological effects on the host fish with subsequent economic losses were discussed.

[Enayat Salem Ahmed Reda. A Review of some Ecto-and Endo Protozoan Parasites Infecting Sarotherodon Galilaeus and Tilapia Zillii from Damietta Branch of River Nile, Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):362-373]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.40

Keywords: Endo; Protozoan; Parasites; Sarotherodon Galilaeus; Tilapia Zillii; Damietta; Nile; Egypt

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Political Parties: Extent and Nature

 Hossein Asayesh¹, Adlina Ab Halim¹, Seyedeh Nosrat Shojaei ¹

^1. Department of Politics & Government, Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra Malaysia

h.asayesh@yahoo.com 

Abstract: The political party is a means of connecting the political process with society and it helps to improve the political system. In addition, a central feature of any democracy is political party which serve as a vehicle through which citizens can come together freely to define their political and policy aspirations and campaign for public office. In fact political parties have developed alongside democracy, and it is commonly assumed that democracy cannot survive without them. This article is an overview from the extent and nature of the political party in any society.

[Hossein Asayesh. Adlina Ab Halim Seyedeh Nosrat Shojaei, Department of Politics & Government, Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra Malaysia. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):374-379]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.41

Keywords: Political Party, democracy, political development

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Pollution assessment of the aquatic resources in the Lagos lagoon system.

^*1Oshisanya, Khaphilah Ibironke; ²Nubi, Olubunmi Ayoola; ³Amusan, Esther Esak; ⁴Salaudeen, Mutiat Motolani

 ^1,2,3,4 Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research,

P.M.B.12729, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria.

Email: kharphioshi@yahoo.com

 *(Corresponding author).

Abstract: Sediment, water samples and fish (Oreochromis niloticus and Chrysichtys nigrodigitatus)from each of Unilag,Ikorodu and Iddo Lagoons in Lagos State, Nigeria were analysed for the presence Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe) and Chromium (Cr) using Buck Scientific 200A model, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS).Sediment contain highest concentration of Fe with a value of 113.02mg/kg against 0.96mg/L in water and 3.92mg/kg in fish, fish contain higher concentration of Zn 7.236mg/kg against 3.740mg/kg in sediment and 3.96mg/L in water. Cu is higher in fish 3.7mg/kg followed by water 2.96mg/L and sediment sample 1.163mg/kg.Cd,Cr and Pb were found not to be present in the water sample while these metals were found to be higher in the Sediment sample than fish tissue. Bioaccumulation was observed in tissues of Oreochromis niloticus and Chrysichtys nigrodigitatus as higher concentrations of metals were observed in fish tissues than in the water in which they live. The concentration of Zn in the water is above the limits permitted by the Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency (LASEPA) of 1.0 mg/L Zn set for water, there should be need for continuous monitoring of these Lagoons for heavy metals/pollution status.

[Oshisanya, Khaphilah Ibironke; Nubi, Olubunmi Ayoola; musan, Esther Esak; Salaudeen, Mutiat Motolani. Pollution assessment of the aquatic resources in the Lagos lagoon system. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):380-383]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.42

Key Words: Fish, Bioaccumulation, Sediment, Oreochromis niloticus, Chrysichytis nigrodigitatus.

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Seasonal Variation Of Heavy Metals In Sediment And Water Of Lagos Lagoon

*Oshisanya, K.I¹., Unyimadu J.P².,Shelle R.O.D³., Nubi A.O⁴., Ladigbolu, I.A.⁵, Oguguah N.M.⁶, Olumodeji,O.O.⁷, Adeleye A.O.⁸, Fashade, A.O⁹.

 ^1-9DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

NIGERIA INSTITUTE FOR OCEANOGRAPHY AND MARINE RESEARCH

VICTORIA ISLAND LAGOS, NIGERIA.

E-mail: kharphioshi@yahoo.com Phone: +2348035031722

ABSTRACT: The concentration of Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) and physicochemical parameters were determined in Surface water and Sediment at different stations in Lagos lagoon during the wet season. The result showed that the concentration of Cr 0.039mg/l, Pb 0.043mg/l, Zn 0.107mg/l, Cd 0.17mg/l in surface water were generally low when compared to WHO standard 2004, The concentration of Zn in the water is within the limits permitted by the Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency (LASEPA) of 1.0 mg/L Zn set for water. The mean levels of heavy metals in the sediment of Lagos lagoon were generally low and fell within the acceptable limits described by WHO,2004 and FEPA.The average concentration for the heavy metals were Cr 0.046mg/g, Pb 0.054mg/g, Zn 0.730mg/g, Cd 0.523mg/g respectively. Comparism of these values with that of the surface water indicates that most metals were adsorbed to the sediment. None of the trace metals investigated were above the maximum permissible level set by world health organization (WHO).For the physicochemistry the salinity ranged from 0.0 ‰ to 3.1 ‰ indicating a typical freshwater condition, higher dissolved oxygen were also recorded this may be due to run-off during the wet season.

[Oshisanya, K.I., Unyimadu J.P., Shelle R.O.D., Nubi A.O, Ladigbolu, I.A., Oguguah N.M., Olumodeji,O.O., Adeleye A.O., Fashade, A.O. Seasonal Variation Of Heavy Metals In Sediment And Water Of Lagos Lagoon. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):384-387]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.43

Key words: Sediment, heavy metals, Surface Water, Lagos Lagoon

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The Response of Galega officinalis Plant to Different Nitrogen Sources and their Effect on Active Ingredients and Biological Activity

S. El-Gengaihi^*, Abeer Y. Ibrahim, S.F. Hendawy, and S. R. Abd El-hamid

 Medicinal & Aromatic plants Department National research centre Dokki 12311 Cairo Egypt

^*souadgengaihi@hotmail.co.uk

Abstract: Galega officinalis, goat′s rue, a plant native to Euro-Asia and North Africa was introducing to Egypt as an objective for introducing important medicinal plants. The plant claimed to be useful in diabetic treatment, reduce weight and as anti platelet aggregation. Plant density and different nitrogen sources (organic, bio and chemical fertilizers) were tried to evaluate their effect on growth, yield, active ingredient, and its biological activity as anti diabetic. The results revealed that wide propagation distance produced higher growth and yield than the narrower one. The mineral nitrogen proved to be the effective source followed by compost then cattle manure on growth and yield of leaves, whole plant, flower, and sucker number. Total alkaloid was determined in leaves and it fluctuated with no clear trend, however was higher in sample taken at June. The fertilization had no effect on alkaloid accumulation. Goat′s rue total alkaloid showed the highest reduction percentage in blood glucose level after 2 hours in diabetic rats.

[S. El-Gengaihi, Abeer Y. Ibrahim, S.F. Hendawy, and S. R. Abd El-hamid. The Response of Galega officinalis Plant to Different Nitrogen Sources and their Effect on Active Ingredients and Biological Activity. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):388-398]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.44

Key words: Galega, Nitrogen sources, rates, planting distance, alkaloid, anti-diabetic

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Effect of Putrescine and Uniconazole Treatments on Flower Characters and Photosynthetic Pigments of Chrysanthemum indicum L. Plant

¹ Kandil, M. Mahros; ²El-Saady, M. Badawy; ^*1Mona, H. Mahgoub; ²Afaf, M. Habib and¹Iman, M. El-Sayed

 ¹Department of Ornamental Plants and Woody Trees, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt

²Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Faculty of Agric., Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

^{*free2hamona@yahoo.com}

Abstract: The effect of Putrescine at the concentration of 100,200 and 300 ppm and Uniconazole at 20, 40 and 60 ppm in addition to control (distilled water) on flower characters, total carbohydrates and photosynthetic pigments in flowers of Chrysanthemum plant during 2004/2005 and 2005/2006 had been evaluated studied. The obtained data indicated that all flower characters and chemical composition were significantly increased by foliar application of Putrescine at the three concentrations. Uniconazole treatments delayed start of flowering after spraying, decreased pedicle length and length of flower stalk, while it increased yield of flowers, diameter of inflorescence, vase life, total carbohydrates in the flowers and photosynthetic pigments chl. (a),(b) and carotonoids. The highest values were found when plants were treated with 200 ppm Putrescine and 20 ppm Uniconazole.

[Kandil, M. Mahros; El-Saady, M. Badawy; Mona, H. Mahgoub; Afaf, M. Habib and Iman, M. El-Sayed. Effect of Putrescine and Uniconazole Treatments on Flower Characters and Photosynthetic Pigments of Chrysanthemum indicum L. Plant. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):399-408]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.45

Key words: Cut flowers, Polyamines, Growth retardant, chlorophylls, carbohydrates

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The empowerment of rural women through Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) 

Mohammad Abedi¹ and Sharareh Khodamoradi²

¹Department of Agricultural Management, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch, Iran

²Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

*Corresponding author: skhodamoradi2007@yahoo.com

Abstract: Rural women are among those major groups at society who previously were considered less by planners, due to specific reasons in the past. And this problem is more observable at developing countries. While, by looking at women’s history of economic and social life, we can find that this great group, continuously have played basic role in forming economic condition of country. This great group consistent with men have had active role at areas of social-economic activities and always have had major part on economic production of society. ICT is now recognized as a technological tool which can serve as a catalytic intervention in respect of transforming the lives and livelihoods of rural families.The economic and income divides between urban and rural areas can be overcome only by the technological upgradation of rural professions.

[Mohammad Abedi and Sharareh Khodamoradi. The empowerment of rural women through Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):409-413]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.46

Keywords: rural women, empowerment, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)

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The importance of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in agriculture development in developing countries 

Mohammad Abedi¹ and Sharareh Khodamoradi²

 ¹Department of Agricultural Management, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch, Iran

²Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

*Corresponding author: skhodamoradi2007@yahoo.com

Abstract—In recent years, assistance from developed countries to developing countries has intensified. Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have also been widely deployed in developmental programmes, leading to the creation of a new field – ICT for development. This paper reviews a number of projects that introduce technically innovative ICTs that are intended for the development of marginalised rural areas.

[Mohammad Abedi and Sharareh Khodamoradi. The importance of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in agriculture development in developing countries. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):414-420]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.47

 Keywords: Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), agriculture development, developing countries

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Necessary of attention to indigenous knowledge toward improving agriculture

Mohammad Abedi¹ and Sharareh Khodamoradi²

 ¹Department of Agricultural Management, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch, Iran

²Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

*Corresponding author: skhodamoradi2007@yahoo.com

Abstract: society. Indigenous knowledge is different with scientific knowledge that was established by universities and scientific communities. This knowledge is basis for decision making at field of agriculture, health, education, food and natural sources Indigenous knowledge is set of all knowledge and skills that people enjoy in one geographical area ( in one environmental conditions) that most of their skills and knowledge be transmitted to next generation, and new generation would be adapted with them and add to it Since, each knowledge is consequent of individual interaction with environment, so indigenous knowledge is consequent of indigenous people interaction with their environment. Chambers with emphasis on people’s role at development process believes that “rural people’s knowledge” term is more eloquent than other terms for indigenous knowledge. Our purpose of rural people are producer farmers, input buyers, agriculture production sellers and etc. “people” in above phrase emphasis that this knowledge is more verbal and less has been written. This word also referred to whole knowledge system which contains concepts, beliefs, and attitudes and also contains gain, store and transmitting knowledge process.

[Mohammad Abedi and Sharareh Khodamoradi. Necessary of attention to indigenous knowledge toward improving agriculture. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):421-425]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.48

Keywords: agriculture, indigenous knowledge

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Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in the diagnostic evaluation of microcephaly

Elham A, Nawar, * Laila A,Selim, Manal S. El-dafrawy, Marwa A, Hassan, **Ahmed F, Yousef

 Pediatric &** Radiology Departments, Benha university. * Pediatric department, Cairo University

elhamnawar2006@yahoo.ca

Abstract: Microcephaly is defined as small head size characterized by occipito-frontal circumference (OFC) at least 2 standard deviations (SD) below the mean for age and sex. Microcephaly is associated with numerous disorders of diverse etiology. Radiology plays a fundamental role in determining the etiology. MRI is often the imaging modality of choice. Aim of the work: To assess the contribution of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in establishing an etiological diagnosis in children presenting with microcephaly in the first two years of life. Methods: Nine hundred Egyptian patients attending the general pediatric and neurology clinic of Benha University Hospital (BUH) and clinic of inherited metabolic disorder at the centre of social and preventive medicine of Cairo University Children Hospital (CUCH) were screened for microcephaly. This was done by measuring the (OFC), and then MRI was performed to all microcephalic patients. Other investigations done according to the condition. Results: Fifty five patients out o o f 900 cases were microcephalic, below the 3^rd percentile of Egyption charts. Male and female distribution was 31 (56.4%) and 24 (43.6%) with ratio of 3:2.The ages of presentation ranged from 2 months to 84 months with mean age of 20.6± 15.6 months. All patients were symptomatizing before 24 months with mean age of (6.5 ± 4.2 months). The patients were classified according to the final diagnosis into 3 groups: primary microcephaly 11cases (20%), secondary microcephaly 29 cases (52.72 and undiagnosed cases 15 cases (27.28%). The most frequent MRI finding is brain atrophy in 11(20%) cases followed by demylination in 10(18.18%) cases, leukomalecia &atrophy in 7(12.7%) cases, demylination &atrophy in 6(10.9%) cases, basal ganglia lesion in 5(9%) cases, congenital brain malformations in 4(7.3%) cases, microcephalic changes in 3(5.5%) cases and leukomalecia only in 2(3.6%) cases. Conclusion: MRI is considered as a golden standard in the evaluation of brain abnormalities in patients with microcephaly. It is diagnostic in congenital brain malformations and in combination with history & clinical findings, it can suspect the diagnosis, as in ARM, Leigh syndrome & HIE cases or point to specific test for diagnosis as in MLD & PKU.

[Elham A, Nawar, Laila A,Selim, Manal S. El-dafrawy, Marwa A, Hassan, Ahmed F, Yousef. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in the diagnostic evaluation of microcephaly. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):426-437]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.49

Keywords: Microcephaly – MRI- Mental Retardation – Global developmental delay

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Pay-As-Bid versus Uniform Pricing Mechanism in Restructured Power Systems

Mohammad Sadegh Javadi¹, Amin Javadinasab²

 ^1. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, 73715-181, Fars, Marvdasht, Iran

^2. Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar Branch, Shoushtar, Iran

msjavadi@gmail.com

Abstract: Energy markets have specifically different mechanism in quite varying countries. Even in one country, it might be that mechanism of electrical market is different from each other. What is similar in this markets is satisfying load or demand as a main target. In the worldwide electricity markets, ordinary mechanism of market clearing implied as a uniform price, while mechanism of payment in Iran's electricity market based on the model of pay-as-bid by energy generation companies. This paper is surveying these two mechanisms and introducing its weak and strong points.

[Mohammad Sadegh Javadi, Amin Javadinasab, Pay-As-Bid versus Uniform Pricing Mechanism in Restructured Power Systems Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):438-443]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.50

Keywords: Generation Expansion Planning (GEP), Load Duration Curve (LDC), Pay-as-Bid (PAB) mechanism, Uniform Payment (UP) mechanism

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The role of rural women's self-reliance in improving Livelihood

Mohammad Abedi¹ and Sharareh Khodamoradi²

 ¹Department of Agricultural Management, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch, Iran

²Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

*Corresponding author: khodamoradi121@yahoo.com

Abstract: Rural women are among those major groups at society who previously were considered less by planners, due to specific reasons in the past. And this problem is more observable at developing countries. If rural women can work through receiving credits, loan and others finance facilities at favorite jobs and live through earned income (as it called “self-reliance and independence”), so undoubtedly we would see changes in social, economic and cultural relations of village. Rural women’s financial self-reliance has many social & economic influence as it made them self-sufficiency, it changes economic behavior and it makes women independent, it will be effective in economic development in family & society, it also improve the women’s roles in society and it causes self-confidence in women, it builds family strength and it causes to respect the women rights more than before and women will become equal with men in all their rights, of course we won’t have patriarchy in the family. The women’s empowerment in the rural society will increase because of all the aspects of rural women’s self-reliance and their position will be confirmed.

[Mohammad Abedi, Sharareh Khodamoradi. The role of rural women's self-reliance in improving Livelihood. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):444-447]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.51

Keywords: financial self-reliance, rural women

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Decentralization in agricultural management in rural activities 

Mohammad Abedi¹ and Sharareh Khodamoradi²

¹Department of Agricultural Management, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch, Iran

²Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

*Corresponding author: khodamoradi121@yahoo.com

Abstract: Agricultural extension is a non-formal type of education that provides advisory services by the use of educational approach in acquiring knowledge and skills to deal with the growing needs of global world. Diverse agricultural extension funding and delivery arrangements have been undertaken since the mid-1980s by governments worldwide in the name of "privatization." When agricultural extension is discussed, privatization is used in the broadest sense – of introducing or increasing private sector participation, which does not necessarily imply a transfer of designated state-owned assets to the private sector. In fact, various cost-recovery, commercialization, and other so-called privatization alternatives have been adopted to improve agricultural extension. The form and content of decentralization has dominated development discourse and public sector reform agenda in Kenya in the last two decades. The case of agricultural extension service presents decentralization in a difficult context partly due to lack of information on its possible diverse impacts especially on resource poor farmers.

[Mohammad Abedi, Sharareh Khodamoradi. Decentralization in agricultural management in rural activities. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):448-452]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.52

Keywords: Decentralization, Agricultural management

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Proprietary of Total Intensity Magnetic Data to Detect the Subsurface Structures and Tectonics of Southern Sinai Peninsula, Egypt

Ahmed A. El-Khafeef¹ and Shadia T. El Khodary^2*

 ¹Exploration Dept., Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.

²Geology Dept., Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.

^{*s_elkhodary@hotmail.com}

Abstract: This study presents the analysis and interpretation of magnetic data to map the subsurface structural framework of the present area. Structural interpretation of the magnetic data was achieved through applying advanced processing techniques that provide automatic delineation and depth estimation of the magnetic structures. Some structural elements could be deduced from the qualitative interpretation of such magnetic anomalies. Phase-shifts of magnetic anomalies due to the local direction of the geomagnetic field vector can be corrected using a reduction-to-pole filtering operation. At the interpretation stage, the analysis of the RTP magnetic data, which included low-pass/high-pass filtering by power spectrum and separation of the magnetic causatives of shallow sources from those of deeper sources through the matching band-pass filtering. The horizontal gradient and local wave number tools were used for locating the magnetic sources and their properties. In this case, peaks in those methods can be used to locate sources representing the edges of thin horizontal sheets and estimate their strike directions which, used to delineate the tectonic framework of the investigated area. The shallow structural depths located between 1.5 to 2.5 km (red color) dominate the majority of the southern part, as well as some parts in the northern part. While the deep depths 2.5 to 5.5 km ( blue color) dominate the northcentral and westcentral parts. The mapped structures reveal that, the area is affected by a set of faults trending mainly in the NE-SW, NW-SE and N-S directions. Moreover, the area is dissected by a set of deep basement swells and troughs, as well as shallow anticlinal and synclinal trends controlled mainly by the predominant faults.

[Ahmed A. El-Khafeef and Shadia T. El Khodary. Proprietary of Total Intensity Magnetic Data to Detect the Subsurface Structures and Tectonics of Southern Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):453-463]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.53

Keywords: Proprietary; Magnetic Data; Subsurface Structure; Tectonics; Southern Sinai Peninsula; Egypt

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Clinical value of transforming growth factor beta as a marker of Fibrosis in adolescents with Chronic Liver Diseases

*Elham A Nawar *Bahaa El-Din Hassanin, **Mona EL-Tokhy

 PPPPPP *Pediatric & ** Clinical Pathology Depart. Faculty of Medicine, Benha University

elhamnawar2006@yahoo.ca

Abstract: Background: Hepatic fibrosis is the final common path of liver injury in most chronic liver diseases and can lead to cirrhosis, which is responsible for the majority of clinical complications. Our aim is to asses the clinical value of serum transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) as a fibrogenesis marker in adolescents with chronic Liver Diseases. Methods: We measured serum levels of TGF-β in 25 adolescents with chronic liver disease and 25 healthy controls, and determined their relationship to frequently used liver function tests and liver biopsy findings. Results: Serum Transforming growth factor β was significantly higher in patients than in controls (P < 0.001). Significant positive correlation between TGFβ and TSB (r = r ( ( ((0.4682 and p< 0.05). High significant positive correlation was noted be tween TGFβ and stage, grade of liver fibrosis, PT and duration of illness as p is <0.001and r is 0.9409, 0.7447, 0.5293 and 0.5952 respectively. Highly significant negative correlation was found between TGFβ and prothrombin concentration (PC) and serum albumin level as p is < 0.01 and r is -0.6460 and -0.5371 respectively. Sensitivity of TGFβ in diagnosis of fibrosis was 65%, specificity was 94% and area under curve (AUC) was 0.812. The cut-off value of TGFβ used to discriminate significant fibrosis was 22.6 ng/ml and it was a dependant predictor factor for diagnosis of fibrosis with positive predictive value 75.5% and negative predictive value 90.4 %. Conclusions: TGF-β had the ability to discriminate patients with significant fibrosis and may be useful in reducing but not replacing the need for liver biopsy.

[Elham A Nawar Bahaa El-Din Hassanin, Mona EL-Tokhy. Clinical value of transforming growth factor beta as a marker of Fibrosis in adolescents with Chronic Liver Diseases. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):464-471]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.54

Keywords: Liver fibrosis; Hepatitis C virus; Hepatitis B virus; Liver fibrosis; TGF-β

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Comparing of yield and yield components of rice hybrid in different irrigation regimes and nitrogen levels

Ashouri, M and E, Amiri

 Islamic azad university Roudsar&Amlash branch, Iran.

E-mail: mashouri48@yahoo.com and mashouri@iau-roudsar_amlash.ac.ir

Tel: +981426212910; Fax: +981426212911

Corresponding Author: Ashouri, M.

Abstract: In order to investigating the effect of different irrigation regimes and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of hybrid rice a biennial experiment was conducted at rice research institute of Iran during crop season 2008-9. experiment was arranged in split plot based on completely randomized block design with 3 replications in which water regimes were main factor included Continuous Submergence and Alternative Submergence conditions (irrigation intervals of 5, 8 and 11days) and nitrogen fertilizer levels were sub factor included 0, 90, 120 and 150 kg/ha. Grain yield in I1 to I4 were 7342, 7079, 7159 and 5168 kg/ha in 2008 and 4372, 4343, 4674 and 4208 kg/ha in 2009 respectively. Number of grains per panicle in I1 to I4 was 304,307,311 and 272 in 2008 and 183,180,181 and 179 in 2009 respectively. Weight of 1000 grain in I1 to I4 was 22.4, 22.2, 21.8 and 21.1 g in 2008 and was 22.8, 23, 23.1 and 23.2 g in 2009 respectively. Unfilled grain in I1 to I4 was 27.1, 32.9, 30.3 and 39.2 percentage in 2008 and was 55.2, 48.4, 50.4 and 46.8 percentage in 2009 respectively. Mean grain yield in irrigation regimes in 2009 compare to 2008 decreased 34% because mean number of grains per panicle in 2009 compare to 2008 decreased 40% and mean unfilled grain percentage increased 56%.

[Ashouri, M and E, Amiri. Comparing of yield and yield components of rice hybrid in different irrigation regimes and nitrogen levels. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):472-475]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.55

Keywords: irrigation, nitrogen, water use efficiency, rice, Iran

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Expression of Maspin, KI-67 and CD105 as Predictors of Postoperative Recurrence in Laryngeal Carcinoma: perioperative planning and proposed reconstructive tools

Mona G. Shafeek¹, Mona M. EL-Sayed¹, Mohammad R. Ahmad² and Wael Fawzy³

 ¹ Department of Pathology,² Department of general surgery, Plastic and reconstructive surgery unit.,

³Department of ENT. Faculty of medicine, Zagazig University.

Abstract: Background: Maspin, a member of serpin super-family, has multifaceted biological functions and an unique tumor suppressing activity. Several studies showed that maspin suppresses tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. The present study investigated the relationship between maspin expression, Ki-67 proliferative index (PI), CD105-assessed microvessel density (MVD) and postoperative recurrence in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Patients and methods: Subcellular pattern of maspin expression was immunohistochemically evaluated in 28 cases of laryngeal SCC treated by total laryngectomy with reconstruction but without primary radiotherapy with a follow-up period from 10 to 36 months. The expression and interaction between Ki-67, CD105 and maspin were also studied. Results: Two patterns of positive maspin expression; cytoplasmic (n=9) and nuclear-cytoplasmic (n=16) were recognized. Significant inverse correlation between nuclear-cytoplasmic pattern and both Ki-67 PI (P=0.049) and CD105-assessed MVD (P=0.016) were disclosed. Comparing the two groups of patients with (pR+) and without (pR-) evidence of postoperative recurrence, none of the studied clinicopathological parameters (age, sex, pathological grade, tumor stage, and nodal stage) was significantly associated with recurrence (all p>0.05). The nuclear-cytoplasmic maspin expression was significantly higher in pR- patients (p=0.018), while higher Ki-67 PI and CD105-assesed MVD were significantly correlated with pR+ group (p= 0.007 & p = 0.004 respectively). Conclusion: The present results suggest that absence of nuclear localization of maspin and high Ki-67 PI and CD105-assessed MVD may predict a higher risk of recurrence in laryngeal SCC patients.

[Mona G. Shafeek, Mona M. EL-Sayed, Mohammad R. Ahmad and Wael Fawzy. Expression of Maspin, KI-67 and CD105 as Predictors of Postoperative Recurrence in Laryngeal Carcinoma: perioperative planning and proposed reconstructive tools. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):476-484]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.56

Keywords: carcinoma, larynx, maspin, nuclear, Ki-67, CD105, recurrence

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Environmental Studies of Domestic Wastewater Treatment Using Integrated Anaerobic/Aerobic System

^*Talaat A. Hegazy, M. A. Abdel-Magied, A. Al-Asmar, and M. S. Ibrahim

 Mansoura University, Damietta Branch, Faculty of Science, Environmental Sciences Department, EGYPT

^*talaat_hegazy@mans.edu.eg

Abstract: Conventional aerobic technologies based on activated sludge processes are dominantly applied for the treatment of domestic wastewater due to the high efficiency achieved, the possibility for nutrient removal and the high operational flexibility. Anaerobic pre-treatment of domestic wastewater can serve a viable and cost-effective alternative due to its relatively low construction and operational cost, operational simplicity, low production of excess sludge, production of energy in form of biogas and applicability in small and large scales. A viable alternative is the sequential anaerobic–aerobic systems. The performance of the integrated anaerobic/aerobic wastewater treatment system (AAWTS) for domestic wastewater treatment has been investigated. The domestic wastewater and activated sludge were collected from Ras El-Bar wastewater treatment plant. The overall removal efficiency of the suggested system, is in the order TSS < TN < BOD < Cl^- = TDS < COD < NH₃.The deficiency of the applied AAWTS may be due to the limiting effect of salts on the biological treatment of saline influents.

[Talaat A. Hegazy, M. A. Abdel-Magied, A. Al-Asmar, and M. S. Ibrahim. Environmental Studies of Domestic Wastewater Treatment Using Integrated Anaerobic/Aerobic System. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):485-492]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.57

Keywords: Biological treatment, domestic wastewater, sludge, anaerobic/aerobic system, BOD and COD

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H₂/H_∞ Controller Design for Singular Perturbation Systems

Fatemeh Jamshidi ¹, Afshin Shaabany ¹ 

¹ Islamic Azad University, Fars Science and Research Branch, Shiraz, Iran

Fjamshidi59@yahoo. com, afshinshy@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this paper the synthesis of logic-based switching H₂/H_∞ state-feedback controller for singular perturbation systems is considered that achieves a minimum bound on the H₂ performance level, while satisfying the prescribed H_∞ performance. The proposed hybrid control scheme is based on a fuzzy supervisor which manages the combination of two controllers. A convex LMI- based formulation of the two fast and slow subsystem controllers leads to a structure that ensures a good performance in both the transient and the steady state phase. It is shown that the system with the proposed controller remains globally stable despite the configuration (controller) changing.

[Fatemeh Jamshidi, Afshin Shaabany. H₂/H_∞ Controller Design for Singular Perturbation. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):493-499]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.58

Keywords: Singular perturbation system; Fuzzy supervisor; Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI); Switching H₂/H_∞ control.

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Politics and Education: A case study of political participation of women in Iran

Seyedeh Nosrat Shojaei¹, Ku Hasnita Ku Samsu (Corresponding Author), Hossein Asayesh

Department of Politics & Government, Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra Malaysia. nosrat2007@yahoo.com

Abstract: This article studies the structural obstacles of women’s political participation in Iran. The objective of the study has been achieved by answering the question; how structural factors (Education and knowledge) act as obstacles to women's participation in top political positions in Iran? A qualitative case study method is used in the paper and the primary data are collected mainly through in-depth interviews with five informants by using purposive technique. The analysis of the study is supported by resources theory. The findings of the article suggested that inadequate intellectual resources act as the structural obstacles of Iranian women in politics.

[Seyedeh Nosrat Shojaei, Ku Hasnita Ku Samsu, Hossein Asayesh Department of Politics & Government, Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra Malaysia. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):500-505]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.59

Keywords: political participation, women, Iran, educational obstacles, resources theory

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Effect of Social Capital on welfare of Rural Households in South-western States, Nigeria

Authors: Balogun, Olubunmi. Lawrence and Suliamon. Adesina Yusuf 

Address: Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.

Correspondence E-mail: blarrybunmi@yahoo.com

Telephone number: +23480238441788

Abstract: This study conducted an empirical investigation on the effects of social capital on welfare of rural households in the southwestern, Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was employed. The data for the study were collected with the aid of structured questionnaires from three hundred and ninety nine households in Ekiti and Osun states. The data were analyzed using descriptive and regression techniques. The average age of the households head in the study areas was 41.3 years. Households belong to at least two associations and the most important one is religion association. Average household size is 5.0 members and has about 66.7 percent index of participation. However, the level of heterogeneity index is 54.7 percent while meeting attendance index of the households represents halves of the maximum recorded. Cash contribution index is surprisingly low with value of 16.8 percent while labour contribution index is 66.3 percent and with mean social capital value of 15.21. The result of regression show that location, marital status, household size, primary occupation cash contribution index and heterogeneity index of households significantly impacted welfare. The use of instrumental variable lead to an increase in the value of adjustment R² from 0.2302 to 0.2564 compared with the use of the actual social capital index. Policy that enhances better strong social ties of poor households is recommended for poverty alleviation.

[Balogun, Olubunmi. Lawrence and Suliamon. Adesina Yusuf. Effect of Social Capital on welfare of Rural Households in South-western States, Nigeria. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):506-514]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.60

Keywords: Social Capital, Households welfare, Instrumental variable, South west, Nigeria

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Identifying Contexts of Application of Electronic Education in Training of Youth Rural in Ilam Province, Iran

S.Jamal Farajollah Hosseini ¹, Farhad Lashgarara ², Azam Sanjabi ³

 ^{1, 2, 3.} Department of Agricultural Extension, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

f_lashgarara@srbiau.ac.ir

Abstract: Rural youth are only producer of future in providing the raw materials and food and industrial, productions in society. Youth are most number in society in terms of unfavorable living and less of suitable state of Training and improvement naturally; they could not advanced producer to progress agriculture sector. Rural youth immigrated to cities in result of unemployment and loss of training the cities have problem with rural emigration. The new technologies in rural area causes that youth can provide education needs. For this purpose, this research is accomplished with The Feasibility of E- learning Application for Training rural youth in the City of Ilam. It is applied research and research method is correlation. Questionnaire is main instrument in research and to study the observing research instrument, guide professor and experts and advisors got questionnaire. For the measure of questionnaire constant we take primary test with 20 questions and Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient is calculated 87 percent. Statistical population of research is 7950 people of Ilam rural youth. According to Cochran formula 150 people are sample number and with helping of class accidental sampling method is selected best descent statistical analysis is done with Spssversion12 computer software. Descriptive conclusion of this research is presented that social and economic factors are most effective factor in performance of E-learning. Training and searching factors are less effect in performance of e-learning. Results of regression analysis presented that social and training factor are most effects in E-learning for rural youth.

 [S.Jamal Farajollah Hosseini, Farhad Lashgarara^, Azam Sanjabi. Department of Agricultural Extension, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):515-519]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.61

Keywords: E-learning; rural youth; electronic education; training

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 Determining Causal Model Role of ICTs in Improving Food Security of Iran's Rural Households

Farhad Lashgarara ¹, S. Mehdi Mirdamadi², S.Jamal Farajollah Hosseini ³ 

^{1, 2, 3.} Department of Agricultural Extension, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

f_lashgarara@srbiau.ac.ir

Abstract: Access to desirable, sufficient, safe and nutritious food is one of the basic components of the development and health of a society. Information and communications technologies (ICTs) represent an important strategy that can be used in attaining food security. The main purpose of this research, performed in 2006-2007, was to identify the effectiveness of ICTs in improving food security of Iran's rural households. A descriptive methodology was applied in this research, through questionnaires. The statistical population for the study included 253 agricultural extension experts; from this population, 170 persons were selected. The results showed that, according to the experts’ point of view, the situation of food security in Iran's rural households was unfavorable, but that ICTs could play an important role in improving this situation. The results of stepwise regressions showed that providing information about food, increasing food production, helping to market agricultural products, considering clientele needs, improving interactions and communications, ensuring appropriate ICTs, providing access to old technology and accessing the content of this type of technology, were determined to account for 78% of the variance of the food security of Iran's rural households. Moreover, the path analysis technique demonstrated that the improvement of interactions and communications had the greatest influence on determining the causal model of improving food security of Iran's rural households (β =0.992).

[Farhad Lashgarara, S. Mehdi Mirdamadi, S.Jamal Farajollah Hosseini. Department of Agricultural Extension, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):520-525]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.62

Key words: Information and communications technologies, food security, rural households, Iran

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Predicting manpower productivity promotion factors in Guilan University of Medical Sciences using Structural Equation Modeling (Iran)

Dr. Fardin Mehrabian 

Assistant Professor, health School, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran (Corresponding author). Email: mehrabian@gums.ac.ir. Tel: 00981313240880

Abstract: Manpower productivity issues have attracted increasing interest among researchers during the last decade. There are various factors affecting human resources productivity. This study elaborated the human resources productivity promotion factors in Guilan University of Medical Sciences using structural equation modeling. The research was cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical. The study was carried out in two stages during three month of fall season in 2009. In quality stages of research, 45 specialists in management were involved. In the quantity stage, 321 members of the faculty, educational and human resources experts affiliated to Guilan University of Medical Sciences were selected and the data has been collected using the questionnaires. Expert panel has been used for content validity and exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were performed for construct validity. Finally, path analysis carried out in order to identify human productivity promotion factors. Manpower productivity promotion factors identified in path analysis were included organizational culture with 0.51 path coefficient, motivational factors with 0.25 path coefficients, environmental status with 0.17 path coefficient, faculty member's empowerment with 0.11 path coefficient and leadership style with 0.08 path coefficient. The results indicated that organizational culture, motivational factors, environmental conditions, empowerment and leadership style were the most important human productivity factors for Guilan University of Medical Sciences.

[Fardin Mehrabian, Predicting manpower productivity promotion factors in Guilan University of Medical Sciences using Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):526-532]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.63

Keywords: manpower productivity, path analysis, structural equations modeling, Guilan University of Medical Sciences

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 Bit-Interleaved Turbo-Coded over Wireless Channels

Afshin Shaabany, Fatemeh Jamshidi

Islamic Azad University, Fars Science and Research Branch, Shiraz, Iran

afshinshy@yahoo.com, Fjamshidi59@yahoo. com

Abstract: This paper presents an improved version of bit-interleaved turbo-coded modulation (BITCM) scheme designed for bandwidth efficient transmission over wireless channels. The proposed scheme consists to apply signal space diversity (SSD) to conventional BITCM and a rotated modulation. At the receiver side, an iterative demapping and decoding is proposed in order to optimize the error performance. Simulation results carried out on 2 bit/s/Hz 64-QAM BITCM indicate that is possible to obtain a gain exceeding 0.5 dB at a BER = 10^-7 compared to the classical 64-QAM BITCM scheme. It is also shown that, the error floor can be significantly lowered using SSD technique at a little cost in terms of system's complexity.

[Afshin Shaabany, Fatemeh Jamshidi. Bit-Interleaved Turbo-Coded over Wireless Channels. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):533-537]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.64

Keywords: BICM, DVB-RCS turbo code, signal space diversity, iterative demapping, error floor, wireless channels

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Analysis of P53 Gene Mutations in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes of Egyptian Spray Workers Exposed to Multiple Pesticides

Mohamed A. Noaishi ¹, Mostafa M.M. Afify² and Samir H. Haggag³ 

¹Department of Mammalian Toxicology, Central Agricultural Pesticides Lab (CAPL), Ministry of Agriculture

²Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Bani Sweif University, Egypt

³Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Research Center (NRC)

Abstract: The advanced research of the molecular genetic toxicology is focused on the fundamental molecular mechanisms involved the risk of mutations in genes related tumor. Mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene plays an important role in the development of common human malignancies. Previous reports revealed that the tumor suppressor gene p53 is considered to be the most frequently mutated gene in human tumors. The present study was designed to investigate the association among three factors, which focusing on occupational exposure to pesticides, aging and smoking habit and their effect on p53 gene mutation in fresh blood lymphocytes of workers occupationally exposed to a mixture of pesticides in outdoor fields in El-Fayoum governorate, Egypt. Because p53 gene mutation is associated with many factors not one factor effects on the result but may be many factors affect on this result. So we used a multiple Linear Regression statistical test to give the effect of each factor individual as well as the interaction among these factors and the results showed that there was a significant Linear Regression of p53 mutations with age and smoking factors with (P = 0.005) and (P = 0.002) respectively but there is no significant with pesticide exposure factor (P = 0.528). P53 genetic mutation occurs relatively with age after 40 years old and the workers in any occupation when they are smokers will be prone to P53 gene mutations than other environmental factors. In conclusion, PCR-“cold” SSCP is a rapid and sensitive method for identifying p53 genetic mutation and useful as biomarker but at least should be used with many other biomarker tests to give a clear picture about environmental genotoxicity.

[Mohamed A. Noaishi, Mostafa M.M. Afify and Samir H. Haggag. Analysis of P53 Gene Mutations in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes of Egyptian Spray Workers Exposed to Multiple Pesticides. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):538-543]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.65

Key Words: Occupationally exposed, Pesticides, Age, Smoking, p53, SSCP

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 Assessment of Sport Practice among Adolescent School Students and Its Effect on Perceived Health in Sharkia Governorate –Egypt

Shereen Eassa^*1, Sohair A Hagag¹ and Ghada Sanad Nageeb ² 

Community Medicine and Public Health¹ &rheumatology and physiotherapy² Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt

^{*shereeneassa@yahoo.com}

Abstract: Sedentary lifestyle is a major contributing factor to increasing health problems among adolescents. Inactive youth have a high probability of becoming obese adults with increased risk for coronary heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes. This study aimed to assess the frequency of practice of adolescent students towards sport practice, to study some of the risk factors that affect sport practice and to measure the subjective direct and indirect effects of sports participation on perceived health. The sample was selected by multistage simple random sample technique from students of preparatory and secondary schools. The tool in our study was questionnaire which was included data about practice of sports and its association to socioeconomic condition, some lifestyle factors, knowledge, attitude, the direct and indirect effect on perceived health, then we measured body weight and height of the students and calculated their Body Mass Index. Obtained data revealed that 81.8% our sample practice sports but the majority of them with low level of practice 75.2%, study work were the most barriers against practicing sports 29.4% while fun and social role were the most common motives (30.5%& 23.5%respectively). Low levels of knowledge, attitude as well as negative perception of health & high level of anxiety, feeling depression and psych-physiological score were significant among those not practice sports. In addition; smoking, obesity, female sex were significant associated with non practice of sports. In conclusion; feeling anxiety, depression, negative attitude, low level of father and mother education were the most common predictor factors of not practice sport, so we recommend health education programs, social mobilization to eliminate barriers and increase motives toward sport practice and incorporated more students into sports programs into schools or community.

[Shereen Eassa, Sohair A Hagag and Ghada Sanad Nageeb^. Assessment of Sport Practice among Adolescent School Students and Its Effect on Perceived Health in Sharkia Governorate –Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):544-551]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.66

Keywords: sport practice-physical activity-risk factors-perception of health.

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 Relationship between Impulsivity and Coping Strategies among Psychiatric Outpatients at Assiut University Hospital

Samia Abed Dayem ¹, Naglaa Abd El megied Mohamed ^*2 and Nadia Abd Elghanay Abd El Hammed ²

¹Department of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of nursing. Alexandria University

² Department of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of nursing. Assiut University

*noga_abdo69@yahoo.com

Abstract: Routine assessment of impulsivity and accompanying coping skills is essential for planning care and appropriate management of patients identified as impulsive. Impulsivity is one of the defining characteristics of many adult psychiatric disorders and is also a key component in the clinical risk assessment of anger and aggression. This study aimed to assess the impulsivity and coping skills among psychiatric patients and to determine the relationship between impulsivity and coping skills. The study was carried out in psychiatric outpatient clinic at Assiut University Hospital. The study sample comprised 120 psychiatric patients (70 males) and (50 females), diagnosed with schizophrenia, mood disorders and delusional disorder. Three tools were used for data collection, namely: Patient's assessment structured interview schedule, Impulsivity scale, and Coping scale. the main results yielded by the study proved that, concerning the level of impulsivity, the majority sample had moderate impulsivity, highest among patient's aged from 30–39 years, males than females (51%), married, illiterate (33%), and farmers (32%). The study recommended teaching nurses to understanding the effect of impulsivity on personality, behavior and coping strategies is essential for the accurate assessment and appropriate management of impulsive individuals.

[Samia Abed Dayem, Naglaa Abd El megied Mohamed and Nadia Abd Elghanay Abd El Hammed Relationship between Impulsivity and Coping Strategies among Psychiatric Outpatients at Assiut University Hospital. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):552-557]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.67

Key Words: Impulsivity, Coping Strategies, Psychiatric Patients

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 Control of Construction - Associated Nosocomial Invasive Aspergillosis Outbreak at Kuwait Cancer Control Centre

Naglaa M. Abdo^*1 and Haifaa Al-Mousa² 

¹ Community Medicine Dept, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt

Infection Control Office, Kuwait Cancer Control Center, Ministry of Health, Kuwait

²Infection Control Directorate, Ministry of Health, Kuwait

^*nagla_abdo@hotmail.com

Abstract: Outbreaks of nosocomial invasive aspergillosis may occur in association with construction/renovation activities. Outbreak of Nosocomial invasive aspergillosis had been declared at July 2010 at Kuwait Cancer Control Centre coinciding with different construction and renovation activities. A total of four cases of aspergillosis were identified. An urgent meeting of a multidisciplinary team comprising infection control staff, clinicians, hospital deputy director, engineering department staff and the director of nursing staff was established with subsequent implementation of different control measures including: Sealing of construction sites with impermeable barriers, face-masking of patients with N95 mask, frequent wet cleaning around construction area and posaconazole antifungal prophylaxis for high risk patients.

[Naglaa M. Abdo and Haifaa Al-Mousa. Control of Construction - Associated Nosocomial Invasive Aspergillosis Outbreak at Kuwait Cancer Control Centre. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):558-562]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.68

Keywords: Aspergillosis; Outbreak; Construction

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 EVALUATION OF SOME ESSENTIAL OILS AGAINST SESAMIA CRETICA LED. UNDER FIELD CONDTIONS

RASHA A. EL-HOSARY 

Plant Protection Dept., Fac. of Agric., Benha University, Egypt

rashaelhosary@yahoo.com

Abstract: Efficacy of some volatile plant oils against the corn borer, S. cretica Led. was investigated under field conditions throughout 2010 early summer corn season. Oils of four plants, namely; Cinnamon, Clove, Marjoram and Ginger Essential oils were used at concentrations 2.5 and 5%. Also, Eugenol (aromatic fragment) which was found in all the essential oils was used in 4 concentrations. The recommended pesticide Diazinox ® was used in addition to the control treatment. It was found that Cinnamon at 5% achieved the highest percentage reduction in egg masses, larvae and dead heart being 95.2, 85.5 and 92.1, respectively. The heaviest yield of maize ears was obtained as a result of treating plants with cinnamon 5% and eugenol 0.4% being 89.9 and 86.2% increase than control, respectively.

[RASHA A. EL-HOSARY. EVALUATION OF SOME ESSENTIAL OILS AGAINST SESAMIA CRETICA LED. UNDER FIELD CONDTIONS. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):563-568]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.69

Key words: Essential oils - Sesamia cretica Led.

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 Study of Resistin and Leptin in patients with Thyroid Dysfunction

Azza M. Abdu-Allah⁽¹⁾, Riham G. Mahfouz⁽¹⁾, Seham A. Khodeer⁽²⁾, Walid A. Shehab-Eldin⁽³⁾ and Mostafa El Nagar⁽³⁾

 ¹ Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Menofia University, Egypt.

² Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menofia University, Egypt.

³Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Menofia University, Egypt.

ommiar_2003@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background: Leptin and resistin are adipocytokines associated with body mass, insulin resistance and inflammation. Data linking adipokines with thyroid hormones are confusing. Aim: Evaluation of leptin and resistin in patients with thyroid dysfunction. Subjects and methods: 28 patients with hyperthyroidism, 26 patients with hypothyroidism and 24 age and gender matched control subjects were included in the study. BMI was calculated. Serum concentrations of TT3, FT4, TSH, resistin and leptin were measured by ELISA. Results: A higher BMI (29.4+2.1)kg/m², TSH (21.7+ 2.4) Mu/L and leptin (34.9+ 2.8) ng/ml were found in the hypothyroid group compared with the hyperthyroid group BMI (23.7+2.7)kg/m², TSH (0.07+ 0.03) Mu/L and leptin (9.7+ 1.8)ng/ml. The hyperthyroid group exhibited a significant increased TT3 (6.6+1.6)nmol/L, FT4 (2.6+0.1)Pmol/L and resistin (13.8+3.7)ng/ml compared with the hypothyroid group TT3 (0.3+0.1)nmol/L, FT4 (0.68+0.04)Pmol/L and resistin (6.3+3.4)ng/ml. Resistin correlated significantly and negatively with TSH (P<0.01) and BMI (P< 0.01) and positively with TT3 (P<0.01) and FT4 (P< 0.05). Leptin correlated positively with TSH (P< 0.01) and BMI (P<0.01) and negatively with TT3 (P<0.01) and FT4 (P<0.05). Factors affecting resistin level in a multivariate logistic regression analysis were sex, TT3 and FT4. Leptin is affected only by sex and TSH. The cutoff level of leptin associated with hyperthyroidism is 15.3 ng/ml with sensitivity of 100%, and specificity of 60%. Conclusion: Thyroid hormones have direct effect on resistin but not leptin. Leptin may affect the thyroid function indirectly through its central action on TSH independent of the BMI. Leptin level of 15.3 ng/ml is associated with hyperthyroidism.

[Azza M. Abdu-Allah, Riham G. Mahfouz, Seham A. Khodeer, Walid A. Shehab-Eldin and Mostafa El Nagar. Study of Resistin and Leptin in patients with Thyroid Dysfunction. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):569-576]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.70

Keywords: Thyroid dysfunction, Adipocytokines, Leptin, Resistin.

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 IT IS NOT ENDOCANNABINOIDS BUT THE TYPE AND AMOUNT OF FOOD ARE THE MAIN CAUSE OF METABOLIC DISTURBANCES IN RATS

Kariman E. Slim^*, Mostafa H. AbdSalam, ^*Abeer A. A. Khalefa and Eman R. H. Abozid 

Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt

^*abeerbiomy@gmail.com

Abstract: Obesity has been identified as a major global health problem. A major cause of the obesity is the changes in feeding behaviour. Many controversy data concerning the role of endocannabinoid system in regulation /or disturbing of the metabolic parameters. The aim of this research is to identify the effect of methanandamide (as a one of CB1 selective agonist) on some metabolic parameters in rats fed by different types of food to clarify which is the cause of metabolic abnormality in obese ?.Design: A total number of 56 healthy adult male albino rats were used to study the effect of different types of diet and daily i.p injection methanandamide (CB1 agonist) in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg BW for 6 weeks on some metabolic parameters using pair feeding paradigm.Results: a significant increase in final body weights and a significant dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia with insulin resistance was in both HFD and HFrD fed groups when compared with that of standard chow diet fed group. Moreover, a significant dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia with insulin resistance was observed in methanandamide treated ad libitum group. In addition, our study revealed an insignificant change in all parameters measured between HFD and HFrD fed groups except for TG and VLDL parameters which are significantly higher in HFrD-fed group in comparison with that of HFD fed group. Interestingly, an insignificant change in serum levels of all previously mention parameters in the three different methanandamide treated pair fed groups in comparison with that of the three different fed control groups respectivelyConclusion: we can conclude that endocannabinoid system is not the main responsible for metabolic disturbance in obese rats.

[Kariman E. Slim^*, Mostafa H. AbdSalam, Abeer A. A. Khalefa and Eman R. H. Abozid. IT IS NOT ENDOCANNABINOIDS BUT THE TYPE AND AMOUNT OF FOOD ARE THE MAIN CAUSE OF METABOLIC DISTURBANCES IN RATS. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):577-586]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.71

Key Words: high fat, high fructose, endocannabinoid, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia.

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The role of information and communication technologies (ICT) in agricultural development 

Sharareh Khodamoradi ¹ and Mohammad Abedi²

¹ Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

²Department of Agricultural Management, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch, Iran

*Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract: Policy makers and service providers have increasingly come to view information and communication technologies (ICT), and particularly the Internet, as an important tool in providing disadvantaged groups and areas with access to information, services and markets that would otherwise be inaccessible. The concept of development of the rural, today, is not just project initiatives and governance; it is much more beyond that. This paper uncovers a whole plethora of ICT emergence as a technology of the new millennium. Against the backdrop of the ongoing ICT boom, this paper makes an attempt towards studying its applications and usage planning process and policy making for the rural communities focusing on how it helps in aligning the key factors and reduce the problems of alienation, fragmentation and dislocation of knowledge.

[Sharareh Khodamoradi and Mohammad Abedi. The role of information and communication technologies (ICT) in agricultural development. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):587-592]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.72

Keywords information and communication technologies (ICT), agricultural development

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 Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):593-607]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 73

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.73

Withdrawn

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 Effects of irreversible different parameters on performance of air standard dual-cycle

Reza Masoudi Nejad ¹, Pouyan Alaei ² 

^1. School of Engineering, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran

^2. Mechanics laboratory, Azadi Avenue, Tehran, Iran

pouyan.alaei@gmail.com

Abstract: An irreversible air standard dual cycle model is proposed in this paper. The performance of an air-standard dual cycle with heat transfer loss and variable specific heats of working fluid is analyzed by using finite-time thermodynamics. The objective of this study is to analyze the effects of heat loss characterized by a percentage of the fuel’s energy, friction and variable specific heats of working fluid on the performance of an air standard dual cycle with a restriction of maximum cycle temperature. The relations between the power output and the compression ratio, and between the thermal efficiency and the compression ratio of the cycle are derived. Moreover, the effects of heat transfer and global losses lumped in a friction like term on the performance of the cycle are shown by detailed numerical examples.

[Reza Masoudi Nejad, Pouyan Alaei. Effects of irreversible different parameters on performance of air standard dual-cycle. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):608-613]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.74

Keywords: Air Standard, Finite-time thermodynamics, Dual cycle, Power Output, friction.

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 Undergraduate Male Nursing students' Perception about the Image of the Nursing Profession

Abdel El-Halem GE¹, El Hawashy ZI¹, Gamal El-Dein AA², Taha EE ^*1

 ¹Nursing Education Department, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Egypt

² Maternity & Gynecologic Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Egypt

^*eman_said303@yahoo.com

Abstract: Gender and sex role stereotyping are recognized as having the potential to limit the professional development of males within the nursing profession. Male nurses have been a minority group within the nursing profession; nevertheless, the nursing community nowadays aims to increase the number of male nursing students and practicing male nurses lately. This study aimed to determine the undergraduate male nursing students’ perception about the image of the nursing profession. The study subjects included 370 male nursing students who were enrolled in the four academic years and internship year within the academic 2008-2009. Nursing Image –as a profession questionnaire (NIPQ) was used for data collection. It was developed by the researcher after thorough review of literature. The current study revealed that (62.16%) of the subjects had positive image toward nursing as a profession. The subjects' perceived nursing as women's` profession were 37.8%, while the majority (91.4%) of them agreed that both males and females can be a good nurse. There was significance difference between information received about nursing before joining the faculty of nursing and nursing image. It is concluded that the highest percentage of the male students had a positive image towards nursing as a profession. It was recommended to conduct a longitudinal study to examine male nursing students regarding nursing image.

[Abdel El-Halem GE, El Hawashy ZI, Gamal El-Dein AA, Taha EE. Undergraduate Male Nursing students' Perception about the Image of the Nursing Profession. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):614-623]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.75

Key words: Male nursing students, Nursing image, Nursing profession

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Serum Levels of Vaspin and Osteoprotegerin in Premenopausal Women with the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

^*1Soha Z. El-Shenawy, ²Said A. Saleh, ³ Mahmoud H. Hemida, ⁴Hazem M. El-Kashef

¹Clinical Biochemistry Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufiya University, Egypt

²Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufiya University, Egypt

³Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Egypt

⁴Radiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt

^*sohazaki69@yahoo.com

Abstract: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder that affects 5-10 % of reproductive-age women. It is characterized by menstrual dysfunction and hyperandrogenism and is associated with insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia and visceral obesity. Vaspin (visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor) levels increase with hyperinsulimenia and obesity. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a member of the tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily. Recent data showed that obesity and insulin resistance result in decrease in serum OPG concentrations. The present study aimed to measure serum vaspin and osteoprotegerin levels in women with PCOS to show possible involvement in the pathogenesis of PCOS. Forty eight women with PCOS, 25 non-obese [body mass index (BMI) less than 30 kg/m²] and 23 obese (BMI >30 kg/m²) were enrolled for the study. Each group of them is compared to apparently healthy women as a control group matched for each in age and BMI. Clinical history, anthropometric measurements and biochemical and hormonal analysis were determined. The mean serum level of fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR), triglyceride (TRIG) and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) showed statistically significant difference between PCOS patients (non-obese and obese) when compared to control women (non-obese and obese) respectively. In both PCOS non-obese and obese patients groups as compared to the non-obese and obese control groups, the mean serum level of vaspin showed a statistically significant increase (P<0.001) in both PCOS groups, while the mean serum level of OPG showed a statistically significant decrease (P<0.001) in the same PCOS groups. Also, the levels of both previous two parameters (vaspin and OPG) showed significant differences between PCOS obese patients and PCOS non-obese ones. It is concluded that serum vaspin level increased in PCOS women particularly the obese, whereas serum OPG concentration reduced in the same patients group. These data suggest their involvement in the pathogenesis of PCOS.

[Soha Z. El-Shenawy, Said A. Saleh, Mahmoud H. Hemida, Hazem M. El-Kashef, Serum Levels of Vaspin and Osteoprotegerin in Premenopausal Women with the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):624-632]. (ISSN: 1545-1003)]. http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.76

Keywords: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), vaspin, osteoprotegerin (OPG), HOMA-IR

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Evaluation of immediately loaded dental implants placed in healed bony sites with or without addition of autologous platelet-rich plasma

Lama El-marssafy ^(1); Omnia Abo Ul-Dahab ⁽²⁾; Amr Zahran⁽³⁾ and Mona Shoeib ⁽⁴⁾

^1. PhD. student, Oral Medicine and Periodontal Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University.

². Professor, Oral medicine and Periodontal Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University.

³. Professor, Oral medicine and Periodontal Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University.

^4. Professor, Oral medicine and Periodontal Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University.

Corresponding author: lama.marssafy@gmail.com

Abstract: The concept of immediate loading by using titanium one-piece implant can be preferred to the two stage technique due to the ability of the immediate loading to eliminate the need for the healing period to restore the implant. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of adding platelet-rich plasma with immediately loaded self-tapping dental implant (OsteoCare™ Maxi-Z one piece) placed in healed bony sites (posterior maxillary area) on accelerating the rate of osseointegration or reducing the crestal bone resorption around these implants through the first three months follow-up period. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 12 patients; 9 males (75%) and 3 females (25%) with a mean age of 37.5 years (28-55). Twenty four Maxi Z implants were used; each patient received two implants placed bilaterally in healed bony sites in the posterior maxillary area after the addition of platelet-rich plasma in one side while the other side was used as a positive control. All implants were immediately loaded after implant placement. Results: Complete soft tissue healing had occurred in all patients and all the implants were successfully osseointegrated over the twelve months follow-up period with a success rate of 100%. The results of the present study showed that there was no statistical difference between the two sides (test + control) regarding PD, MBI, MPI, implant mobility, crestal bone resorption and bone density through the twelve months. Conclusion: The Osteocare’s Maxi Z one-piece, self-tapping self-drilling implant has shown high success rate regarding initial stability and successful osseointegration. However, within the limitations of the present study, local application of autologous platelet-rich plasma into the prepared drill holes immediately before implant placement didn’t accelerate the rate of osseointegration or decrease the crestal bone resorption “through first three months period” in immediately loaded dental implant placed in posterior maxillary area.

[Lama El-marssafy; Omnia Abo Ul-Dahab; Amr Zahran and Mona Shoeib. Evaluation of immediately loaded dental implants placed in healed bony sites with or without addition of autologous platelet-rich plasma. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):633-643]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.77

Keywords: One-piece implant, healed bony sites, immediate loading, PRP.

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 Adjectival Phrases as the Sentiment Carriers in the Urdu Text

Afraz Z. Syed¹, Aslam Muhammad², Martinez-Enriquez A. M.³

 ^1,2Department of CS & E, U. E. T. Lahore, Pakistan

³Department of CS, CINVESTAV-IPN, D.F. Mexico

 (¹afrazsyed@uet.edu.pk, ²maslam@uet.edu.pk, ³ammrtin@cinvestav.mx)

Abstract. In this paper we present a comprehensive overview of the structures of the adjectival phrases in the Urdu language with respect to the task of sentiment analysis. Urdu is a widely spoken but one of the least explored languages by the computational linguistics community. After a detailed analysis of adjectival phrases in Urdu text we conclude that this language is orthographically, morphologically and grammatically different from other well established languages, like English and hence, it requires updated or different approaches and algorithms for the task of sentiment analysis. We present our approach in which the adjectival phrases are combined with polarity shifters, and conjunctions to make sentiment expressions in the opinionated sentences. We label these sentiment expressions as the SentiUnits. We apply shallow parsing based chunking to extract the SentiUnits. The overall polarity of a sentence in a given review can be determined by computing the polarity of these expressions. Adjectives are the head words, which appear with modifiers and postpositions. The experimentation based evaluation of the model with a sentiment-annotated lexicon of Urdu words and two corpuses of reviews as test-beds, shows encouraging achievement in terms of sentimental analysis and accuracy.

[Afraz Z. Syed, Aslam Muhammad, Martinez-Enriquez A. M. Adjectival Phrases as the Sentiment Carriers in the Urdu Text. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):644-652]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.78

Keywords: Natural language processing, computational linguistics, sentiment analysis, opinion mining, shallow parsing, Urdu text processing.

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 Isolation and Biotyping of Brucella melitensis from Upper Egypt

Affi, M. M.,^1&2 Abdul-Raouf, U. M.,¹ El-Bayoumy, E. M.³, Montasser, A. M.³ and Mohamad, H. A.¹

 ^1.Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assuit 71524, Egypt. ^2.Department of Applied Medical Science, Faculty of Science and Arts, King Khalid University, Bisha 551, Saudia Arabia. ^3.Department of Brucellosis Research, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt magdy_afifi@yahoo.com

Abstract: A total 106 seropositive samples from sheep, cattle and goats were collected from May 2009 to May 2010. Species of Brucella were isolated from, 9 (28.13%) of 32 in cattle, 25 (36.23%) out of 69 in sheep and of 5(100%) out of 5 in goats, from lymph nodes and spleen tissues. the south province of Egypt. The species examined by biochemical characteristics and had identical reactions with the standard strain. Oxidative metabolic tests performed, by substrate specific tetrazolium reduction (SSTR) test on the species, confirmed them as B. melitensis. Based on the biochemical, oxidative metabolic, and biotyping tests (CO₂ requirement, H₂S production, growth in the presence of thionin and basic fuchsin dyes, and agglutination test with monospecific A and M anti-sera) the strains were determined as B. melitensis biotype 3.

[Affi, M. M., Abdul-Raouf, U. M., El-Bayoumy, E. M., Montasser, A. M. and Mohamad, H. A. Isolation and Biotyping of Brucella melitensis from Upper Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):653-659]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.79

Keywords: Brucella melitensis; Isolation; Biotyping; Upper Egypt.

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 Effects of Some Cations on Dissolution Rate of Calcium Phosphate

N. S. yehia, A. M. EL Gamal

 Department of chemistry, Faculty of science, Menofia University. Egypt

waelgcc@yahoo.com

Abstract: Dissolution of HAP crystals studied at σ =0.6, temperature 37^oc and at I= 0.15 mal dm-3 using NaCl as electrolyte at pH= 7.4 using constant composition method. The HAP crystals prepared and confirmed using XRD, SEM, IR and chemical analysis, it was found that n≈2 suggesting surface mechanism. The rate of dissolution increased with increasing PH and ionic strength of medicine. The Mg²⁺, Zn^2+, and Cd²⁺ rates of dissolution were studied. The order of inhibited the dissolution of HAP at the same conditions. the order of inhibition was; Mg²+ > Cu²⁺ > Zn ²⁺ >Mn²⁺ >Cd²⁺ the cations inhibited the dissolution by blocking the active sites on the surface of HAP crystal. From langmuir isotherm, K_L were found 12x10^5, 4.7x10⁵, 4.38 x10⁵, 3.85 x10⁵ and 1.8 x10⁵ for Mg²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Mn²⁺ and Cd²⁺ respectively inhibition of the dissolution rates of HAP in the presence of Cd²⁺ was found increase with increasing ionic strength and PH of the medium. The inhibition was found to change the morphology of HAP crystals depending on the order of mixing the reagents at the begging of the dissolution process.

[N. S. yehia, A. M. EL Gamal. Effects of Some Cations on Dissolution Rate of Calcium Phosphate. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):660-669]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.80

Keywords: Cations, calcium phosphate, HAP crystals, ionic strength

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 Assessing Major obstacles to rural women’s participation

Sharareh Khodamoradi ¹ and Mohammad Abedi²

 ¹ Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

²Department of Agricultural Management, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch, Iran

*Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract Development along with economic growth and income increase is an important goal for most countries. Recently the growth of awareness about destructive effects of poverty has made countries believe that the best way to achieve sustainable development is to eradicate poverty; therefore most development programs have been oriented towards poverty eradication by micro-credit services. Supporting poor to raise their life standards should be based on the belief that the poor are able to help themselves. Explicitly, this proves that among a variety of deprivation they do consider their survival. Overall, the goal of all credit plans is to increase the poor’s income through creating self-employment opportunities and providing educational services to make the best use of resources.

[Sharareh Khodamoradi and Mohammad Abedi. Assessing Major obstacles to rural women’s participation. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):670-676]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.81

Keywords rural women, participation

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 Improving empowerment of rural women through micro- credit

Sharareh Khodamoradi ¹ and Mohammad Abedi²

¹ Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

²Department of Agricultural Management, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch, Iran

 *Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract: One of the raised strategy, in order to accelerate investment process and reinforcing financial foundations, and saving, at deprived and rural areas, has been empowering and eradicating poverty of rural societies through efficiency with emphasize on applying micro-credits. Micro-loans as useful tool to fight against poverty and starvation, has proven its capabilities and values to develop these areas. These tools have ability to change and improve human’s life, especially poor peoples. Supplying credits and analyzing credits approaches cause opportunity to activate poor men’s working power, establishing field for sustainable production and income, prevent usurers and pre shoppers of agriculture productions to plunder poor rural men and finally empowering poor people especially women who can work but were deprived to have capital and work tools, and extension accordance to their activities such as needs assessment, identifying target group, organizing poor people, giving needed specialized and public training and … have important role on effectiveness and make effective activities of these credits.

[Sharareh Khodamoradi and Mohammad Abedi. Improving empowerment of rural women through micro- credit. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):677-681]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.82

Keywords: micro-credits, empowerment, rural women

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 Preparation and Characterization of Sulphated Zirconia Catalyst Precipitated in Acidic Medium

Sohair Abd EL-Hakam, Shawky Mohamed Hassan, Awad Ibrahim Ahmed, and Shady Mohamed EL-Dafrawy*

Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

^{*shomirage@yahoo.com}

Abstract: Recently, sulphated zirconia has been widely studied, particularly its potential application as solid catalysts in acid catalyzed reactions. In addition, sulphated zirconia has oxidizing properties which may play a role in synthesis of organic compounds. The aim of this work is to prepare a series of SO₄/ZrO₂ catalysts precipitated by different sulphuric acid concentrations using sol gel preparation method. The prepared catalysts were calcined at 450, 550, 650, 800 ^oC. The surface acidity of the prepared catalysts was measured by n-butylamine method, and by pyridine adsorption. Sulphated zirconia tetragonal phase was successfully prepared in acidic medium using 2N H₂SO₄. It was observed that increasing of the calcination temperatures was associated with transformation of amorphous phase to crystalline phase. The incorporation of sulphate ions into ZrO₂, increased the surface acidity of the catalysts. Moreover, the acidity was found to increase with increasing the calcination temperature from 450 to 650 ^oC and then decreased. The surface area was found to increase with increasing of SO₄/ZrO₂ ratio upto 15% and then decreased. Also, the surface area was found to increase upto 550^oC and then decreased. The precipitation of hydrous zirconia in acidic medium followed by calcination, produces solid materials with useful properties that favor their application in catalysis. The activity of these catalysts were tested for synthesis of 7-hydroxy 4- methyl cumarin. Usually the higher activity of these catalysts was attributed to its higher acidity.

[Sohair Abd EL-Hakam, Shawky Mohamed Hassan, Awad Ibrahim Ahmed, and Shady Mohamed EL-Dafrawy. Preparation and Characterization of Sulphated Zirconia Catalyst Precipitated in Acidic Medium. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):682-693]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.83

Keywords: Sol gel, Calcination temperature, Acidity, Pechman reaction.

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 Stabilization of Sand Dunes in North Sinai Using Some Economical Plants

Mariam Refaat Mohamed Gad and*Mohamed Fawsy Abd-El hamid

Sand dunes Dept., Desert Res., Center, El-Matariya, Cairo- Egypt

*Agric. Botany Dep. Fac. Agric., Moshtohor, Benha Univ. - Egypt

Abstract: Three plant species; Acasia saligna, Prosopis jullflora and Morus alba were cultivated in sand deposited at El-Maghara station, North Sinai. Every kind of plants was planted in three perpendiculars to wind dominant directions to control the sand encroachment wards to the economic cultivation. Sand collectors (traps) were set up at the four wind directions to study the transportation of sand and its accumulation. The transportation of sand in an open area and in front of three kinds of plants was collected during two annuals. The analysis of sand trapped by the sand collectors reveals Acasia plants were superiors in minimizing of sand encroachment than the two kinds of plants, i.e. Prosopis jullflora and Morus alba. The growth behaviours of Acasia saligna and Prosopis jullflora were superior to Morus species. Physical and chemical analysis showed differentiation in edaphic factors in both areas, i.e., unstabilized and stabilized as well as immerge the three kinds of plants.

[Mariam Refaat Mohamed Gad and Mohamed Fawsy Abd-El hamid. Stabilization of Sand Dunes in North Sinai Using Some Economical Plants. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):694-707]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.84

Key Words: Meteorological – Edaphic – Sand dunes – Stabilization - movement - growth behavior - Acasia saligna - Prosopis jullflora - Morus alba – Migration – accumulation – traps

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 New device for controlled resection of nasopharyngeal swellings

S. Badawy ¹, M.koutb¹, G. GouId ¹, Y.Nour ², S. Akamy ²

 ¹Department of industrial electronic and control engineering, Faculty of electronic engineering, Menufia university ²Faculty of medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt

drsamirb@gmail.com

Abstract: Presently otorhinolarngological surgeons face a problem of lacking of the control in adenoidectomy. Especially adenoids and/ or excision of swelling that are located between the nasal airway and the back of the throat (nasopharynx). That is what otorhinolarngology call blind operation, leading to uncertain removal of the bad and good tissue this previous part should be in the introduction. This research removes this uncertainty, eliminates major problem, and risks during the surgery. This research introduces a new tool to enable the surgeon to view surgical area to be able to control the certainty of the operation. This developed tool consists of three main parts; DC motor connected to blade, visualization sensor connected to a monitor and suction tube. The motor is connected to special shaped blade (rotational knife in a window) suits the volume and shape of the surgery and also follows the international dimensions standards. This device enables the surgeon to see and direct the blade towards the desired tissue to be removed, frees surgeon hand used to carry the endoscope, and avoids surgeon to use the nasal opening for the endoscope. More over the device gets rid off the unseen region under the endoscope. The cut tissue is drawn via suction tube. The amount of removed tissue is easily visually online controlled, which increases the safety factors for adjacent structure/tissues such as; The Eustachian tube (orifice) and pre-vertebral muscles. Hence the adenoidectomy operation becomes more accurate. Theatrical model was made to calculate the tool parts which was obtained by the existent experimental work to get the blade velocity and target tissue standards. For a better visualization and precise control a built-in suction orifice added to the tool to clean the bloody field during the operation. A small lamp is located backward of visualization sensor to allows perfect vision during the operation. As a result the adenoidectomy performance becomes faster and safer than before while the surgeon's hand used to carry the endoscope becomes free. The new tool added aggregation cavity which is Used to aggregation fluid during adenoidectomy and small lamp which located backward of visualization sensor that allows perfect vision during the operation. As a result the adenoidectomy performance becomes faster and safer than before while the surgeon's hand used.

[S. Badawy, M. Koutb, G. GouId, Y. Nour, S. Akamy. New device for controlled resection of nasopharyngeal swellings. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):708-712]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.85

Keywords: Curettey, adenoidectomy, nasopharynx, endoscope, microdebrider, DC motor, Camera

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 Isolation and Characterization of Chitosanase Enzyme from Different Parts of Some Higher Plants

EL-Sayed, M. El-Sayed¹, Sanaa T. El-Sayed^*2, Wafaa, G. Shousha¹, Abeer, N. Shehata² and Nagwa, I. Omar²

 ¹Biochemistry, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt

² Biochemistry Departments, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt

^*futtur@yahoo.com

Abstract: Isolation and characterization of a chitosanase enzyme with high activity from different parts of some higher plants were studied. Different vegetative plant parts (leaves, fruit peels and dried seeds) representing nine families were screened in order to select the best source for extraction of the chitosanase enzyme. Results of screening experiments indicated that the enzymatic activity levels varied not only according to differences in plant species, but also to their morphological parts. In general, pepper, cabbage and purslane were the best leaves of chitosanases extractions and green bean was the best peels of chitosanase extraction while green bean, cabbage and purslane seeds were the best seeds of chitosanases extractions in this study. Results showed that leaves have high chitosanase activity more than seeds by three times. Seeds have high chitosanase activity more than peels of fruits by two times. Green bean peels, pepper leaves and opuntia peels were chosen for further study because of their high chitosanase activity. The activities of these three sources were measured by two methods. The two sources of chitosanase namely pepper leaves (C₁) and opuntia peels (C₂) were chosen for further studies. The optimal chitosanase activities of C₁ and C₂ enzymes on chitosan were obtained in 0.05 M acetate buffer, pH 5.8 and 5.4 at 40^°C and 60^°C, respectively. The isolated C₁ and C₂ chitosanase enzymes were stable on storage for more than three months at -20^°C. Chitosanase C₁ and C₂ were stable for 60 minutes at 50^°C and 60^°C, respectively. The yields of the crude chitosanases C₁ and C₂ with optimum conditions were 47.616 and 59.146 U/g dry tissue, respectively.

[EL-Sayed, M. El-Sayed, Sanaa T. El-Sayed, Wafaa, G. Shousha, Abeer, N. Shehata and Nagwa, I. Omar. Isolation and Characterization of Chitosanase Enzyme from Different Parts of Some Higher Plants. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):713-721]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.86

Key words: chitosanase - chitosan - pepper leaves – opuntia peels – physicochemical properties.

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 Field studies on Prevailing Internal Parasitic Diseases in Male and hybrid tilapia relation to Monosex Tilapia at Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate Fish Farms

Eissa, I. A.M.¹; Gado, M. S.²; laila, A.M³.; Mona S. Zaki^*3 and Noor El-Deen,A. E³

 ¹Dept. of Fish Diseases and Management, Fac. of Vet. Med. Suez Canal University

²Dept. of Fish Diseases and Management, Fac. of Vet. Med., kafr El -Sheikh University

³Dept.of Hydrobiology, Vet. Division, National Research Centre.

^*dr_mona_zaki@uk.com

Abstract: The present study was carried out on 1800 specimens of Oreochromis niloticus (phenotypic, hybrids and monosex of different lengths and body weights. They were randomly collected at different seasons from Kafr El- Sheikh Governorate cultured fish farms. The clinical signs of infested fish revealed no pathognomonic abnormalities on the external body surface. Such fish were shown emaciation. The postmortem showed that the internal organs were appeared anemic with enlargement and congestion. As well as, haemorrhage and ulceration of intestine and stomach mucous membrane. Monogenetic trematode (Enterogyrus cichlidarum), Adult flukes including (Orientocreadium batrochoides, Afromacroderoides sp, Astiotrema reniferum and Eumasenia egypticus), Nematodes including( Procamallanas laeviconchus and Paracamallanas cyathopharynx), Cestodes including Polyonchobothrium sp and Acanthocephalan including Acanthocentis tilapiae were investigated and identified. The highest prevalence possessed in hybrids of O. niloticus while monosex O.niloticus occupied the last position.. Also some physico-chemical parameters of pond waters represented as alkalinity pH, salinity, ammonia and sulphates were examined in relation to the infestation rate with internal parasites.

[Eissa, I. A.M.; Gado, M. S.; laila, A.M.; Mona S. Zaki and Noor El-Deen,A. E. Field studies on Prevailing Internal Parasitic Diseases in Male and hybrid tilapia relation to Monosex Tilapia at Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate Fish Farms. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):722-728]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.87

Keywords: Internal parasites, O.niloticus, Hybrids, monosex and physico-chemical parameters.

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 Hepatopulmonary Syndrome Evaluation in Egyptian Patients with Portal Hypertension and Hepatitis C Virus Cirrhosis

^*Abir Zakaria, Ahmed El-Mazny, and Tarek Heshmat

 Internal Medicine Department- Cairo University, Egypt

^*drabirzakaria@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Hepatopulmonary syndrome HPS was defined as a triad of portal hypertension with or without hepatic dysfunction, intrapulmonary vascular dilatation or shunting, and hypoxemia. HPS was known as an independent predictor of survival in end-stage liver disease patients after hepatic transplantation. Egypt ranked among the highest countries in prevalence and incidence of portal hypertension caused by bilharizial peri-portal fibrosis and/or post- hepatitis HCV induced liver cirrhosis, or both. The frequency of occurrence of HPS clinical and laboratory criteria showed wide variability in the different studies. Therefore detection of clinical and laboratory criteria of HPS in a sample of Egyptian patients was of utmost importance. Design and participants: In a cross-sectional comparative observational hospital based study sixty Egyptian patients with portal hypertension in comparison with age matched control group were subjected to: (1) History taking and physical examination to detect manifestations of portal hypertension, hepatopulmonary syndrome and liver cirrhosis. (2) Laboratory investigations including estimation of 1- liver functions including alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotrasferase [AST], alkaline phosphatase, serum albumin, total and direct bilirubin, and prothrombin time and concentration, and international normalized ratio [INR].2- chronic hepatitis viral markers: anti-hepatitis C virus antibodies, hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B surface antibodies, and hepatitis B core antibodies. 3- HCV RNA- PCR qualitative assessment. (3) Arterial blood gases ABG determination in the recumbent and standing position. (4) Chest x-ray. (5) Abdominal ultrasound to detect splenomegaly, ascites, liver cirrhosis, or portal vein dilatation or abnormal flow. (6) Upper endoscopy UE to detect evidence of portal hypertension. (7) Upright trans-thoracic contrast enhanced echocardiography UTCEE to detect intrapulmonary right to left shunting. Objective of the current study was to determine the percentage of occurrence of HPS in a sample of Egyptian patients [with a mean age of 50 ± 4 years] with portal hypertension and HCV induced cirrhosis based on clinical, ultrasound, and laboratory findings, ABG abnormalities, UE and UTCEE. Results: In a total of 60 Egyptian patients with portal hypertension and HCV induced cirrhosis clinical and laboratory evidence of HPS was positive in 6 patients [10%]. All of them belonged to Child-Pugh C class with serum albumin level below 3 mg/dl and prothrombin concentration of less than 50%. Among clinical features dyspnea showed the maximum sensitivity (100%), followed by cyanosis (83.33 %), spider naevi (83.33 %) and palmer erythema (83.33 %), while platypnea ( 100 %) and clubbing (94.4 %) were the most specific. Partial pressure of oxygen PO2 was less than 70 mmHg in (100%) of HPS cases and was less than 60 mmHg in (50%) of them. Orthodeoxia was present in (66.66 %) of HPS versus (0 %) of non HPS patients with 66.66 % sensitivity and 100% specificity. All Child C patients, who were all HPS positive, showed oesophageal varices and congestive gastropathy, denoting severe portal hypertension. UTCEE was a useful non-invasive diagnostic tool for detection of trans-pulmonary abnormal blood shunting characteristic for HPS. Conclusion: The severity of HPS was clearly correlated with the degree of portal hypertension and liver dysfunction. Dyspnea had the maximum sensitivity followed by cyanosis, spider naevi and palmer erythema. Platypnea and clubbing were the most specific clinical features. Orthodeoxia strongly suggested the diagnosis of HPS with 100% specificity. Trans-thoracic contrast enhanced echocardiography in the upright position was a safe, useful semi-quantitative bed-side tool for assessment of shunting evidence to select cases for further quantitative lung scintigraphy based evaluation.

[Abir Zakaria, Ahmed El-Mazny, and Tarek Heshmat Hepatopulmonary Syndrome Evaluation in Egyptian Patients with Portal Hypertension and Hepatitis C Virus Cirrhosis, Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):729-737]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.88

Key Words: portal hypertension, liver cirrhosis, hepatopulmonary syndrome, upright trans-thoracic contrast-enhanced echocardiography, hypoxia, dyspnea, platypnea, clubbing, orthodeoxia

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 A Study of the Application of Ergonomics in Ready-made Garments Factories in Egypt

Z. M. Abdel Megeid⁽¹⁾ and A beer Hamdi⁽²⁾

⁽¹⁾ National Research Center, Textile Division, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt, (²⁾ Faculty of Applied Arts, Industrial Design Department. z_algory@yahoo.com

Abstract: Garment industry is one of the most important strategic industries which constitute about 7% of total industrial production in the world and 8.3% of the total trade in industrial materials. Also, occupies more than 14% of the total labor force in the world. It employs about 40 million people in various countries of the world. The garment industry suffers from poor efficiency of workers performance due to stress as a result of the following factors: (1) The inappropriate Design of equipment and tools used by the Group. (2) The inappropriate Design of the workplace. (3) The absence of a suitable work environment. The International Organization for Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is concerned about providing protection, safety and occupational health of workers. For that their must be application of human Ergonomic which studies the working environment where there is a mismatch between the materials needed of equipments, tools and the physical capacities of workers, thereby reducing or limiting the Musculoskeletal disorder (stresses on the group during the performance of the work), which had not been applied ideally, till now in the garment industry in Egypt. Garment industry passes through numerous stages represented in the (Design - Action Pattern - cut - sewing of all kinds - Finishing – Ironing. etc.) and this research focuses on the stage of sewing and knowledge of occupational diseases resulting from it. By considering ready- made Garment industry and address the problems faced by the employees of poor organization of the workplace and the provision of (a appropriate chair, sewing Tables with standard specifications, comfortable pedals, and appropriate work place, good handling) we could achieve high added values in which we can develop the structure of the industry in Egypt and so increase the size of Egyptian exports. The research aimed at raising the efficiency of the performance of the garment industry, by examining the application of human ergonomics engineering which is interested in improving the employment and upgrading the conditions of the appropriate environmental factor (which prevent the stress-causing diseases). A field study was used in this method where a survey form was prepared covered five different garments factories in different places in Egypt in the governorates of Cairo and Alexandria and El-Gharbia in addition to the observations and interviews. Through the data and information collected by the computers in the extraction of statistical indicators which give indications can be used in a comprehensive picture of strengths and weakness points in the garment industry, particularly in the stage of sewing, and through this step we reach the research results.

[Z. M. Abdel Megeid and A beer Hamdi. A Study of the Application of Ergonomics in Ready-made Garments Factories in Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):738-747]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.89

Keywords: Occupational safety & health administration (OSHA), musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs, Handling

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[Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):748-757]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 90

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.90

Withdrawn

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 Evaluation of Correction Factors Applied in Photon Calibration of NIS TE Neutron Ionization Chambers

1. I. Abd El-Hafez^* and M. Ezzat

Radiation Metrology Dept., National Institute for Standards (NIS), Giza, Egypt.

^{*nis_arafa@yahoo.com}

Abstract: Calibrations of two tissue equivalent (TE) ionization chamber were made in five photon beams (100 kV, 180 kV, 250 kV, ^l37Cs and ⁶⁰Co) with two different pure gases namely acetylene C₂ H₂ and carbon dioxide CO₂. The different calibration factors were compared both for in-air and in-water phantom, the measurements was performed according to the international atomic energy agency (IAEA) recommendations. For ionization chamber the total absorbed dose can be derived from the charge produced within its cavity employing a number of physical parameters. To discuss the charge produced in the cavity several correction factors have to be introduced which are related to the operational characteristics of the chambers. Information on the operational characteristics of two TE neutron ionization chambers were studied as a function of the effects of the warm-up to 3 hours, polarity, stem scattering, ion recombination, leakage current. Six different caps 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 mm were used to investigate wall thickness effect. Also, gas flow rate up to 31 ml/min and the radial & axial uniformity were investigated.

[A. I. Abd El-Hafez and M. Ezzat Evaluation of Correction Factors Applied in Photon Calibration of NIS TE Neutron Ionization Chambers Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):758-772]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.91

Key words: Tissue Equivalent Neutron Ionization Chambers- Photon Calibration- Correction Factors

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Pushover Analysis for Estimating Resonance Factor of Tall RC Frames with Steel Eccentric Bracing

Mohammad Reza Hoseinzadeh¹ Mussa Mahmoudi², Ali Edalatbehbahani³, Seyed Amirodin Sadrnejad⁴, Iraj Rasoolan⁵

 ¹Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University of Behbahan, Behbahan Branch, Iran

Hoseinzadeh_Mr@behbahaniau.ac.ir

²Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shahid Rajaee, Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran

³Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University of Shooshtar, Shooshtar Branch, Iran

⁴Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, K. N. T University, Tehran, Iran

⁵Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran

Abstract: Since the commonplace designs are directed on linear analyses, a practical estimation on actual displacements and deformations which are taken out by linear analyses could be handled by adding a factor. On the other word, displacement resonance factor (DRF) supplemented to linear analysis responses may be held superior in order to determine actual displacements concerning time and cost concerns. According to provision of Iranian Code for seismic design, displacement resonance factor (DRF) receives same values for all structural systems. To make sure for required modifications on seismic design codes, one hundred concrete moment resisting frames with eccentric braces, designed based on the Iranian National Seismic Standard, has been considered to capture seismic parameters by performing two-dimensional nonlinear pushover analyses. Pushover Analyses have been conducted using SAP-2000 program, which can consider material nonlinearities almost near reality. In this case the applied forces have been considered as the lateral forces of the Seismic Standard. Seismic parameters including overstrength, ductility and behavior factors are excerpted by following Young Theory. Also studies based on Newmark and Hall practice has been pursued to withdraw coefficient of force reduction due to ductility. Concentrating on tall buildings, variation of DRF has been illustrated concerning bracing kind of spans, length of link beam and height of structure. Analytical results show that in the case of reminded frames the value of DRF can be much higher than that recommended by Iranian Code. On the suggestion side, this problem can be devised by multiplying a coefficient of 1.54 to the former resonance factor.

[Mohammad Reza Hoseinzadeh, Mussa Mahmoudi, Ali Edalatbehbahani, Seyed Amirodin Sadrnejad, Iraj Rasoolan. Pushover Analysis for Estimating Resonance Factor of Tall RC Frames with Steel Eccentric Bracing. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):773-778]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.92

Keywords: Seismic design, Pushover analysis, Moment resisting frame, Tall buildings

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Assessment of the susceptibility of polyculture reared African Catfish and Nile tilapia to Edwardsiella tarda

M. D. Ibrahem¹, Iman, B. Shaheed ^2*, H. Abo El-Yazeed³, and H. Korani³

 ¹Department of Fish Diseases and Management. ² Department of Pathology, ³ Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Vet. Med.,Cairo University. ^*imanshaheed@yahoo.com

Abstract: The study aimed to clarify the relative susceptibility of polyculture rearing African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepnus) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), the two main reared species in Egypt to Edwardsiella tarda. Experimental infection of catfish and Nile tilapia with E. tarda was carried out after determination of the Mean lethal dose in African catfish (LC50). Infectivity pattern and pathology of E. tarda in catfish and Nile tilapia were tested via intra-peritoneal inoculation of 0.2ml of 10⁴ CFU/ml of the bacteria at 25 ^oC. The mortality rates were 70% and 60% in catfish and Nile tilapia respectively. Congestion and hemorrhages in fish body were detected in both species. African catfish showed abdominal distention together with ulcers and excessive mucus in the skin. Internally; pinpoint white nodules in the liver was the main lesions observed. Histopathological examination of organs of both species revealed presence of myositis, and degenerative changes in liver and kidneys. Establishment of infection was confirmed with the laboratory diagnosis; culture characters; biochemical reactions; API -20E test kits in addition to molecular studies based on detection of the 1106-bp PCR product in tissue samples from experimentally infected fishes at 24 hr post experimental infection. In conclusion: E. tarda can express a potential role in polyculture fish farming. The African catfish exhibited severe pathological lesion and histopathological changes in comparison to Nile tilapia which show moderate to mild lesions. Direct probing for the presence of E. tarda in infected fish by PCR is reliable and helpful in diagnosis, anticipating and rapid interference.

[M. D. Ibrahem, Iman, B. Shaheed, H. Abo El-Yazeed, and H. Korani. Assessment of the Susceptibility of polyculture reared African Catfish and Nile tilapia to Edwardsiella tarda]. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):779-786]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.93

Key words: African sharptooth catfish, Edwardsiella tarda, experimental infection, histopathology, Nile tilapia, PCR

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The General Equation Of The Pipe To Soil Potential At All Humidity Conditions By The Use Of Both Soil Factor and Stray Potential Of The Pipe-Soil-Earthing Grid System

Ashraf Abdel Raouf, Mohamed Fouad Ahmed

 Ashrafahmed9000@yahoo.com

Abstract: For pipe-soil-earth system, the buried pipe line segment with soil surrounding medium could be simulated electrically by an electric circuit where the system is subjected to the law: charge = capacitance × voltage between the pipe surface and earth. This is where each of circuit electric parameter (electrolytic stray capacitor between pipe & earth, the stray potential across the stray capacitor, surface charge and the protection current of the cathodic protection system passed through the pipe segment ) could be obtained by an equation which is function of the measured electrochemical properties of the soil (soil factor), 4^th degree polynomial at room temperature but the A's constants are different for each electric quantity. The constants of each equation (A's) considered to be as a print of such pipe-soil-earth system. The useful of these prints is to obtain complete electrical data correlated with many cathodic protection levels. One of the most critical problems in CP systems is the presence of the earthing network beside the protected pipe line. The behavior of the stray potential between the external surface of the pipe and earth could be plotted as stray potential print which will be always valid in all times as the pipe-soil-earth system is maintained and without any external interference. This paper tries to calculate pipe to soil potential along the pipe line without the need of Cu/CuSO₄ half cell by the deduction of a general equation of the pipe to soil potential which is function of an electric quantities and system’s print. In other words, the aim is to deduce a correlation between pipe to soil potential and both of the measured stray potential of the pipe segment and the measured soil factor around it in the presence of an earthing grid.

[Ashraf Abdel Raouf, Mohamed Fouad Ahmed. The General Equation Of The Pipe To Soil Potential At All Humidity Conditions By The Use Of Both Soil Factor and Stray Potential Of The Pipe-Soil-Earthing Grid System. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):787-795]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.94

Keywords: Electrical study of pipe – soil – earth system

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In Defense Of Thermoluminescence Dosimeter Zero Dose Readouts

A.I. Abd El-Hafez^*1 A. Maghraby¹and N. A El-Faramawy ².

 ¹ Ionizing Radiation Metrology Laboratory, National Institute for Standards (NIS), Giza, Egypt.

² Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Ain shams University, Cairo, Egypt

^{*nis_arafa@yahoo.com}

Abstract: Zero dose readout of thermoluminescence dosimeters is a very important parameter which is considered in all accurate dosimetry procedures in order to correct for the additive doses arising from other sources than irradiation processes, however, in many cases this parameter is neglected. In this paper, effects of zero-dose readings for three different thermoluminescence dosimeters glow curves were investigated. Dosimeters included in this study are: sensitized TLD-700, sensitized TLD-600, and CaF₂:Tm (TLD-300). Deconvolution of glow curves was performed in order to investigate individual behavior of each glow peak using a GCAFIT glow curve analysis software. It was found that readout of zero doses usually accompanied by changes in glow curves quantitatively (i.e. area under the curve increases), and qualitatively (relative changes in glow curve peaks intensities and their maxima positions). It is recommended that, even if the zero dose value is to be neglected as an added value to be subtracted, zero dose readouts should be performed for enhancements arise in thermoluminescence glow curves and hence better performance. This behavior is verified even LiF detectors were sensitized or not. In contrary, for CaF₂:Tm (TLD-300), a little effect is noticed because there is no thermal quenching effect and competing deep trap in this material.

[A. I. Abd El-Hafez, A. Maghraby and N. A El-Faramawy, In Defense Of Thermoluminescence Dosimeter Zero Dose Readouts. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):796-803]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.95

Key words: Zero dose readout –Pre-irradiation Background – GCAFIT software - TLD –Sensitized LiF – CaF₂

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Early Post-Percutaneous Coronary Stent Intervention Period: Is The Tooth Extraction Safe?

Mohamed Zaghlool Amer ^*1, Maged Zaghlool Amer ²

 * Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department- Faculty of Dentistry-Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

** Cardiology Department - Faculty of Medicine- Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

^*norhanmohammed910@yahoo.com

Abstract: Objectives: Several risk factors can affect the cardiovascular outcome resulted from minor dental surgical procedures in patients received Percutaneous Coronary Stent Intervention especially in the early postoperative phase. So, the aim of this study was directed to evaluate the cardiovascular changes and post-operative bleeding occurred during the early post- PCI period (early six months) for patients subjected to tooth extraction and received L.A drug with or without vasoconstrictors in the presence or absence of preoperative sedation. Patients & Methods: Fourty four patients included within this study were subjected to tooth extraction during the early 6 months following percutaneous coronary stent intervention (PCI). Patients were divided equally into four groups. In 1^st group, patients received L.A with vasoconstrictor under preoperative sedation. While, 2^nd group was similar but without the presence of preoperative sedation. In 3^rd group, patients received L.A without vasoconstrictor under the presence of preoperative sedation. The 4^th group was similar to 3^rd group but without the presence of preoperative sedation. Systolic, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate and ST segment deviation were recorded for patient assessment. Results: No significant difference between the 1^st and 4^th group regarding to Mean Bp (P=0.130), Mean HR (P=0080) and Mean ST segment deviation (P=0.205)and Sys Bp. (P=0.417). A significant difference between the 2^nd group and 3^rd group regarding to Sys. BP. (P=0.000) Diastolic Bp (P=0.004), Mean HR (P=0.000) and Mean ST segment deviation (P=0.000). Conclusion: Combined role of presence or absence of presedation and vasoconstrictor in PCI patients subjected to tooth extraction can play a dramatic effect on cardiovascular parameters rather than each of them separately for the same type of patients.

[Mohamed Zaghlool Amer, Maged Zaghlool Amer. Early Post-Percutaneous Coronary Stent Intervention Period: Is The Tooth Extraction Safe? Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):804-811]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.96

Keywords: Post-Percutaneous Coronary Stent Intervention; Tooth Extraction; Safe

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[Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):812-817]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 97

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[Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):818-826]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.98

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Performance Optimization of Field Oriented Vector Control Drive using PSO and GA Techniques

^*M.M.A. Mahfouz and Mohamed M Ismail

Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, Egypt

^{*mohamed.mahfouz@yahoo.co.uk}

Abstract: In this paper optimization of flux vector control (FOC) drives performance are studied. Genatic algorithm (GA) and Particale swarm optimization (PSO) are used for this purpose. Optimuim flux referance identifection by using GA and PSO are used to minimize the motor input power to have the optimuim motor efficiency. Selecting of the optimal gains using both methods are done to improve the motor response and behavior. A comparison between the simulation results were illustrated to evaluate the Performance for the developed controller adopting (GA) and (PSO) algorithms.The results show that, the proposed PSO controller algorithm has better optimization performance more than the proposed GA in both for gain tunning and also for the selection flux set point. 

[M.M.A. Mahfouz and Mohamed M. Ismail. Performance Optimization of Field Oriented Vector Control Drive using PSO and GA Techniques. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):827-834]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.99

Keywords: Induction motors, Filed Oriented Control drives, Flux Observer Controller, Genetic Algorithm, Particle Swarm Optimization.

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The effects of antioxidants supplementation on haemostatic parameters and lipid profiles in diabetic rats

Zeinab Abdel-Rahman

National Organization for Drug Control and Research

Corresponding author: Zeinab Abdel-Rahman. E-mail: cat3pink@yahoo.com

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a complex, progressive disease, which is accompanied by multiple cardiovascular complications. Oxidative stress is significantly increased in diabetic patients and may lead to great haemostatic disturbances existing in these patients. Antioxidants have been reported to reduce oxidative and haemostatic variables by arresting free radical damage. The aim of this study was to assess the role of antioxidants (vitamin E and C) in modulation of the haemostatic parameters and lipid profiles in experimentally-induced diabetic rats. Blood samples are obtained from control rats (no=24) and diabetic rats (no=24) to estimate haemostatic status by platelets aggregation, fibrinogen levels and prothrombin time. Oxidative status was assessed by estimation of the lipid profiles {Triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol} and plasma uric acid. Diabetics rats were divided into two sub-groups. The first sub-group (no=12) was orally supplemented with Vitamin E (7mg/rat ) daily for 4 weeks and the second sub-group (no=12) was co-administrated Vitamin C (7mg/rat) and Vitamin E daily for 4 weeks. Blood samples are withdrawn from the two sub-groups and the previous parameters were assessed. Increased levels of TG and LDL cholesterol and reduced levels of HDL cholesterol and plasma uric acid were recorded in the rats after induction of diabetes, compared to prediabetic values. Hypercoagulability state was observed in diabetic rats through percentage increase in platelet aggregation and fibrinogen level. Oral supplementation of Vitamin E to diabetic rats resulted in a significant inhibitory effect on the oxidative stress and partial reduction of the hypercoagulability state, which were more observed by co-administration of vitamin C. It is concluded that hyperglycemia in rats increased oxidative stress which may play a role in induction of hypercoagulable state. Dietary co-administration of vitamin E and C induced protective effects to diabetic rats.

[Zeinab Abdel-Rahman. The effects of antioxidants supplementation on haemostatic parameters and lipid profiles in diabetic rats. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):835-840]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

doi:10.7537/marsjas070311.100

Key words: Diabetes, oxidative stress, lipid profile, platelet aggregation, antioxidants

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